不同坐标系下航空重力扰动估算比较分析

针对捷联式GNSS/INS组合航空重力测量系统,比较在当地水平坐标系和惯性坐标系下重力扰动的估算方法及精度。结果表明,惯性坐标系下基于加速度更新的卡尔曼滤波方法比当地水平坐标系下基于位置、速度更新的卡尔曼滤波方法模型简捷且重力扰动的估算精度相当,在半波长分辨率为7.5 km时,6条重复测线重力扰动差值的标准差平均分别为1.21 mGal和1.27 mGal;对于相同测线,两种方法计算得到的重力扰动差值的标准差平均为0.65 mGal;两种方法求得的重力扰动中都存在明显的系统误差,将其按时间进行线性补偿后明显减小,测线间的最大差值分别由8.20 mGal、8.19 mGal减小到2.70 mGal、2.54 mGal,平均内符合精度分别从1.21 mGal、1.27 mGal提高到1.06 mGal和1.10 mGal。     

非线性函数协方差传播的Stein Monte Carlo方法

基于泰勒级数展开的近似函数法在求解非线性函数的中误差时需要进行复杂的导数计算,已有的Monte Carlo法虽然可以避免导数运算,但在模拟次数的选择上不具有客观性,且无法直接控制模拟结果。因此,将Stein两阶段法融入非线性函数的协方差传播理论中,并与Monte Carlo方法结合,设计了一套非线性函数协方差传播的Stein Monte Carlo算法流程。将该方法用于二维多项式函数和GNSS基线向量的协方差传播计算中,实验结果验证了其有效性,为非线性模型协方差传播的计算提供了一种新思路。     

Landsat时序变化检测综述

时序变化检测已成为当前Landsat数据主流的变化检测方法。本文从检测算法对比、时序数据构建和精度评价等方面对Landsat时序变化检测进行回顾和评述,进而提出Landsat时序变化检测当前所存在的问题,及其所面临的挑战。Landsat时序变化检测算法可大致归纳为轨迹拟合法、光谱-时间轨迹法、基于模型的方法3大类,这些算法大多基于森林扰动提出;变化检测常用指标有波段型、植被指数型、线性变换型、组合型4大类,每类指标的优势不同,可综合多类指标以更全面地检测不同扰动类型。尽管Landsat时序变化检测已取得长足发展,但仍然面临诸多挑战,其中最大挑战是缺少一致性的参考数据集进行变化检测精度评价。     

LOESS用于GNSS垂向坐标时间序列噪声识别与提取

针对GNSS垂向坐标时间序列噪声复杂、精度较差等特点,采用局部加权回归模型(locally weighted regression, LOESS)对中国大陆构造环境监测网络中289个GNSS站的垂向坐标时间序列进行降噪分析。首先利用LOESS方法对预处理后的时间序列进行降噪处理,得到降噪后的时间序列及噪声序列;然后采用Durbin-Watson(DW)检验对降噪后的噪声序列进行自相关性检验,同时采用Wilcoxon秩和检验方法对降噪前后序列的标准差、噪声项、速度不确定度等指标进行显著性检验;最后采用降噪前后序列的信噪比及前3个指标来定量评价降噪效果。结果表明,各测站降噪后的噪声序列不存在自相关性,采用LOESS方法降噪处理后各评价指标均有显著改正,表明LOESS方法能够有效减少GNSS垂向坐标时间序列中的噪声,进一步提高GNSS垂向坐标时间序列的精度。     

Spatial-temporal distribution of debris flow impact pressure on rigid barrier

Grain composition plays a vital role in impact pressure of debris flow. Current approaches treat debris flow as uniform fluid and almost ignore its granular effects. A series of flume experiments have been carried out to explore the granular influence on the impact process of debris flow by using a contact surface pressure gauge sensor(Tactilus~?, produced by Sensor Products LLC). It is found that the maximum impact pressure for debris flow of low density fluctuates drastically with a long duration time while the fluctuation for flow of high density is short in time, respectively presenting logarithmic and linear form in longitudinal attenuation. This can be ascribed to the turbulence effect in the former and grain collisions and grainfluid interaction in the latter. The horizontal distribution of the impact pressure can be considered as the equivalent distribution. For engineering purposes, the longitudinal distribution of the pressure can be generalized to a triangular distribution, from which a new impact method considering granular effects is proposed.     

基于奇异谱分析的CORS大地高时序形变信息提取

为增强信号提取的信噪比,采用奇异谱分析（SSA）对测站大地高序列进行分解与重构,利用仿真实验确定嵌入维数与截断主分量个数的选取原则,进一步将SSA方法应用到CORS时序形变信息提取中。通过FFT分析发现,大地高时序以分解的季节性变化成分为主,重构后时序标准差明显减小,表明SSA方法可有效提高CORS大地高时序信噪比,起到降噪平滑作用。研究结果对地壳垂直形变特征表达及SSA应用拓展具有一定意义。     

不同BDS星历反演大气可降水量精度分析

基于陕西地区3个GNSS观测站2018年1～6月数据,利用北斗卫星导航系统进行水汽反演。首先利用不同星历产品计算水汽结果,分别与利用IGF解算的水汽结果、探空数据探测结果进行比较;再将不同星历得到的水汽结果进行相互对比。结果表明,利用3种星历都能获得精度和可靠性较高的水汽结果,其中精密星历和快速星历反演水汽的精度相当,各测站偏差均优于1 mm,标准差和均方根误差均优于3.5 mm;利用超快速星历（预报部分）反演水汽在各测站的偏差约为1 mm,标准差和均方根误差均优于5 mm。综合3种产品反演水汽的对应精度可知,利用3种星历产品均可反演大气可降水量,且超快速星历（预报部分）计算的水汽值可为气象预报提供参考依据。     

DYNAMIC MODEL FOR OIL SLICK DISPERSION INTO A WATER COLUMN- A WINDDRIVEN WAVETANK EXPERIMENT

A dynamic experiment for oil dispersion into a water column was performed with a 21 m long, 0.5 m wide, and 1 m high wind-driven wave tank. At wind velocity between 6-12 m/s and with the oil slide kept constant (about 1 um), the rate of the oil content increase in the water column could be approximated from the difference between the dispersion rate (R) of the oil slick and the coagulation rate (R') of the dispersed oil slick. Assuming the coagulation rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the water dispersed oil slick (i. e. R' =KC),, the integral form of the dynamic model can be expressed as C=R*[1-exp(-K*t)]/K and parameters R and K can be regressed with a computer. The relative deviation of model results from the experimental data was mainly less than 10%. The oil slick dispersion rate (R) had exponential relationship with the wind velocity (V), and can be fitted with a formula R=A*(U+1)B.The fitted constant of the coagulation rate, K(0.8-3.0* 10-3 min-1) did not have significant rela     

Application and comparison of coaxial correlation diagram and hydrological model for reconstructing flood series under human disturbance

Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coaxial correlation diagram and conceptual hydrological model are two frequently used tools to adjust and reconstruct the flood series under human disturbance. This study took a typical mountain catchment of the Haihe River Basin as an example to investigate the effects of human activities on flood regime and to compare and assess the two adjustment methods. The main purpose is to construct a conceptual hydrological model which can incorporate the effects of human activities. The results show that the coaxial correlation diagram is simple and widely-used, but can only adjust the time series of total flood volumes. Therefore, it is only applicable under certain conditions (e.g. There is a strong link between the flood peaks and volumes and the link is not significantly affected by human activities). The conceptual model is a powerful tool to adjust the time series of both flood peak flows and flood volumes over different durations provided that it is closely related to the catchment hydrological characteristics, specifically accounting for the effects of human activities, and incorporating expert knowledge when estimating or calibrating parameters. It is suggested that the two methods should be used together to cross check each other.     

山东省地形变数字化与模拟观测资料的对比分析

对山东省水管仪，伸缩仪的数字化和模拟观测资料进行了对比分析，对资料的完整性，稳定性，可靠性进行了评价，并对资料的变化趋势，均值，方差一致性利用相关分析、t检验、F检验等方法进行了统计检验。观测资料在地震分析预报中的应用结果表明：（1）水管仪、伸缩仪数字化观测资料的完整性，稳定性和可靠性优于模拟观测资料，数字化观测可代替模拟观测；（2）水管仪、伸缩仪数字化和模拟观测资料的变化趋势一致性很好，均值、方差一致性较差，仅有个别测顶一致。（3）潮汐分析和非潮汐分析方法是识别强震前中短期和短临异常的可行方法。     

The variability of the snow and ice melt in alpine rivers in northwestern China

The study of snow and ice melt （SIM） is important in water-scarce arid regions for the assessment of water supply and quality. These studies involve unique difficulties, especially in the calibration of hydro-models because there is no direct way to continuously measure the SIM at hydrostations. The recursive digital filter （RDF） and the isotopic hydro-geochemical method （IHM） were coupled to separate the SIM from eight observed series of alpine streamflows in northwestern China. Validation of the calibrated methods suggested a good capture of the SIM characteristics with fair accuracy in both space and time. Applications of the coupled methods in the upper reaches of the Hei River Basin （HRB） suggested a double peak curve of the SIM fraction to streamflow for the multi-component recharged （MCR） rivers, while a single peak curve was suggested for the rainfall-dominant recharged （RDR） rivers. Given inter-annual statistics of the separation, both types of the alpine rivers have experienced an obvious decrease of SIM since 196os. In the past 10 years, the SIM in the two types of rivers has risen to the levels of the 1970s, but has remained lower than the level of the 1960s. The study provided a considerable evidence to quantify the alpine SIMbased on the separation of observed data series at gauge stations. Application of the coupled method could be helpful in the calibration and validation of SIM-related hydro-models in alpine regions.     

基于谱系聚类的全球各国新冠疫情时间序列特征分析

COVID-19暴发以来,世界各国疫情呈现出不同的时序特点,研究不同国家疫情发展模式的特点,揭示其背后的主导因素,可为未来防控策略提供参考.为了揭示不同国家疫情时间序列之间的异同,本文提取了主要疫情国家每日新增病例时间序列的标准差、Hurst指数、治愈率、增长时长、平均增长率、防控效率进行谱系聚类,并从经济、医疗、人文...     

电化学检测器—离子色谱法测定水中微量氰离子

本文探讨了HPIC—AS_3分离柱分离,Dionex2020i型离子色谱仪—电化学检测器测定水中微量CN~-的诸条件,并考察了干扰离子及CN~-络合物对CN~-测定的影响。采用两根AS_3分离柱串联的方法提高分辨率,150ppmCl~-对5ppbCN~-无干扰。方法检出限0.14PPb。5ppbCN~-11次测定结果相对标准偏差为1.2％。本法可用于地表水、地下水、污水及工业废水中氰离子的分析。     

Modflow在平原区深层地下水资源评价中的应用

在建立长时间序列地下水数值模型时,根据数据精度建立前后连贯的不同模型,前后模型的模拟期可重复,不但可提高模拟效果,又可缩短模型运行时间。采用试估—校正法进行识别和检验地下水数值模型时,水文地质参数、地下水流场、地下水均衡变化和地下水水位动态变化的拟合情况要符合研究区实际的水文地质条件。用地下水数值模型评价深层地下水资源时,需考虑研究区不同区域深层地下水不同开发利用程度,开发利用程度低的区域要考虑可动用的深层地下水释水量。     

基于混沌时间序列的地下水位多步预测模型

利用相空间重构技术,并借助G-P算法、C-C方法和Wolf方法从宁陵地区地下水位一维时间序列中提取Lyapunov指数,结果表明此时间序列具有混沌特征。计算了宁陵地区地下水位时间序列的关联维数、时间延迟和最大Lyapunov指数,将局域加权一阶多步预测模型应用于地下水位预测。预测表明,此模型可有效应用于地下水位时间序列的多步预测。     

地理国情监测水面数据时空一致性优化方法

地理国情监测利用遥感、地理信息等技术,动态获取地表覆盖等多样化的地理要素,经统计、分析、评价和应用,服务于政治、经济、文化、资源、环境等多个领域,为政府提供全面、准确、基础的地理信息情报。针对地理国情监测在全国范围基于多时相遥感影像采集水面信息存在时空不一致性的现状,提出一种基于精细DEM的水面数据时空一致性优化方法。利用栅格图形区域生长算法,采用8邻域算子,对水面种子点进行迭代生长计算,得出基于精细DEM的区域生长结果;通过与地理国情监测水面数据对比分析,实现空间化结果的修正,从而达到时空一致性优化的目的。分析了典型研究区水面数据特征,利用该方法进行了优化处理,结果显示：研究区水面数据空间范围相对于时点监测修正了7.99%,满足了地理国情监测时点一致性需求。研究表明：该方法的应用,能够使得在全国尺度上统计的水面数据反映同一季节或可接受时段内的状况,避免或缩小了由于影像数据源的差异造成的时间和空间上的不一致性带来的误差,满足了地理国情监测时点一致性需求,能够在地理国情监测等地表覆盖水面信息提取、优化中推广应用,为政府有效决策提供客观、准确和基础的水面信息。     

高精度重复相对重力观测量提取

采用RANSAC算法剔除观测数据中的离群值,再使用线性内插法进行补全,利用整体投影计算的思想提取两点间的相对重力值,并对其精度和标准差进行检验。结果表明,动态重力观测的残差最大值为4.641 μGal,重复性标准差最大值为4.384 μGal,均优于5 μGal。该方法可获得较高精度的重力观测数据,为在复杂环境下获取相对重力值提供一种新方法。     

利用试射法进行海上多波正演

试射法是求解两点射线追踪问题的一种方法，它的解法快速简便，易于判断和识别。利用试射法正演模拟海上多波地震响应，可以根据需要选择波的类型，而且，它可适用于大偏移距，能直观可靠的得到每一层的反射波和折射波。对地震资料的解释和地下地质模型的推断等有很大帮助。     

城市人群聚集消散时空模式探索分析——以深圳市为例

城市中人群的移动是带有目的性的,城市空间结构功能也存在差异,导致人群在城市中出现聚集或消散的现象,而且该现象会随着时间不断变化。本文基于海量的手机位置数据,以深圳市为例,采用自相关分析识别出城市中人群聚集与消散的区域,然后将这些区域一天中人群聚散组合成时间序列矩阵,采用自组织图聚类方法（SOM）进行聚类得到9种典型的人群聚集、消散时空模式,结合土地利用现状数据,分析解释了每种聚散模式最可能出现的土地利用组合。该研究从聚集和消散的角度探索了城市人群移动的时空模式,进一步帮助理解城市不同区域人群的移动模式以及与城市空间结构功能之间的关系,对城市规划、交通管理具有参考和指导意义。     

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