应用沉降速率推算剩余沉降及卸载时间

在地基处理工程中工后沉降和沉降速率是卸载的重要标准，次固结沉降可以估算在一定范围内，工后沉降满足要求与否则主要由剩余主固结沉降控制。基于砂进固结理论和Asaoka方法可以推算出在堆载预压任意时间的沉降速率，运用沉降速率和剩余主固结沉降的关系，就可以推算出任意时间的主固结剩余沉降及卸载时间。在深圳—香港西部通道填海及地基处理工程中，此方法应用效果较好。     

济宁城区地面沉降固结特性分析及压缩层组划分

基于济宁城区2处钻孔沉积物的物理力学相关试验数据,综合分析地层的物理特征、塑性特征和压缩特征,计算有效自重压力和前期固结压力,判断地层固结状态,研究地层物理力学特性变化与地面沉降的相关联系,并进行地面沉降压缩层组的划分。结果表明:济宁城区204.5m以浅土层的物理特性的总体趋势受自重压力控制,孔隙水压力的变化是相对变化的重要控制因素,次级波动与矿物成分和颗粒分布关系密切,同时也是多重因素共同叠加的结果。100m以浅地层属中压缩性,正常固结状态,100～200m地层属低压缩性,超固结状态,产生原因与地下水过量开采有关,是历史地面沉降发生的主要层位;该区地层可以划分为5个特征较为明显的地面沉降压缩层组。     

黄河三角洲生态区孔隙热储地热开发对地面沉降的影响分析

黄河三角洲地区地热资源丰富,热储类型以孔隙热储为主,开采潜力巨大。同时黄河三角洲地区由于成岩差、土层新,地热开发引发的地面沉降问题逐渐引起人们的重视。研究表明:现状条件下,黄河三角洲地区地面沉降以地层(土体)自然固结与地面建筑物载荷有关,地热开发对地面沉降影响微小,南部的广饶地区过量开采地下水是引起地面沉降的主要原因。     

海塔盆地中部断陷带反转构造特征及其对油气的控制

为研究海塔盆地中部断陷带反转构造的类型、分布、形成机制、与油气藏的关系及成藏模式和控藏特征,分析地震、油气藏开发及地球化学等资料.结果表明:伊敏组晚期,海塔盆地中部断陷带在近东西向压扭应力场作用下发生大规模反转,形成断层型、褶皱型和混合型3类5个亚类反转构造,并与上部含油气系统的大二段次生油气藏具有良好耦合关系.大二段次生油气藏为反转期原生油气藏沿主干反转断裂向上调整形成,以南一中段及下段烃源岩形成的原生油气藏为源,以大二段砂岩为储层,以伊敏组泥岩为盖层,以主反转断层为疏导为成藏模式;该次生油气藏的形成与反转程度密切相关,主要形成于反转程度较弱的塔南凹陷隐伏断展型反转构造发育的区域,北北东向的隐伏断展型反转构造圈闭是寻找该类次生油气藏的首选目标.     

阿博高速公路软土地基沉降监测分析

沉降观测是验证软土地基设计、指导施工的重要手段,对阿荣旗至博克图高速公路K42+400～K42+500段软土地基处理后现场沉降观测结果及差异沉降量进行分析,表明沉降主要发生在集中填筑期内,沿路基横断面沉降量的分布是不均匀的;验证了采用砂垫层+土工格栅法处理软土地基对减小横向差异沉降和提高地基承载力效果良好。     

大同--运城高速公路某软基复合地基检测结果分析

以山西大运高速公路某段软基处理为例,从挤密碎石桩的加固机理和破坏方式入手,通过对软基复合地基的原位测试结果分析,得出碎石桩不但提高了地基的承载力,增加了桩间土的强度,减少了地基沉降,而且消除或减轻了地基的液化,使复合地基承载力达到了设计要求,特别是为以后在高速公路修筑中的软基处理提供了参考资料.     

Compression characteristics of saturated re-compacted glacial tills in Tianmo Gully of Tibet,China

Glacial tills are highly compressible soils composed of loosely cemented sandy silt particles. Their role, for instance, as initial filler materials in geo-technical projects along temperate glacier regions warrant a systematic evaluation of their compressive characteristics. As such, we carry out a series of onedimensional compression tests on re-compacted glacial till samples obtained from Tianmo Gully, Tibet, with the aims of evaluating their compressive behavior under controlled initial stress conditions. The yield stress was determined from the void ratio versus consolidation pressure(e-log) planes. Its compression and swelling behaviors were observed during the primary and secondary compressions of the consolidation tests. From the compression curves, a correlation can be found between the consolidation stress and the void index. In addition, we find that the compression curves of glacial tills collapse into a single curve when normalized by the compression index. The experimental results in this study provide a basic understanding of the compression characteristics of the glacial tills in Tibet, China.     

Assessment of seismic ground motion amplification and liquefaction at a volcanic area characterized by residual soils

A seismic hazard was assessed related to site effects at Abbadia San Salvatore, central Italy, on the Mt. Amiata slopes, an ancient volcanic area characterized by residual soils(thick layers of loose to dense sands originated from weathering of the trachydacitic lavas). The seismic ground amplification and soil liquefaction related to these layers were recognized as the major seismic hazards for the area.Geological, geophysical, and geotechnical surveys were carried out on the volcanic rocks. The Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio(HVSR) analysis of 252 noise measurements and 29 shear-wave velocity models of the subsoil allowed a seismic microzonation of the studied area, distinguished by thick weathered volcanic sands and shear-wave impedance contrast with respect to the seismic bedrock(volcanic bedrock). The differentiation of classified zones allowed recognition of areas characterized by residual(almost undisturbed) soils from those with soils probably affected by flowing water. The analysis of hazards revealed that peak acceleration by seismic amplification of ground motion exceeded the value set by the national rules(0.175 g) in a restricted area of the zone characterized by the most perturbed soils(Zone D); the potential occurrence of soil liquefaction was also greater in this zone. Finally, the study showed potential high hazards due to site effects of the volcanic mountainous area characterized by residual soils as opposed to an alluvial plain formed by volcanic debris where these effects have generally been more recognized.     

西安地铁隧道穿越饱和软黄土地段的地表沉降监测

以西安地铁一号线朝阳门站—康复路站区段饱和软黄土地铁隧道为研究对象,通过施工期现场地表沉降变形监测,分析了在饱和软黄土特殊地层条件下隧道浅埋暗挖法施工引起的该区段地表沉降变形规律以及地表沉降槽分布特征。结果表明:在饱和软黄土隧道开挖时,随着掌子面的推进,隧道顶地表沉降可分为沉降微小阶段、沉降显著发展阶段、沉降缓慢阶段和沉降稳定阶段;单线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为18.89mm,双线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为36.4mm;已开挖隧道对围岩土体的扰动作用使得后开挖隧道的地表沉降发展较大;双线隧道的地表沉降槽宽度接近单线隧道沉降槽宽度的2倍,因此可以将其近似为单线隧道地表沉降槽宽度与双线隧道轴线中点距离之和;单线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为8.4～9.3m,双线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为16.2～17.5m;隧道开挖施工的沉降槽宽度参数为0.435～0.467,单线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为0.765%～1.324%,双线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为1.231%～2.200%。     

Different Responses of Vegetation to Frozen Ground Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River from 1980 to 2018

Frozen ground degradation under a warming climate profoundly influences the growth of alpine vegetation in the source region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study investigated spatiotemporal variations in the frozen ground distribution, the active layer thickness(ALT) of permafrost(PF) soil and the soil freeze depth(SFD) in seasonally frozen soil from 1980 to 2018 using the temperature at the top of permafrost(TTOP) model and Stefan equation. We compared the effects of these variations on vegetation growth among different frozen ground types and vegetation types in the source region of the Yellow River(SRYR). The results showed that approximately half of the PF area(20.37% of the SRYR) was projected to degrade into seasonally frozen ground(SFG) during the past four decades; furthermore, the areal average ALT increased by 3.47 cm/yr, and the areal average SFD decreased by 0.93 cm/yr from 1980 to 2018. Accordingly, the growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) presented an increasing trend of 0.002/10 yr, and the increase rate and proportion of areas with NDVI increase were largest in the transition zone where PF degraded to SFG(the PF to SFG zone). A correlation analysis indicated that variations in ALT and SFD in the SRYR were significantly correlated with increases of NDVI in the growing season. However, a rapid decrease in SFD(-1.4 cm/10 yr) could have reduced the soil moisture and, thus, decreased the NDVI. The NDVI for most vegetation types exhibited a significant positive correlation with ALT and a negative correlation with SFD. However, the steppe NDVI exhibited a significant negative correlation with the SFD in the PF to SFG zone but a positive correlation in the SFG zone, which was mainly limited by water condition because of different change rates of the SFD.     

辽阳市区软土的工程地质特征

辽阳市区地表浅部呈透镜状断续分布的松软土体———淤泥质粉质粘土为静水或缓慢流水环境沉积,经生物化学作用而形成的。本文对其分布、形成、物质结构及工程地质特性进行了较系统的描述。并依据大量现场测试及室内土工试验成果,分析论述了该层软土天然独特的含水量高,孔隙比大,强度低,压缩性高,具触变性及承载力低的工程地质特性对勘察施工及建筑物稳定性的不良影响,提出了避让、挖除、选择合适桩型等科学合理的工程处理建议。     

郯庐断裂带安徽太湖段第四纪新活动研究

郯庐断裂带太湖段位于东大别的东侧,为东大别与山前盆地的构造界线,遥感影像上断层线性特征清晰。在太湖-桐城一带开展了多次野外地质调查和探槽工作,其中太湖小池镇殷家上屋探槽显示,断层带发育有较软的断层泥,断层向上延伸入中更新世棕红色蠕虫状亚粘土中,OSL和ESR样品测试结果表明,断层在中更新世有过较强的活动。桐城挂车河镇洪老屋断层剖面显示断层错断了早中更新世砾石层,断层下部发育有新鲜的断层泥,ESR样品测试结果同样表明断层在中更新世有过较强活动。综合分析认为,郯庐断裂带太湖段在早中更新世仍有过较强活动,最新活动时代为中更新世(Q2),这或是该地区地震活动以中小地震为主的一个构造背景因素。     

地裂缝分类及地面沉降区构造地裂缝防治对策

地裂缝类型多样,灾害严重.根据主导因素及动力类型,将地裂缝分为构造地裂缝和非构造地裂缝两大类和16个类别;基于地裂缝的工程地质特征、水文地质特征和活动特征,认为地面沉降区构造地裂缝发生超常活动的本质原因是地裂缝错断了含水层,在过量抽取地下水时地裂缝两侧形成明显的水头差,产生不均匀压缩,从而导致地表发生较大的差异沉降;提...     

曹县梁堤头地区第四系地裂缝成因及防治

鲁豫交界的曹县黄河故道地区,地势较高的自然堤堤缘区是地裂缝等地质灾害的高发区。地裂缝主要由地表厚粘土层干湿胀缩产生,有一定的隐蔽性,并受地形和大气影响。地下水动态变化对地裂缝影响不大。地表裂隙张力的直接作用、建筑物的非均质土地基不均匀沉陷等因素的存在共同导致了该区民房开裂。可以采取加固地基和搬迁避让等方法进行防治。     

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基于分层标监测的德州城区地面沉降分层沉降特征浅析

自20世纪80年代开始,由于地层结构松散、固结程度低,地下水超采等原因,鲁西北平原区地面沉降持续发展。年沉降速率最快的区域位于东营南部的广饶县、滨州南部的博兴县和聊城东部的茌平区附近。德州地面沉降漏斗与周边沧州、衡水沉降区连成一片,成为鲁西北平原区最为典型的地面沉降发育区。其中德州城区国棉厂监测点1991—2017年累计沉降量已超过1400 mm。该文简要介绍了德州分层标组施工工艺、监测方法,综合利用水准测量及分层标监测数据,开展了分层沉降特征研究,查明分层标组所在区域0~60 m,60~300 m,300~500 m及500 m以深地层因压缩变形引起的地面沉降速率分别为1.67 mm/a,20 mm/a,18.33 mm/a,8.00 mm/a。对引起地面沉降的主要因素进行了简要分析,对德州城区地面沉降监测工作提出了建议。     

考虑土-结构相互作用下基岩深度对核反应堆厂房基础地震响应的影响

地震会对核电站安全造成影响。随着核电站的数量越来越多, 有必要关注在地震下核电站的安全。核反应堆厂房是核电站重要的组成部分, 研究其地震响应对核电站有着重要意义。基于直接法, 考虑了3种不同场地(中硬土、软岩、硬岩)在地震下的塑性变形和土的滞回阻尼, 使用FLAC3D对土-核反应堆厂房模型系统进行了三维建模。为了捕捉上部结构与下部岩石/土壤之间的分离与滑动, 在核反应堆厂房基础与岩石/土壤表面设置接触面单元。上层结构以集总质量模型模拟, 同时考虑土-结构相互作用下基岩深度对核反应堆厂房基础地震响应的影响, 最终得到核反应堆厂房结构杆件的加速度反应谱、剪力、基础的摇动和基础不均匀沉降以及侧向位移。结果表明: 在中硬土场地中, 位移、剪切力随基岩深度的增大而减小; 在硬岩场地中, 位移和剪切力响应的规律呈相反趋势; 在软岩场地中, 上部结构响应的规律较为复杂。对于基础摇动和基础不均匀沉降, 在中硬土场地中, 其呈现的规律随基岩深度增大而减小; 在软岩和硬岩场地中, 并无明显规律。基础不均匀沉降可直接反映结构的破坏情况。中硬土场地下基础不均匀沉降超过容许值, 所以基础不均匀沉降对核反应堆厂房的影响不容忽视, 这对核电站的安全设计十分重要。      

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on engineering properties of loess used as road fills in seasonally frozen ground regions,North China

Compacted loess is widely used as fills of road embankments in loess regions of northern China. Generally, densely-compacted loess can satisfy the requirements of embankment strength and post-construction deformation. I lowever, uneven subsidence, pavement cracks and other related damages can affect the integrity of loess subgrade after several years of operation, and even cause some hazards, especially in North China, where the strong freeze-thaw erosion occurs. In this study, cyclic freeze-thaw tests for both densely and loosely compacted loess samples were performed to determine the variation in engineering properties such as volume, void ratio, collapsible settlement, microstructure, and the related mechanisms were addressed. The experimental results showed that an obvious water migration and redistribution occurred within the samples during freeze-thaw cycles. Ice lenses and fissures could be identified in the upper frozen layers of the samples. After freeze-thaw cycles, the dry densities of the nipper layers of samples changed significantly due to strong freeze-thaw erosion. The dry densities decreased for the dense sample and increased for the loose sample. It can be found that dense samples become loose, while loose samples became dense with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. Their related void ratios changed reversely. Both void ratios tended to fall into a certain range, which verified the concept of a residual void ratio proposed by Viklander. The loosening process of densely compacted samples involves the formation of large pores, volume increase and density reduction as well as the related changes in mechanical properties because freeze-thaw cycles may be important contribution to problems of loess road embankments. Adverse effects of freeze-thaw cycles, therefore, should be taken into account in selecting loess parameters for the stability evaluation of road embankment in seasonally frozen ground regions.     

鄂西北房县盆地的形成与演化

房县盆地整体地形南陡北缓,古近系广泛发育,前第四纪地层向南倾斜。其南部边界的青峰断裂带在古近纪正断作用明显,北东向白鹤断裂的正断和北西向安康-房县断裂的左旋控制青峰断裂的范围和盆地的东西边界。房县盆地是典型的半地堑断陷盆地,经历了拉张-挤压-差异升降的过程,现今仍发育温泉群,时有中等地震发生。     

Sediment consolidation settlement of Chengbei Sea area in the northern Huanghe River subaqueous delta,China

One of the most important factors controlling the morphology of the modern Huanghe(Yellow) River delta is consolidation settlement, which is impacted by fast deposition, high water content, and low density of seafloor sediment. Consolidation settlement of the Huanghe River subaqueous delta was studied based on field data, laboratory experiments on 12 drill holes, and the one-dimensional consolidation theory. Results show that vertical sediment characteristics varied greatly in the rapidly forming sedimentary bodies of the modern Huanghe River subaqueous delta. Sediments in the upper parts of drill holes were coarser than those in the deeper parts, and other physical and mechanical properties changed accordingly. On the basis of the one-dimensional consolidation theory and drilling depth, the final consolidation settlement of drill holes was between 0.6 m and 2.8 m, and the mean settlement of unit depth was at 1.5–3.5 cm/m. It takes about 15–20 years for the consolidation degree to reach 90% and the average sedimentation rate within the overlying 50 m strata was at 5 cm/a to 12 cm/a. This study helps to forecast the final consolidation settlement and settlement rate of the modern Huanghe River subaqueous delta, which provides key geotechnical information for marine engineers.