鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层特征*

探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法。应用露头、岩心、薄片分析及储集层物性测试及压汞实验方法开展了碳酸盐岩储集层岩性、孔隙结构及物性研究,应用储集层流动带指标FZI开展了储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法研究。马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层岩石类型主要为岩溶角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、膏盐溶蚀角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、含膏盐或膏盐质白云岩、粉晶—细晶白云岩、残余结构中晶—细晶及粗晶—中晶白云岩、次生灰岩、泥晶灰岩及白云岩,发育洞穴、溶洞、孔隙及裂缝4种储集空间,主要发育晶间孔型、裂缝型、裂缝—晶间孔型、裂缝—晶间孔—溶洞型4类储渗类型。依据流动带指标将储集层划分为6类岩石物理相及24类亚相,据此将储集层分为5类7亚类：一类储集层是天然气赋存的优质储集层,主要分布于马五₁、马五₄及马五₆段;二、三类储集层是马家沟组主要储集层类型,以孔隙为主的二₁、三₁类储集层主要分布于马五₁—马五₆段,以裂缝为主的二₂、三₂类储集层主要分布于马四段;四类储集层物性差,见于各段;五类为非储集层。研究结果表明,基于岩石物理相的储集层研究方法是揭示碳酸盐岩储集层特征及开展储集层定量分类与评价的有效途径。     

储层构造裂缝定量预测与油气渗流规律研究现状和进展

裂缝型油气藏是21世纪石油增储上产的重要领域之一，但裂缝储层本身的复杂性在一定程度上增加了研究难度。从国内外研究现状来看，尚缺乏一个能全面解决构造裂缝定量预测问题的研究方法，对裂缝型油气藏预测及评价研究仍处于探索阶段。储层裂缝研究主要涉及 3个方面的关键内容，即地下裂缝识别、裂缝空间分布预测和裂缝参数定量表征。构造裂缝发育规律、形态特征以及油气等流体渗流规律主要受控于构造应力场和储层岩石物理性质的非均质性。强调构造应力场与岩石力学属性相互作用的研究方法已成为构造裂缝空间定量预测的主流，固体应力场和流体压力场的联合作用构成流体运移的驱动机制。我国拥有相当数量的裂缝储层的地质储量，进行裂缝型油气藏研究与预测，无论对西部还是东部深层油气藏的勘探突破均有深远意义。系统综述了储层裂缝定量研究和预测方法以及裂缝储层油气渗流规律的研究现状。     

A Spatial Clustering Approach for Stochastic Fracture Network Modelling

Fracture network modelling plays an important role in many application areas in which the behaviour of a rock mass is of interest. These areas include mining, civil, petroleum, water and environmental engineering and geothermal systems modelling. The aim is to model the fractured rock to assess fluid flow or the stability of rock blocks. One important step in fracture network modelling is to estimate the number of fractures and the properties of individual fractures such as their size and orientation. Due to the lack of data and the complexity of the problem, there are significant uncertainties associated with fracture network modelling in practice. Our primary interest is the modelling of fracture networks in geothermal systems and, in this paper, we propose a general stochastic approach to fracture network modelling for this application. We focus on using the seismic point cloud detected during the fracture stimulation of a hot dry rock reservoir to create an enhanced geothermal system; these seismic points are the conditioning data in the modelling process. The seismic points can be used to estimate the geographical extent of the reservoir, the amount of fracturing and the detailed geometries of fractures within the reservoir. The objective is to determine a fracture model from the conditioning data by minimizing the sum of the distances of the points from the fitted fracture model. Fractures are represented as line segments connecting two points in two-dimensional applications or as ellipses in three-dimensional (3D) cases. The novelty of our model is twofold: (1) it comprises a comprehensive fracture modification scheme based on simulated annealing and (2) it introduces new spatial approaches, a goodness-of-fit measure for the fitted fracture model, a measure for fracture similarity and a clustering technique for proposing a locally optimal solution for  fracture parameters. We use a simulated dataset to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach followed by a real 3D case study of the Habanero reservoir in the Cooper Basin, Australia.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部构造带地质结构与油气勘探领域

地质结构、构造演化及其与油气成藏的关系是制约塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部构造带油气勘探进程的重要因素.以地震剖面为基础,结合区域构造背景、露头地层特征以及钻井资料,对北部构造带3个构造段(吐格尔明、迪北吐孜、巴什)的地质结构进行了详细解剖,恢复了构造演化史,并分析了变形特征,最后在构造演化与油气成藏关系的基础上,讨论了北部构...     

Explicit Fracture Network Modelling: From Multiple Point Statistics to Dynamic Simulation

This paper addresses the problem of explicit fractured media modelling in an operational case. On one side, realistic fracture models are mainly used for research purposes in order to investigate better the flow behaviour impacted by the complex multi-scale fracture network. Often, a very fine grid and hence an increased computation time are needed. On the other hand, an operational fractured reservoir is still generally modelled using an implicit fracture media representation. The upscaled petrophysical properties and dual media are defined on a coarse grid to limit the computational time of dynamic simulation. The challenge of this work is to demonstrate that an explicit fracture modelling is not reserved only for the research domain, but can be applied to an operational case study. The static model is constructed using a multiple point statistics approach in order to represent complex interaction patterns of fractures and faults observed at the analogue outcrop. The dynamic behaviour is simulated based on this spatial fracture network representation.     

Integration of Markov mesh models and data assimilation techniques in complex reservoirs

We present a methodology that allows conditioning the spatial distribution of geological and petrophysical properties of reservoir model realizations on available production data. The approach is fully consistent with modern concepts depicting natural reservoirs as composite media where the distribution of both lithological units (or facies) and associated attributes are modeled as stochastic processes of space. We represent the uncertain spatial distribution of the facies through a Markov mesh (MM) model, which allows describing complex and detailed facies geometries in a rigorous Bayesian framework. The latter is then embedded within a history matching workflow based on an iterative form of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). We test the proposed methodology by way of a synthetic study characterized by the presence of two distinct facies. We analyze the accuracy and computational efficiency of our algorithm and its ability with respect to the standard EnKF to properly estimate model parameters and assess future reservoir production. We show the feasibility of integrating MM in a data assimilation scheme. Our methodology is conducive to a set of updated model realizations characterized by a realistic spatial distribution of facies and their log permeabilities. Model realizations updated through our proposed algorithm correctly capture the production dynamics.     

新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用

天然裂缝是地层中广泛分布的一种地质构造现象,当其在油气开发过程中保持一定有效性时具有重要作用,其有效程度高低是裂缝性油气藏高产富集的关键.本次研究以川西新场气田须二气藏裂缝特征及成因认识为基础,利用气藏各类动静态资料对裂缝张开度、裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度等参数进行解释和评价,明确了不同资料计算获取裂缝参数的物理含义及相互之间的关系,为裂缝有效性评价奠定了基础.文中以井筒附近、地质模型网格单元体内裂缝网络系统作为裂缝有效性定量表征对象,通过裂缝网络系统裂缝参数的分布特征,选取并组合了参数分布的特征变量从而建立了裂缝有效性定量表征指标;基于裂缝有效性定量表征方法和建立的定量表征指标对新场气田须二气藏单井产层段裂缝的有效性及气藏裂缝有效性的纵横变化规律进行了研究和评价,其评价结果与区域构造、应力场分布、井下监测、生产动态具有很好的一致性.本文对油气藏中天然裂缝有效性的认识和定量表征方法为裂缝性油气藏地质建模中裂缝有效参数场的建立和数值模拟工作奠定了基础,为裂缝性油气藏的描述和生产动态研究提供了方向和思路.     

东营凹陷古近系岩性圈闭识别方法研究

针对东营凹陷岩性油气藏的勘探特点,在三级层序格架内识别出体系域,研究了主要岩性体的成因类型、分布特征及其时空配置关系,通过岩性油气藏储层模型的建立和地震预测模型参数的研究,提高了岩性圈闭预测评价和描述的精度.地质和地震预测技术研究的有机结合揭示了在高频可容纳空间变化条件下岩性体沉积作用的有序性及其边界条件,构成以地质规律为指导的岩性圈闭识别技术系列.     

中国陆相储层表征与成藏型式

:中国中、新生代陆相沉积盆地主要有 3种类型 ,其巨厚的地层中含有丰富的油气资源。陆相沉积作用所特有的地质条件 ,决定了储集岩的矿物及结构成熟度偏低 ,物性变化大 ,非均质性较强 ,砂体连续性较复杂。储层砂岩与泥岩大多呈薄互层状。储层物性受埋藏深度及成岩作用等因素所控制。在湖盆内储层砂体邻近生烃区 ,油气运移距离短 ,砂体类型决定主要运移方式 (侧向或垂向 )。有利圈闭为岩性、构造岩性、断块及断层等类型。文中按砂体成因归纳出 8种陆相储层成藏型式。     

渤海油田渤中A构造太古宙潜山裂缝储层预测

钻井揭示渤海油田渤中A构造太古宙潜山拥有巨大的天然气勘探潜力,而目标区太古宙变质岩潜山裂缝储层面临埋深大、非均质性强、横向变化快等问题,制约了该区勘探评价的顺利实施.本次研究从潜山裂缝储层的成因机理出发,分别对风化裂缝带和内幕裂缝带储层特征进行综合分析,开展了针对性的潜山裂缝储层预测技术研究.对于风化带裂缝储层,创新采...     

Three-Dimensional Modelling of a Multi-Layer Sandstone Reservoir: the Sebei Gas Field, China

Multi-layer sandstone reservoirs occur globally and are currently in international production. The 3D characteristics of these reservoirs are too complicated to be accurately delineated by general structural-facies-reservoir modelling. In view of the special geological features, such as the vertical architecture of sandstone and mudstone interbeds, the lateral stable sedimentation and the strong heterogeneity of reservoir poroperm and fluid distribution, we developed a new three-stage and six-phase procedure for 3D characterization of multi-layer sandstone reservoirs. The procedure comprises two-phase structural modelling, two-phase facies modelling and modelling of two types of reservoir properties. Using this procedure, we established models of the formation structure, sand body structure and microfacies, reservoir facies and properties including porosity, permeability and gas saturation and provided a 3D fine-scale, systematic characterization of the Sebei multi-layer sandstone gas field, China. This new procedure, validated by the Sebei gas field, can be applied to characterize similar multi-layer sandstone reservoirs.     

基于岩石物理模型的页岩储层裂缝属性及各向异性参数反演

针对富有机质页岩储层复杂的矿物组分与微观孔缝结构,本文提出基于岩石物理模型和改进粒子群算法的页岩储层裂缝属性及各向异性参数反演方法。应用自相容等效介质理论与Chapman多尺度孔隙理论建立裂缝型页岩双孔隙系统岩石物理模型。开发基于岩石物理模型的反演流程,引入模拟退火优化粒子群算法解决多参数同时反演问题,反演算法能够避免陷入局部极值且收敛速度快。将本文方法应用于四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气储层,反演得到的孔隙纵横比、裂缝密度等物性参数和各向异性参数与已有研究结果一致,能为页岩储层的评价提供多元化信息。     

济阳坳陷新生界岩性油气藏特征及油气富集条件

济阳坳陷是一个富含油气的新生代断陷一坳陷盆地,不同区带上岩性油气藏的富集需要同时具备3个基本条件.1）丰富的油源是油气富集的物质条件,济阳坳陷发育多套有效烃源岩,其层系厚度大,分布面积广,资源规模大,与储集砂体之间具有利接触关系.2）优质的砂岩体岩性圈闭是油气富集的聚集条件,应具有圈闭规模大、发育有利的储集相类型和良好储集层的特点.圈闭规模大表现为大规模砂岩体岩性圈闭或数量众多的小型岩性圈闭叠合连片,有利的储集相主要集中在少数3种类型即（扇）三角洲相、浊积扇相和河流相,其中各类储集相的扇中亚相最有利于油气聚集,良好的储集层表现为具有好的砂体类型,并与次生孔隙带形成匹配.3）汇流通道的存在是油气富集的输导条件,充足的油气通过断层汇流通道和孔隙（裂隙）汇流通道运移,在砂岩体圈闭聚集成藏并形成油气富集.因此,济阳坳陷岩性油气藏表现出"主元富集"的特征,即上述的3个基本条件控制了油气在部分次级单元的少数区带发生富集.     

基于模拟退火粒子群优化算法的裂缝型储层各向异性参数地震反演

发育垂直定向排列裂缝的地下岩石可等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性（horizontal transverse isotropic,HTI）介质。针对HTI介质模型,本文研究了裂缝型储层的各向异性参数地震振幅随方位角变化（amplitude variations with azimuth,AVAZ）的反演方法。首先,在地震AVAZ反演流程中,提出采用模拟退火粒子群优化算法实现裂缝型储层各向异性参数反演。之后,通过理论模型测试,验证了基于模拟退火粒子群优化算法的地震AVAZ反演的有效性。最后,将反演方法应用于四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气储层实际方位地震数据;在反演之前先利用傅里叶级数方法估计裂缝方位并对实际数据进行方位校正,以提供更准确的输入数据;通过计算得到的P波、S波各向异性参数可用于评价裂缝发育程度。反演结果表明,研究区域构造顶部裂缝较发育,与地质基本理论一致,验证了反演方法的合理性。     

Basin modelling of gas migration and accumulation in volcanic reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi Fault-depression,Songliao Basin

The Xujiaweizi Fault-depression of Songliao Basin has developed typical and widespread volcanic gas reservoirs. We studied the formation process of volcanic gas reservoirs by using basin modelling software and evaluated the influence of volcanic porosity, the 3D spatial and temporal field of the thermal history, and the 3D fault patterns on the basin modelling results. The 1D basin modelling results indicate that hydrocarbon generation of deep layer source rocks has a relay characteristic in time (128–0 Ma) and space (sag and slope zone) in the Xujiaweizi Fault-depression. The 2D basin modelling results show that (i) the distribution of volcanic reservoirs was controlled by the volcanic apparatus, (ii) gas source faults facilitated the vertical migration of natural gas, and (iii) the development of volcanic porosity controlled the lateral migration and accumulation of natural gas in the carrier bed. The 3D basin modelling results demonstrate that JHM, JHC, KSHC, and KSHM (source rocks) started hydrocarbon generation during the late deposition of the Denglouku Formation (113 Ma), the main hydrocarbon expulsion period was during the deposition of the late Quantou Formation (100 Ma), when the largest volcanic gas reservoir was formed; and from 84 Ma to the present (0 Ma), the area of the volcanic gas reservoir has decreased gradually. The insight gained from the basin modelling results of the volcanic gas-bearing system of the Xujiaweizi Fault-depression is that volcanic porosity, the 3D spatial and temporal field of the thermal history, and the 3D fault patterns have important influences on gas reservoir formation history and accumulation location. We are the first to establish different patterns for relations between different volcanic lithofacies porosity and burial depth, and we expect to provide a reference for basin model of other volcanic oil- and gas-bearing systems.     

Alam El Bueib reservoir characterization,Tut oil field,North Western Desert,Egypt

An integrated petrophysical well log and core data analysis of the Alam El Bueib-3D (AEB-3D) and Alam El Bueib-3E (AEB-3E) reservoirs, Tut oil field, North Western Desert, Egypt, allows the evaluation of those parameters critical to their reservoir characterization. The determined reservoir properties investigated are lithology, depositional paleoenvironments, shale volume, porosity, fluid saturation and net pay thickness. As the analysis of reservoir pressure is essential to specify the driving mechanisms that control the behavior of fluids within reservoirs, pressure analysis identified the Alam El Bueib-3D reservoir to be partial water drive and Alam El Bueib-3E to be an active water drive. In addition, the pressure analysis identified two additional hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the Alam El Bueib-3D. Stacking patterns of the Alam El Bueib-3D reservoirs are generally fining upward sequences reflecting fluvial to braided fluvial paleoenvironments. The Alam El Bueib-3E channel shows blocky patterns with sharp bases and tops diagnostic of distributary channels. Statistical analysis of core permeability and porosity values of the Alam El Bueib reservoirs indicate very good reservoir quality. Scatter diagrams of porosity values derived from core analysis for the AEB-3D and AEB-3E reservoirs reveal correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.93 and 0.64, respectively, indicating strong linear relationships. Plots of porosity values against permeability values also show strong linear relationships in all the reservoirs indicating that the AEB-3D and the AEB-3E are permeable and with strong pore communication. The permeability measurements indicate restricted reservoir heterogeneity as plots of vertical permeability values against horizontal permeability values exhibit linear trends. Altogether, the reservoir characterization of the Alam El Bueib reservoirs demonstrates their excellent potential for hydrocarbon production.     

基于等效介质模型和频变AVO反演的裂缝储层参数估算方法

由于裂缝性油气藏具有突出的资源潜力和经济效益,利用地震方法对裂缝储层进行精细的定量描述逐渐成为勘探地球物理的关键任务之一。为了克服以往数据驱动类反演方法无法直接获得裂缝参数、而基于静态等效介质模型驱动的反演方法无法描述孔隙内部结构和流体信息的缺点,笔者提出一种基于动态等效介质模型的储层定量描述新方法。该方法通过频变AVO(amplitude variation with offset)理论建立目标函数并使用全局最优化算法反演裂缝参数。一维和二维模型测试证实,由于充分利用了反射系数频变响应对裂缝密度和时间尺度因子的敏感性,反演方法可以对裂缝储层实现有效描述。