内蒙古区域地震台网监测能力研究

国际上新近发展的“基于概率的完整性震级”(PMC)方法,具有可考察地震定位中由于台站人为选择等造成的台网监测能力下降,以及避免传统基于G-R关系的统计算法因地震数目过少而无法评估等优点.本研究利用PMC方法,计算得到内蒙古区域地震台网39个台站对周边地震事件的检测概率及台网检测概率.单台检测概率结果显示:PMC方法能够客观地反映39个台站对地震事件的检测能力;因台网布局等影响,内蒙古区域地震台网中西部和中东部地区的台站检测能力较强,而靠近蒙古、俄罗斯边境的台站, 阿拉善右旗附近地区的台站,以及邻近吉林、黑龙江等地区的台站检测能力较低.合成检测概率结果显示,由于邻省台站的引入,全区80%的地区基于概率的最小完整性震级M_P达到2.2左右,其余地区M_P达到3.3左右.为提高地震台网监测能力,建议在监测能力较弱的中蒙交界地区、东北部地区,以及阿拉善左旗以西地区适度加密台站,进一步优化台网布局.      

南北地震带地震台网监测能力评估的不同方法比较研究

为探讨不同地震台网监测能力评估方法的结果差异性及其原因,本文选用目前国际上比较前沿的“基于概率的完整性震级”(PMC)方法和“完整性震级范围”(EMR)方法,以及中国地震台网常规采用的“震级-最大距离”方法,对2008年10月1日—2015年9月17日南北地震带地区表征地震监测能力的最小完整性震级进行了比较研究.研究中考虑了以往关注不够的地震观测质量一致性问题,统一采用至少3个台站记录的地震资料.结果显示,3种方法的结果差异显著,最小完整性震级的差值在南北地震带个别地区甚至可达M_L2.0,其中,PMC方法获得的最小完整性震级M_p值在32°N以北地区显著低于其它两种方法,震级-最大距离方法获得的最小完整性震级M_r低值结果仅与高台站密度地区有关,与包括EMR方法获得的最小完整性震级M_cEMR相比较在统计均值上则呈M_cEMR < M_p < M_r.进一步对各地震台站的地震检测能力进行评分,结果显示,台站运维水平和对记录地震分析的完整程度,是造成M_p值显著不同于其它方法结果的主要原因,而是否选用相同的记录台站数量等数据质量约束标准,会造成EMR方法与其它方法结果的显著差异.因此,考虑到地震台网运行的实际情况和不同评估方法的计算原理,推荐PMC方法用于地震监测能力的评估.      

基于PMC方法评估青海省测震台网监测能力

采用基于概率的最小完整性震级方法(PMC),对青海省测震台网稳定运行以来实际产出的地震观测报告数据(2014—2021年)进行分析,获得该台网单台检测概率(P_D)、合成检测概率(P_E)以及基于概率的最小完整性震级(M_P)的空间分布。通过对青海及邻区地震监测能力的评估,获得如下认识：青海测震台网监测能力存在明显的空间差异,其中：在台站分布较为密集的青海东部、中部地区,地震监测能力较好,M_P分别为M_L 1.5—2.0和M_L 1.8—2.5;在台站分布较为稀疏的青海西部和南部地区,地震监测能力则相对较差,M_P分别为M_L 2.5—3.5和M_L 2.2—2.7;在台站分布最为稀疏的青藏交界地区,地震监测能力最差,M_P约为M_L 2.5—3.5。对青海测震台网监测能力的科学评估,可为进一步改善台网空间布局提供参考依据。     

云南地区地震目录最小完整性震级研究

通过对构造活动强烈、地震活动频度高、台站分布极不均匀的云南地区开展最小完整性震级MC研究,试图为地震危险性评估和台站科学布局等研究提供参考资料.基于云南区域地震台网发展阶段,利用基于G-R关系的交互式分析方法,研究了MC的空间分布特征;采用多参数方法研究了云南8个地震区(带)的MC时间演化特征.结果表明:云南区域台网不同发展时段MC的空间分布存在较大的非均匀性,大理—丽江—盐源区、元谋区、小江带等区(带)监测能力较好,澜沧—耿马区、思普区等区(带)监测能力较低.但云南“十五”区域数字地震台网运行以来,云南省MC可达ML1.5左右,其中大理—丽江—盐源区MC可控制在ML1.0～1.5,小江带MC约为ML1.5,腾冲—龙陵区MC可控制在ML1.0～2.0,澜沧—耿马区MC可控制在ML1.5 ～2.5,思普区MC约为ML1.0～2.0.云南地区8个地震区(带)Mc时间变化特征分析结果表明,增加台站数量,优化台网布局,是提升云南地区地震监测能力的有效途径.     

基于PMC方法的山东省测震台网监测能力评估

为了实现对山东区域测震台网监测能力的科学准确的评估,分析山东及邻区地震监测能力的时空分布特征,为该区的地震研究和测震台网的进一步优化布局提供科学依据.本文利用"基于概率的完整性震级"(PMC)方法,通过计算山东测震台网的117个台站对周边地震事件的检测概率、测震台网的合成检测概率以及最小完整性震级,来评估测震台网的监测能力.单台检测概率结果显示,PMC方法可客观反映117个台站对地震事件的监测能力,在距离台站较近的区域,检测概率随着震级和震中距的增大而增大,处于沂沭断裂带中南段的台站对低震级档的地震有较高的监测能力.合成检测概率结果显示,检测概率高值区域主要集中在台站密集的胶东半岛和沂沭带中南段,而靠近山东省界的鲁西和鲁北区域则监测能力较差.最小完整性震级的结果也反映了类似的规律.同时,PMC方法还可以检测不同深度对检测概率空间分布特征的影响.     

甘肃测震台网监测能力及地震目录完整性分析

区域地震台网监测能力的科学评估,是进行区域地震活动性和地震危险性分析的重要基础,最小完整性震级Mc是表征台网监测能力的关键．本文以甘肃测震台网的地震观测报告和区域地震目录为基础资料,分析了甘肃及邻区地震监测能力在时、空上的分布特征,利用ldquo;震级 序号rdquo;法、ldquo;最大曲率rdquo;法(MAXC)、拟合度分别为90%和95%的拟合优度检验法(GFT)及ldquo;完整性震级范围rdquo;法（EMR）等,研究了甘肃区域地震目录最小完整性震级Mc的时、空分布特征．结果表明,1980年以来甘肃测震台网的地震监测能力得到了逐步提高,模拟记录时期和ldquo;九五rdquo;期间甘东南地区的地震监测能力明显高于祁连山地震带中西段,ldquo;十五rdquo;测震台网运行后,甘肃及邻区的地震监测能力的空间差异明显缩小．最小完整性震级Mc和监测能力的时空分布特征具有较好的一致性．随着台网的改造,Mc逐步降低,ldquo;十五rdquo;台网运行后,甘肃及邻区的ML1.8以上地震基本完整．此外,还讨论了相关技术规范对区域台网地震目录的影响,并且提出了消除该影响的科学途径和有效方法．该研究结果可为甘肃及邻区地震活动性分析和地震危险性评价等相关研究提供参考．      

"十五"新疆数字地震台网建设

新疆地震台网数字化改造(建设)项目是中国地震局"十五"重点项目.本文介绍了"十五"新疆数字地震台网的建设内容、台网布局、监测能力和功能.台网建成后,布局较为合理,宽频带、大动态、高精度的数字地震台网,将对提高新疆地震监测预报技术水平、发挥防震减灾工作的基础作用、促使全区经济快速发展,保障社会稳定有着重要作用.     

北京及邻区震源机制解及应力场特征

<正>1研究背景利用大量地震震源机制解反演地壳应力场,可获得区域应力场状态,有助于解释地震成因、断裂活动等现象。北京及邻区（39.0°—41.0°N,115.0°—118.0°E）位于NE向山西地震带、华北平原地震带与NW向张渤带交会区域,新构造运动强烈,活动断裂构造发育,主要由山西断陷带、太行山隆起区、燕山隆起区、北京坳陷、大兴隆起、冀中坳陷、沧县隆起等地质构造单元构成。复杂的地质构造背景使该区地震活动强烈而频繁,有历史记录以来,研究区域共发生6级以上地震13次,最大地震为1679年三河—平谷8.0级地震。     

山西地震台网监测能力研究

该研究运用国际上新近发展的"基于概率的完整性震级"(PMC)方法,计算获得山西及邻区区域地震台网44个台站对周边地震事件的检测概率及台网检测概率。发现,因台网布局等影响,山西中部断陷盆地展布区域及两侧隆起区大部分地区的最小完整性震级为MP≤1.5,山西西部边缘地区和最北端与内蒙古自治区、河北省交界地区震级达到1.5≤MP≤2.0,山西最南端的晋陕交界MP为3.0级左右。研究表明,为进一步提高山西地区整体监测能力,在山西西部边缘地区、最北端和最南端可增设台站或引入更多邻省台站。     

地震拟合相关系数在青海地区地震预报中的应用

根据Gutenberg-Richter公式对青海省东部及邻区(N34°-39.5°,E96°-104°)地震频次和震级的统计关系进行了研究.结果表明:中强地震前震中附近一定范围内中小地震的拟合相关系数有明显的下降现象.对研究区的地震进行统计计算,提取出了可信度较高的中期预报指标,预报评分为0.631.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.