盐度对序批式生物膜反应器性能及微生物活性的影响

本文研究了盐度变化对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)性能及微生物活性的影响。研究结果表明,进水盐度不超过1.5%时,SBBR对COD的平均去除率高于88.63%,但进水盐度为2.5%时,对SBBR的COD去除产生抑制。当进水盐度由0%增加到2.5%时,NH^+_4—N去除未受到影响,出水NO^-_3—N浓度在0.30～3.30 mg/L范围内变化,然而出水NO^-_2—N浓度从0 mg/L逐渐增大到(4.35±0.02) mg/L。比耗氧速率由进水盐度为0%时的(27.39±1.16) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h)增大至进水盐度为1.5%时的(83.41±1.17) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h),而在盐度为2.5%时比耗氧速率降低至(38.62±1.08) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h)。比氨氧化速率、比亚硝酸盐氧化速率、比硝酸盐还原速率和比亚硝酸盐还原速率均随着进水盐度从0%增加到2.5%而逐渐降低。当进水盐度为2.5%时,氨单加氧酶、亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶、硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶和脱氢酶的活性与盐度为0%时相比分别降低了41.48%、95.86%、28.57%、27.85%和48.13%,表明盐度增加抑制了微生物酶的活性。     

气水比对移动床生物滤器净化海水养殖废水的影响

生物滤器是海水养殖废水净化的核心处理单元,而气水比是影响移动床生物滤器处理效率的关键因素。本实验采用挂膜成熟的移动床生物滤器和人工模拟海水养殖废水,研究了不同气水比(6︰1、10︰1、15︰1、20︰1、30︰1)对移动床生物滤器处理海水养殖废水效能的影响。结果表明:随着气水比的增大,氨态氮(TAN)去除率呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,亚硝酸盐(NO_2~–-N)的积累率呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,化学需氧量(COD)去除率呈现降低的趋势。气水比为6︰1时TAN和COD平均去除率最大(TAN 12.55%±0.80%,COD 16.63%±1.28%),NO_2~–-N平均积累率相对较小(109.71%±23.94%),且出水水质稳定,波动最小,对水质的净化效果明显好于其他的气水比条件,因此气水比6︰1是实验条件下的最佳气水比,可为实际生产应用提供理论参考。     

二价钴离子对序批式反应器性能、微生物活性及其微生物群落的影响

本文考察了二价钴离子(Co(II))浓度变化对序批式反应器(SBR)性能、脱氮速率、微生物酶活性和微生物群落的影响。结果表明,进水中Co(II)浓度在0～10 mg/L时,COD和NH~+_4-N去除率分别为(92.21±1.31)%和(98.40±0.66)%。在进水Co(II)浓度为20 mg/L时,COD和NH~+_4-N去除率分别降至(81.78±0.52)%和(80.30±1.08)%。与进水未添加Co(II)时相比,活性污泥比耗氧速率、脱氮速率、脱氢酶活性和与脱氮相关的微生物酶活性在进水Co(II)浓度小于5 mg/L时略微升高,而在进水Co(II)浓度为10和20 mg/L时则明显降低。活性污泥活性氧产生量和乳酸脱氢酶释放量随进水Co(II)浓度升高而逐渐增加,表明Co(II)的存在能造成细胞氧化应激和细胞膜损伤。随着进水Co(II)浓度从0 mg/L升至20 mg/L,活性污泥微生物群落丰富度和多样性逐渐降低,且活性污泥中硝化菌属(Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira)和反硝化菌属(Luteimonas、Flavobacterium、Comamonas、Thauera和Zoogloea)的相对丰度发生改变,从而影响SBR脱氮性能。     

镀镍多壁碳纳米管对序批式反应器性能及其微生物群落的影响

本文研究了长期暴露条件下镀镍多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-Ni)对序批式反应器(SBR)性能、微生物酶活性和微生物群落的影响。研究结果表明,10mg/LMWCNTs-Ni的长期暴露未对SBR去除有机物产生影响,而NH+4-N的去除率由(99.10±0.60)%明显降至(39.04±1.61)%。与进水中未加入MWCNTs-Ni时的第32天相比,活性污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)和脱氢酶(DHA)活性在第148天时分别降低了17.43%和24.32%;而脱氮速率和与脱氮相关的微生物酶活性均降低了60%以上,从而导致SBR对氮的去除效果明显降低。MWCNTs-Ni的长期暴露导致活性污泥活性氧(ROS)产生量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量在第148天时分别增加了67.23%和65.33%,表明MWCNTs-Ni的长期暴露能够诱导活性污泥中微生物产生氧化应激和细胞膜损伤。高通量测序结果表明,长期暴露于10mg/L的MWCNTs-Ni条件下,活性污泥中与硝化过程相关菌属(Nitrosomonas、Nitrosospir、Nitrospira)和与反硝化过程相关菌属(Dokdonella、Dechloromonas、Steroidobacter、Devosia、Thermomonas)的相对丰度明显降低,进而影响到SBR对氮的去除。该研究结果可为评价MWCNTsNi对污水生物处理系统的潜在影响提供一定的理论基础和技术依据。     

海水养殖对浮游生物群落和水环境的影响

２０世纪以来 ,由于人口的大量增长和社会经济的快速发展 ,人们对海产品的需求量大大增加 ,基础研究成果的不断积累 ,进一步促进了海水养殖业的迅猛发展。与此同时也带来了水域污染问题。特别是８０年代中期以来 ,我国沿海养殖区赤潮频繁发生 ,对虾、扇贝等病害严重。本文就近年来国内外在这方面的研究进展进行综述 ,以期为我国海水养殖的可持续发展提供理论依据。１海水养殖现状１．１养殖类型近年来 ,我国海水养殖在养殖方式上有了新的突破。首先 ,由过去的单一种类养殖转变为多种类间养、轮养、混养 ,增加了复养指数 ,提高了水体利用水平…     

不同污染负荷对移动床生物膜反应器处理海水养殖废水的性能及微生物群落的影响

应用缺氧/好氧—移动床生物膜反应器(Anoxic/Aerobic-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor,A/O-MBBR)系统,通过固定进水COD与无机氮之比C/N为12,将COD依次设置为150、300、350和450mg·L~(-1)时,探讨反应器对海水养殖废水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮及COD的去除效果,并分析微生物群落变化及响应。结果表明,在进水COD为150mg·L~(-1)、无机氮12.5mg·L~(-1)时,反应器运行效果最佳,此时氨氮、硝氮、COD和亚硝氮的去除率分别为93.7%(出水0.3 mg·L~(-1)),87.5%(出水0.7mg·L~(-1)),98.2%(出水3mg·L~(-1)),86.9%(出水0.1mg·L~(-1))。当COD提高至450mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮去除率逐渐降低到40.7%,亚硝氮在COD为350mg·L~(-1)时去除率降低至22.5%。在整个系统运行过程中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是反应器中的绝对优势类群。当COD由150mg·L~(-1)上升到350mg·L~(-1)时,变形菌门的相对丰度却由63.9%~75.2%提高到88.1%~92.4%;拟杆菌门的相对丰度则由11.9%~13.0%降低到4.5%~5.4%;引起污泥膨胀的发硫菌属(Thiothrix)的相对丰度由6.24%~7.08%增加到58.16%~76.74%,表明反应器污泥膨胀趋势加剧。应用A/O-MBBR工艺处理海水养殖废水时,在COD为150mg·L~(-1)时效果较好,随着COD浓度提高,引起污泥膨胀的微生物开始大量滋生。     

序批式反应器改良工艺对海水养殖废水中氮和磺胺嘧啶去除及微生物群落分析

本研究利用投加磁粉和粉末活性炭的序批式反应器(Sequencing batch reactor, SBR)改良工艺处理模拟海水养殖废水,探究了污染物去除性能及微生物群落结构。与未投加磁粉和粉末活性炭的SBR比较,SBR改良工艺COD、NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N的去除性能变化较小,平均去除率均保持在97.0%以上;SBR改良工艺NO^-₂-N和总无机氮(Total inorganic nitrogen, TIN)的去除率高于未投加吸附剂的SBR,SBR改良工艺的NO^-₂-N和TIN平均去除率分别保持在78.56%和90.88%以上;投加磁粉和粉末活性炭均促进了磺胺嘧啶去除,投加粉末活性炭SBR的磺胺嘧啶去除效果最好(95.88%),说明粉末活性炭是磺胺嘧啶去除的有效吸附剂。反硝化菌Pseudoalteromonas是3个SBR的优势菌属,投加磁粉时丰度最高(43.5%)。氨氧化菌(Ammonia oxidation ...     

海水贝类养殖对生态系统的影响

海水贝类养殖在迅速发展的同时 ,也对海洋生态系统产生了影响。这些影响包括由于贝类大量摄食而导致的浮游植物生物量 下降、种类组成改变,以及有机物质和营养盐的截留和再循环从而影响生物地球化学循环, 筏式养殖的“岛屿”效应而引起的水动力的改变。     

海水养殖对海洋环境影响的探讨

海水养殖迅速发展,给海洋造成了严重污染.海水水质污染,主要有营养物污染、养殖用药污染、底泥富集污染.海洋生物污染,主要是外来生物物种入侵和生物物种基因污染,无计划的盲目开发浅海滩涂进行养殖对近岸海域滩涂湿地造成的破坏等.     

不同碳氮比对辽河口湿地总氮去除的影响

于2010年5月～10月采用现场模拟培养法探讨了辽河口芦苇湿地沉积物中的总氮去除效果,并分析了不同梯度C/N比(5∶1、10∶1、15∶1)对沉积物中总氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:在自然状态下,有植被芦苇湿地总氮去除率比无植被湿地高;当施加C/N因素后可以提高沉积物中总氮去除率,C/N比对裸滩湿地中氮的去除效果比芦苇湿地明显;在有植被芦苇湿地中C/N比为10时总氮去除率最高,而在无植被湿地中C/N比值为15时总氮去除率最高;8月份各实验组中总氮去除率最高。影响辽河口湿地沉积物脱氮效果主要环境因子还有温度、盐度、含水率和pH等。     

Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio control on Artemia growth,water quality,biofloc microbial diversity under high salinity and zero-water exchange culture condition

Biofloc technology has been applied successfully in the intensive aquaculture of several fish and shrimp species. The growth of heterotrophic microorganisms can be stimulated through adding extra carbon, which reduces the nitrogen level in the water and provides microbial protein to the animals. However, most of the studies and practical applications have been conducted in freshwater and marine environment. This paper focused on brine shrimp Artemia that lives in high salinity environment together with other halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms. The effect of carbon supplementation on Artemia growth, water quality, and microbial diversity of biofl ocs was studied in the closed culture condition without any water exchange. The salinity of the culture medium was 100. A 24-d culture trial was conducted through supplementing sucrose at carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 5, 15, and 30 (Su5, Su15, and Su30), respectively. The culture without adding sucrose was used as a control. Artemia was fed formulated feed at a feeding ration of 60% recommended feeding level. The results showed that sucrose supplementation at higher C/N ratio (15 and 30) signifi cantly improved the Artemia survival, growth and water quality ( P <0.05). Addition of sucrose at C/N ratio of 15 and 30 significantly increased biofloc volume (BFV)( P <0.05). The Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that supplementing carbon at C/N ratio of 15 had a better total bacterial diversity and richness, and shaped the microbial composition at genera level. This study should provide information for studying the mechanism of biofloc technology and its application in high salinity culture conditions.     

氮、磷比对两种赤潮藻生长特性的影响及藻间竞争作用

研究了两种赤潮藻即假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasleet Heimdalh)和裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)在不同氮磷比培养条件下的生长特性和藻间竞争作用,探讨了氮磷含量及其比值对赤潮爆发的影响机理.结果表明,在N/P=16条件下,假微型海链藻的最大比增长率最高、相对生长常数最大、平均倍增时间最短,叶绿素a含量最高,说明该N/P值是假微型海链藻最佳生长营养盐条件.对裸甲藻而言,N/P=6是其最佳生长的营养盐条件.叶绿素a含量受N/P值的影响和藻细胞密度所受的影响趋势基本一致.不同N/P值对藻间竞争作用和群落演替的总体影响不明显,都呈现先硅藻后甲藻的群落演替规律.裸甲藻可能具有利用体内磷来维持生长的特点.     

Variability of organic δC and C/N in the Mersey Estuary, U.K. and its implications for sea-level reconstruction studies

Microfossil analysis (e.g. diatoms, foraminifera and pollen) represents the cornerstone of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) reconstruction because their distribution in the contemporary inter-tidal zone is principally controlled by ground elevation within the tidal frame. A combination of poor microfossil preservation and a limited range in the sediment record may severely restrict the accuracy of resulting RSL reconstructions. Organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis of inter-tidal sediments have shown some potential as coastal palaeoenvironmental proxies. Here we assess their viability for reconstructing RSL change by examining patterns of organic δ¹³C and C/N values in a modern estuarine environment. δ¹³C and C/N analysis of bulk organic inter-tidal sediments and vegetation, as well as suspended and bedload organic sediments of the Mersey Estuary, U.K., demonstrate that the two main sources of organic carbon to surface saltmarsh sediments (terrestrial vegetation and tidal-derived particulate organic matter) have distinctive δ¹³C and C/N signatures. The resulting relationship between ground elevation within the tidal frame and surface sediment δ¹³C and C/N is unaffected by decompositional changes. The potential of this technique for RSL reconstruction is demonstrated by the analysis of part of an early Holocene sediment core from the Mersey Estuary. Organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis is less time consuming than microfossil analysis and is likely to provide continuous records of RSL change.     

利用小型底栖动物对沉积物重金属污染的评估

采用Hakanson的生态风险指数法和自由生活海洋线虫与底栖桡足类数量之比(N/C比值)的变动对长江口及其邻近海域沉积环境重金属污染状况进行评估.结果表明,研究海域沉积物受到重金属元素Cr,Cu,Zn和As不同程度的污染,近岸站位受测各污染物均呈现中度污染,离岸站位为轻度污染,其中Zn累积最严重.单个污染物潜在生态危害参数表明,受测污染物对海洋生态系统的潜在生态危害非常轻微,其中As和Cu是最主要的生态风险贡献因子.小型底栖动物群落丰度及分布验证了此结果,对As和Cu累积具有明显的生态响应.N/C比值法对研究海域沉积物重金属的污染评估结果与Hakanson的生态风险指数评估结果基本一致,特别是对Cu和As元素的污染评估.结合生物群落分析,利用小型底栖动物两大类群数量之比(N/C)是一个简易可行的沉积环境监测方法.     

Distribution and sources of organic matter in surficial sediments on the shelf and slope off Tokachi, western North Pacific, inferred from C and N stable isotopes and C / N ratios

Organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) contents and corresponding isotope ratios were determined in surficial sediment (0–3 cm) at 94 stations ranging from 21 to 1995 m water depth off Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan, to elucidate the distribution and source of sedimentary organic matter. Suspended particulate organic matter (POM) in the seawater and suspended POM and sediment in the Tokachi River were also examined. δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and C / N ratios of the samples in the Tokachi River suggest that the spring snowmelt is an important process for the transport of terrestrial organic matter to the coastal waters. δ¹³C values of suspended POM in the surface seawater were higher in May and November than in August, while δ¹⁵N values of the POM were higher in May and August than in November. These changes are attributed to seasonal changes in phytoplankton growth rate and nitrate availability. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in the sediments off Tokachi were lowest near the Tokachi River mouth, and increased offshore to constant values that persisted from 134 to 1995 m water depth. The spatial variation in C / N ratios in the sediment mirrored those of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N. Comparison of δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and C / N ratios in the sediments off Tokachi with those in the Tokachi River and seawater indicates that about half of the organic matter in the sediment was of terrestrial origin near the Tokachi River mouth, and the sedimentary organic matter from 134 to 1995 m water depth was of marine origin. The organic C content in the sediment was high near the Tokachi River mouth, and also around 1000 m water depth. The C content was significantly correlated with silt plus clay content, with different regression lines for those stations shallower and deeper than 134 m, owing to several stations of higher C content with the elevated C / N ratio on the inner shelf. These results suggest that transport and deposition of organic-rich fine sediment particles by hydrodynamic processes were major factors controlling C content off Tokachi. In addition, the supply of a fraction of terrestrial organic matter with high C / N probably also affected C content on the inner shelf.