不同生长阶段红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)循环水养殖系统的水质调控和氮磷收支研究

循环水养殖系统具有节水、省地、环保等优点,目前在国内外水产养殖中得到广泛应用,养殖过程中水质的动态变化反映鱼类养殖生长环境状况,氮磷收支规律反馈养殖系统是否具有高效性,二者可评估特定养殖生物在特定养殖条件下的养殖效果。为了了解循环水养殖系统水质变化与氮磷收支规律,通过对不同生长阶段(一龄与二龄)红鳍东方鲀循环水养殖系统的水质、鱼体及饲料中氮、磷的定期采样,计算氮、磷的输入与输出量,比较了系统水质变化与氮磷收支规律。结果显示,一龄和二龄的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统分别在投喂后2、4、10、14 h和2、4、14、18 h出现营养盐浓度高值点,建议针对处于不同生长阶段的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统需对不同时间段进行水质重点监测,主成分分析表明亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮参数可作为红鳍东方鲀循环水养殖水质的指示因子。一龄和二龄的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统中用于鱼体生长发育的氮元素分别占总输出的25.16%和28.41%,用于鱼体生长发育的磷元素分别占总输出的47.37%和51.66%,二龄的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统与一龄养殖系统的氮磷吸收率相比有显著性提高(P<0.05)。实际生产中可通过增加二龄红鳍东方鲀专用饲料蛋白质与磷...     

大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)不同养殖模式氮磷收支及养殖效果研究

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-Pond Raceway Aquaculture,IPRA)氮磷收支变化及养殖效果情况,阐明其生态特征及营养物质的来源与归宿,合理评价IPRA的经济与生态效益,通过定期采样计算氮磷的输入和输出项目,同时设置传统常规养殖池塘(usual pond aquaculture,UPA)为对照组。结果表明:(1)两种养殖模式中,饲料是池塘氮、磷输入的主要来源,分别占IPRA和UPA池塘氮输入的95.02%±2.31%和94.57%±1.82%,占两种模式磷输入的93.19%±2.75%和91.81%±4.44%;(2)底泥沉积是氮、磷输出的主要方式,占IPRA和UPA氮输出的45.16%±1.31%和53.98%±1.48%,占磷输出的40.28%±3.19%和59.59%±4.45%,差异显著(P0.05),其次是养殖产出,IPRA渔获物氮输出比例37.73%±0.91%高于UPA的35.07%±0.99%,差异不显著(P0.05),磷输出比例25.50%±1.77%显著高于UPA的20.78%±1.33%(P0.05);(3)IPRA对氮的绝对和相对利用率高于UPA,但差异不显著(P0.05),而对磷的利用率显著高于UPA (P0.05), IPRA提高了养殖对象对氮、磷的吸收利用率;(4) IPRA耗水系数、排水系数及排污系数均显著低于UPA (P0.05),但IPRA养殖效益显著高于UPA (P0.05)。综上所述, IPRA是一种清洁高效的新型养殖模式,可以进行推广应用。本研究旨在为今后更好地开展IPRA水质管理和科学养殖提供数据支撑,同时为IPRA模式在节水生态、经济效益等评价方面提供理论依据。     

海水人工湿地系统脱氮效果与基质酶活性的相关性

利用海水人工湿地系统处理海水养殖外排水,分析了人工湿地对不同形态氮的净化效果,探讨了人工湿地表层基质酶活性变化及其对系统脱氮效果的影响。选取互花米草作为人工湿地植物,煤渣、珊瑚石和细砂作为人工湿地基质,实验期间连续进水,系统运行稳定。研究结果表明:海水人工湿地系统对氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2-N)、硝态氮(NO3-N)、总氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)去除效果显著,去除率分别为(99.6±0.7)%、(99.9±0.0)%、(98.2±2.0)%、(92.6±1.5)%和(86.1±4.8)%。人工湿地表层基质下行池脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性均高于上行池,下行池对污染物的去除效果更好。脱氢酶活性与海水人工湿地系统氨氮的去除有关;硝酸还原酶活性影响着海水人工湿地硝态氮的去除;脲酶活性与人工湿地总氮和硝态氮的去除存在明显相关趋势。下行池硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性间具有显著相关性(r=0.76, P0.05)。人工湿地微生物种类丰富,下行池微生物多样性高于上行池,植物根部微生物多样性最高,提高了系统脱氮的效率。上述研究结果将有助于阐明海水人工湿地系统中不同形态氮的迁移转化机理。     

复合潜流-潮汐流人工湿地基质对微污染水体的净化性能研究

为强化组合人工湿地对微污染水体的修复,构建了两级复合潜流-潮汐流组合人工湿地(IVCW-TFCW1)和一个单独运行的潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW2)。连续运行结果表明：在进水中,COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP的平均浓度分别为106.69、9.36、14.36和1.03 mg·L^-1的条件下,IVCW-TFCW1能够有效地净化微污染河水,其对COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为93.79%、98.62%、77.24%、18.16%。其中,IVCW对COD、NH₃-N的去除率达到87.38%和97.29%,二级TFCW1在此基础上进一步净化,使其出水浓度降至6.60和0.13 mg·L^-1,达到了国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类标准。通过对实验结果的比较,发现不同湿地单元对COD、NH₃-N、TN的净化效果均表现为：IVCW-TFCW1>IVCW>TFCW2;对于TP的净化效果：TFCW1>IVCW>IVCW...     

海水池塘跑道养殖系统中鱼类肠道及养殖环境的细菌群落研究

为查明海水池塘跑道养殖系统(IPRS)的不同生境中细菌群落特征以及不同群落间的相互作用关系,本研究采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术对IPRS中鱼类肠道、水体和沉积物的细菌群落组成和结构进行了研究。研究表明,鱼类肠道、水体和沉积物的细菌群落在结构和多样性上均存在显著差异。不同生境中细菌群落的优势组成不同,花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)肠道内相对丰度最高的菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 57.92%),河鲀(Takifugu rubripes)肠道内为弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota, 41.17%),水体和沉积物中均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其相对丰度分别达到91.03%和48.06%。LEfSe分析表明,栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和罗氏菌属(Roseburia)等20个菌属在花鲈肠道内显著富集;unclassified＿Arcobacteraceae、普雷沃菌属(Prevotellaa)和罗尔斯顿菌属(Ralstonia)等12个菌属在河鲀肠道内显著富集;伍斯菌属(W...     

基于响应曲面法的垂直流人工湿地脱氮工艺优化

以新型间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地系统为研究对象,采用中心复合设计响应曲面法优化垂直流人工湿地脱氮处理过程中曝气工艺参数并预测其脱氮效能。以曝气量、曝停比、曝停周期为间歇曝气影响因素,分别以人工湿地氨氮去除率和总氮去除率为响应值建立垂直流人工湿地氨氮去除率和总氮去除率的二次回归模型,通过假设检验(F-test),模型均非常显著且具有较好的相关性。间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地脱氮处理中曝气量、曝停比为对氨氮去除影响极显著的曝气参数,通过影响因子主次分析,曝气量、曝停比、曝停周期对氨氮去除率的影响顺序是:曝停比>曝气量>曝停周期;曝停周期为对总氮去除具有极显著影响的曝气参数,通过影响因子主次分析,曝气量、曝停比、曝停周期对TN去除率的影响顺序是:曝停周期>曝气量>曝停比。模型预测氨氮与总氮去除率的最佳曝气参数分别为:曝气量2 m3/h、曝停比0.25、曝停周期12 h、曝气量2 m3/h、曝停比0.25、曝停周期6 h;氨氮、总氮去除率预测值分别为98.4%、83.2%,预测值与实测值吻合。响应曲面法用于优化曝气参数对人工湿地脱氮效能影响具有可行性,可实现间歇增氧人工湿地脱氮效能的准确预测。     

生物膜“细菌-藻类”协同系统改良淡水池塘养殖水质与沉积物的效果研究

采用池塘中设置生物膜净水栅对比实验的方法,在8口土池开展生物膜"细菌-藻类"协同系统改良池塘养殖水质与沉积物的效果、对苗种培育效果的影响及其相关机理等的研究。结果表明,在142d的养殖期间,处理组比对照组节水减排达65.1%,具有极显著差异(P0.01);处理组水质的p H、总氮和亚硝酸盐氮分别极显著低于对照组3.7%、31.3%和38.7%(P0.01),氨氮、总磷、活性磷和硫化物分别显著低于对照组25.6%、41.6%、37.8%和27.9%(P0.05);弧菌数和藻类密度极显著低于对照组63.1%和51.3%,硅藻相对密度极显著高于对照组93.7%;细菌总数显著高于对照组50.8%,蓝藻相对密度显著低于对照组16.6%;处理组的藻类生物均匀度指数显著高于对照组8.9%;生物膜上的细菌总数高达1.30×109 CFU/g,而弧菌数为零;处理组池塘沉积物的氧化还原电位显著高于对照组30.5%,硫化物浓度显著低于对照组47.0%;草鱼苗种起捕规格、成活率、产量和生长速度分别显著高于对照组24.6%、4.3%、29.8%和28.6%,饲料系数极显著低于对照组15.6%,处理组每公顷池塘培育草鱼大规格鱼种可增加净利润约1.92万元。     

基于权重赋值法与灰色聚类法评价虾蛏串联养殖池塘的生态修复效果

水产养殖业的尾水排放已成为水域生态环境的污染源之一,为探究凡纳滨对虾-缢蛏串联养殖模式的生态修复效果,对凡纳滨对虾-缢蛏串联养殖池塘的水生态进行周年跟踪测定,并采用权重赋值法与灰色聚类法对其生态修复效果进行评价.结果 显示:串联模式下浮游植物的丰度介于6.8× 105～2.5×108 cell/L,生物量为2.04～6...     

凡纳滨对虾-硬壳蛤池塘综合养殖系统水-气界面CO2通量及其与环境因子的关系

为探究不同凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘养殖系统养殖期间水-气界面CO₂通量及其环境影响因素,以凡纳滨对虾池塘单养系统(L)和凡纳滨对虾-硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)池塘综合养殖系统(低密度硬壳蛤LM-L、中密度硬壳蛤LM-M、高密度硬壳蛤LM-H)为研究对象,采用静态箱气相色谱法逐月监测了养殖期间(5—9月)池塘的水-气界面CO₂通量,分析了CO₂通量与环境因子的关系。研究表明：(1)对虾单养系统养殖期间水-气界面平均CO₂通量为-12.66 mg·m^-2·h^-1,整体表现为CO₂的汇;(2) LM-L、LM-M和LM-H综合养殖系统养殖期间水-气界面平均CO₂通量分别为-16.02、-16.48和-36.70 mg·m^-2·h^-1,整体表现为CO₂的汇,随着硬壳蛤放养密度的增加其碳汇能力增强;...     

对虾、青蛤和江蓠混养系统氮磷收支的实验研究

为减少养殖污水中营养盐的排放量,降低对近海水质的污染,采用海水陆基围隔实验法,对凡纳滨对虾(Litope-naeus vannamei)、青蛤(Cyclina sinesis)和菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)不同混养系统的氮(N)、磷(P)收支状况进行了实验研究。结果表明:实验中的单养组投放的饵料占N总输入的75.5%,占P总输入的93.6%,混养组投放的饵料占N总输入的54.7%~64.8%,占P总输入的81.6%~88.7%;在支出项目中,单养组和混养组收获的养殖生物分别占N总输入的25.0%和44.4%~51.5%,占P总收入的11.2%和25.1%~31.8%;底泥沉积N,P为其主要支出项目,单养组和混养组分别占总输入的45.1%和30.0~32.5%,68.3%和50.3%~57.1%,其中混养组N,P的底泥沉积量低于单养组。     

三疣梭子蟹、凡纳滨对虾和菲律宾蛤仔混养系统氮磷收支的研究

利用海水池塘陆基实验围隔,研究三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)不同混养系统的养殖效果以及氮(N)和磷(P)的收支和利用率状况。结果表明:(1)适宜的三疣梭子蟹、凡纳滨对虾和菲律宾蛤仔三元混养,能有效提高三疣梭子蟹养殖的综合效益。(2)投喂的饵料(包括对虾配合饲料与蓝蛤(Aloidis laevis))是系统N、P的主要来源,占N总输入量的84.41%~89.75%和P总输入量的96.64%~98.35%;其次为水层中带入的N、P,占N总输入量的7.14%~11.97%和P总输入量的0.39%~1.11%。N、P的支出主要为底泥积累,占N总支出量的39.88%~57.17%和P总支出量的35.69%~68.45%;其次为养殖生物收获N、P,占总支出的比例分别为16.86%~32.24%和18.72%~33.55%;N的输出渗漏损失较大,水层积累较少,而P的输出水层积累较多,渗漏损失较少。(3)各处理比较,三元混养PLR3组N的利用率显著提高,比其它处理提高了9.95%~15.80%。综合养殖效果和各系统N、P利用率结果,在本研究条件下,蟹、虾、贝混养最优比例为三疣梭子蟹6ind/m2、凡纳滨对虾45ind/m2、菲律宾蛤仔30~60ind/m2。     

波浪作用下沉积物中氮、磷释放速率的试验研究

湖泊或海湾中的沉积物吸附氮(N)、磷(P)等元素所形成的沉积层成为水体富营养化的內源。在波浪作用下,尤其是强浪作用下,沉积物中的N、P会通过内源释放作用大量进入水体中。本文在自制的U型水槽中开展实验,采用不同水头差来模拟波浪的循环荷载作用,研究了沉积层中的N、P在静置固结状态(Ⅰ)、加波未液化状态(Ⅱ)、加波液化状态(Ⅲ)下的释放规律,并给出该试验条件下的沉积物释放速率的拟合方程。试验结果表明:沉积物中总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(TDN)的释放速率会随着水动力作用的增强而增加;总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)和活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率也随着水动力作用增强而增加,但水体中悬浮物(SS)含量过高会限制其释放速率。     

盐胁迫对间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地脱氮性能及微生物群落影响

利用新型间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地,揭示了不同进水N H4+-N浓度下盐度提升对湿地脱氮性能及微生物群落的影响.试验结果表明:间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地在盐胁迫下的脱氮性能明显优于传统垂直流人工湿地,高盐(2.0％ 盐度)对TN去除性能影响较大,对COD去除性能影响相对较小.进水NH4+-N浓度为40 mg/L时,当盐度由0％...     

不同水位垂直流人工湿地中植物及微生物特征

利用4个连续进水的垂直流人工湿地,比较分析水位对污染物去除效果的影响,研究湿地中植物对氮磷去除的贡献,阐析湿地中脱氮功能菌数量的演变规律。3个湿地栽种黄花鸢尾,水位分别控制在19、51和84cm,另一个湿地不栽种植物,水位为51cm。结果表明,水位对氮和有机物的去除有显著影响(p<0.05),栽种植物的湿地中,51cm水位时总氮去除率(67.4%～79.2%)最高,19cm水位时氨氮(85.3%～93.0%)和COD(81.8%～92.9%)去除效果最好。试验中黄花鸢尾均生长良好,植物吸收对总氮(Total nitrogen,简称TN)和总磷(Total phosphorus,简称TP)去除的贡献分别为19.2%～27.3%和14.7%～19.2%;植物地上部分发挥更重要作用,其TN和TP含量及对TN和TP的吸收量均高于地下部分。湿地表层基质中3种脱氮功能菌数量均随运行时间的增加而显著提高,亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌数量分别为10~4～10~6和10~5～10~7 MPN/g,随水位升高而减少;反硝化细菌数量为10~3～10~6 MPN/g,随水位升高而增加。     

营养盐对球等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸含量及组分的影响

球等鞭金藻细胞内可富集丰富的二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA),这些多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsatured fatty aicd,PUFA)具有重要的生理活性。采用气相色谱法研究了不同浓度的NaNO3和NaH2PO4对球等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸含量及组成成分的影响。结果表明,NaNO3和NaH2PO4对球等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸含量(占干重的百分含量)及组成成分均有影响。在初始NaNO3浓度为1~74.8mg/L和初始NaH2PO4浓度为0.47~4.48mg/L范围内,随着NaNO3和NaH2PO4浓度的增加,球等鞭金藻的细胞密度和比生长速率都增大,脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量则都呈现下降趋势;C22∶6(DHA)占干重的百分含量随着NaNO3和NaH2PO4浓度的增加而下降,但在总脂肪酸中的百分含量则增加,当NaNO3浓度为74.8mg/L时可达到9.92%,当NaH2PO4浓度为4.48mg/L时可达到7.81%。     

海洋围隔中异养细菌与环境中氮、磷关系的研究

利用海洋围隔生态系统实验装置,向海水中施加不同浓度的氮和磷,研究海洋异养细菌与海水环境中氮、磷的关系。结果表明,实验开始后海洋异养细菌的数量就迅速增加,并且一直维持在较高水平,第7~8天达到峰值。但在海洋异养细菌数量达到峰值后,海水中氮和磷的浓度有所回升,磷元素促进了海洋异养细菌的快速生长和繁殖,同时海洋异养细菌在一定程度上也利用了无机氮,海洋异养细菌的数量与海水环境中氮和磷的浓度具有较好的正相关性。     

胶州湾氮、磷浓度的三维数值模拟

考虑了近岸海域影响氮、磷含量、时空分布的主要物理、生物化学过程,建立了胶州湾海域非保守物质(氮、磷)的水质预测模型。模型将氮、磷及与其相关的浮游植物、浮游动物作为状态变量,模拟了胶州湾海域夏季各状态变量浓度的时空分布。结果表明胶州湾北部氮、磷浓度最高,湾中央及湾口海域水质较好,各变量垂向分布均匀。数值模拟结果与监测结果及历史资料较为符合。     

An individual-based population dynamic model for estimating biomass yield and nutrient fluxes through an off-shore mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farm

The fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through an off-shore long-line Mytilus galloprovincialis farm during a typical rearing cycle were estimated by combining a simple population dynamic model, based on a new individual model, and a set of field data, concerning the composition of the seston, as well as that of mussel meat and faeces. The individual model, based on an energy budget, was validated against a set of original field data, which were purposely collected from July 2006 to May 2007 in the North-Western Adriatic Sea (Italy) and was further tested using historical data. The model was upscaled to the population level by means of a set of Monte Carlo simulations, which were used for estimating the size structure of the population. The daily fluxes of C, N and P associated with mussel filtration, excretion and faeces and pseudo-faeces production were integrated over the 10-month-long rearing cycle and compared with the total amount of C, N and P removed by harvesting. The results indicate that the individual model compares well with an existing literature model and provides reliable estimations of the growth of mussel specimen over a range of trophic conditions which are typical of the Northern Adriatic Sea coastal area. The results of the budget calculation indicate that, even though the harvest represents a net removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from the ecosystem, the mussel farm increases the retention time of both nutrients in the coastal area, via the deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces on the sea-bed. In fact, the amount of nitrogen associated with deposition is approximately twice the harvested one and the amount of phosphorus is approximately five times higher. These findings are in qualitative agreement with the results of literature budget and model calculations carried out in a temperate coastal embayment. This agreement suggests that the proper assessment of the overall effect of long-line mussel farming on both the benthic and pelagic ecosystem asks for an integrated modelling approach, which should include the dynamic of early diagenesis processes, as well as of that of nutrients released from the surface sediment.     

An Examination of the Fluxes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Temperate and Tropical Estuaries: Current Estimates and Uncertainties

In a number of regions of the world, enhanced flows of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from land to sea are of major concern because of the observable deterioration in the quality of many nearshore marine waters. Estuaries receive N and P from river and other runoff, from waste discharges, from the atmosphere and ocean and from exchange with coastal groundwaters (which in all likelihood results in a net input to the estuary). For rivers that do not discharge directly onto the continental shelf, seaward fluxes of N and P will be modified by within-estuary transformations of reactive species, the burial of particulate N and P in sediments (sub/intertidal, saltmarsh, mangrove) and the loss of gaseous N and P species by bacterial reduction.Driven by a desire to understand the effects of changing N and P loads on water quality, and to gain insights into the true modification of their fluxes within estuaries, much effort has been expended on providing quantitative estimates of the sources and sinks of these constituents. Yet, accurate and precise estimates on a global scale remain elusive. Riverine inputs of total N and P are calculated to be 35–64 and 22 Mt a⁻¹, respectively. These inputs are dominated by particulate species, and because of this, are likely to be imprecise as overall sediment fluxes are disproportionately influenced by infrequent, poorly sampled, high flow events. Direct aeolian inputs of N to estuaries (P inputs are minor), at a minimum of 1–4 Mt a⁻¹, are small but significant, although again good estimates are hampered by the apparent importance of infrequent, and thus under-sampled, deposition events. Indirect atmospheric inputs via deposition onto and runoff from catchments may be highly significant, at least in environments bounding the North Atlantic Ocean. Groundwater inputs are generally unknown, but, for N, may be 5–10 Mt a⁻¹ (no data on P). Information on the global inputs of N and P from waste discharges and mariculture do not appear to be available. Denitrification, estimated to beca . 33 Mt a⁻¹, may account for 52–94% of the currently estimated total N inputs; in contrast, the loss of P via venting of gaseous phosphine is unknown. The burial of N and P in sediments is about 7% and 30% of their total inputs, respectively. Nevertheless, reliable information on the modifying role of estuarine sediments appears far from complete.Globally, the inputs of N and P to the marine environment from all sources are expected to increase over the next few decades. The resulting effects of these increases on the marine environment, including any influences due to estuarine processing, may be partly assessed through the use of dynamic transport and transformation estuarine models for N and P. A further important development in this respect will be the linking of complementary models (e.g. catchment/river/estuarine/coastal zone) and their coupling to strategic large scale observations.