A MESO-α-SCALE STUDY OF MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN-PART II:THE DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF RAIN-BAND DISTURBANCE

The alternating change of the two meiyu front rain-bands caused by the alternating change between the moist potential vorticities is discussed. The main factors of the change of moist potential vorticity are the vertical and horizontal divergence of moist potential vorticity flux as well as the vertical transport caused by the cumulus mass flux. Also discussed is the possibility that the WAVE-CISK conditional symmetric instability in the baroclinic moist atmosphere leads to the forming of the double rain-bands and their roller-shaped circulation features. Theoretical analyses show that the latitudinal disturbance scale-selection by the primitive moisture model of the latent heat release in cumulus convection depends on the stratification instability parameter (Ri number) and viscous coefficient of eddy.     

A MESO-α SCALE STUDY OF MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN－PART I: OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

In this paper, the data collected during the Mesoscale Weather Experiments in East China are utilized to study the meso-α scale rain-bands of meiyu front heavy rain, its structural features as well as the mechanism of its development. It has been revealed that the precipitation band during the meiyu season is in the shape of ribbon, which is parallel to the surface quasi-stationary front. Sometimes two meso-α scale rain-bands are present. The meso-α scale rain-band is associated with meso-α scale convergence line. As shown by the two dimentional disturbance circulation, calculated through band-pass filtering, the single rain-band is quite different from the double rain-bands. The former is, to some extent, akin to the frontogenctical circulation in the vicinity of the high- and low-level frontal zones; the latter features roller-like circulations at middle and low-levels with their axes parallel to the rain-bands while at higher levels they run in the opposite direction. This kind of disturbance may be caused by the symmetric instability in the moist atmosphere.     

A MESO-α SCALE STUDY OF MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN——PART I:OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

Jn this paper, the data collected during the Mesoscale Weather Experiments in East China are utilized to study the meso-a scale rain-bands of meiyu front heavy rain, its structural features as well as the mechanism of its development. It has been revealed that the precipitation band during the meiyu season is in the shape of ribbon, which is parallel to the surface quasi-stationary front. Sometimes two meso-a scale rain-bands are present. The meso-a scale rain-band is associated with meso-a scale convergence line. As shown by the two dimentional disturbance circulation, calculated through band-pass filtering, the single rain-band is quite different from the double rain-bands. The former is, to some extent, akin to the frontogenetical circulation in the vicinity of the high- and low-level frontal zones; the latter features roller-like circulations at middle and low-levels with their axes parallel to the rain-bands while at higher levels they run in the opposite direction. This kind of disturbance may be     

THE DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF Β MESO-SCALE DOUBLE RAINBANDS IN MEIYU FRONT

In this paper, an idealized perturbation following the "surge-flow conceptual model" for typical Meiyu frontal structure is designed to explain the β meso-scale structure of rainbands in the Meiyu front using a non-hydrostatic, full-compressible storm-scale model including multi-phase microphysical parameterization. In addition, sensitivity numerical experiment on the vertical distribution of the ambient meridional wind is conducted to investigate the generation mechanism of β meso-scale double rainbands. The results of numerical experiments show that the cool and dry downdraft invading strengthened by the environmental aloft northerly wind plays a very important role to the generation and maintenance of the β meso-scale double rainbands. Moreover, the intensity and scale of the dry and cool downdraft invading are related to the intensity of the second circumfluence induced by mass adjustment when the acceleration of the westerly jet aloft occurs.     

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF THE MESO-β SCALE MOVING SYSTEMS IN THE MEIYU FRONT

The new concept and analysis method for the rainfall peak are introduced in this paper,and an obser-vational study of a heavy rain case in the Meiyu front has been made with finer radiosonde and precipitationdata.It has found in this case that there are a lot of meso-β scale systems associated with the rainfall peaksin the Meiyu front.Meso-β scale systems can be divided into two kinds,i.e.,the moving and standing types.The moving type is characterized by the unstable gravity wave and has a path corresponding to the meso-α scalerain belts in the direction.The discussion about the meso-β systems is made by using the symmetric andtransversal wave instability theory.     

THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PULSE OF LLJ AND HEAVY RAIN USING WIND PROFILER DATA

1 INTRODUCTION With the principle of Doppler effect, the wind-profiler acquires high-resolution vertical wind profiles every few minutes and every few dozens of meters[1, 2]. In contrast, data obtained with conventional soundings do not reflect the true conditions right over the sounding site, for the balloons are going with the wind in upper levels. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A., made a final assessment of the wind-profiler networks deployed in central …     

A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PARTⅡ:DYNAMICAL ROLE OF SMALL TOPOGRAPHY AND THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER

The dynamic effects of small topography (in the sense of the characteristic height of the topography as compared with the vertical thickness of the system of motion) and the Ekman pumping caused by the frictional convergence in the bounary layer on the motion of a typhoon have been qualitatively discussed in this part based on the governing equation of typhoon motion derived in part I of this paper. The results show that a topographical ridge tends to attract the typhoon approaching it and this explains at least partially the phenomenon that the typhoon over the western Pacific tends to accelerate just before their making land fall over the coastal areas. It is also shown that the Ekman pumping at the top of the boundary layer favors the typhoon acceleration along the local steering current.     

STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF HEAVY RAIN 200506 （HR200506） IN GUANGDONG

A continuous heavy rain visited Guangdong province during June 18-25, 2005 (named Heavy Rain 200506, HR200506) and had resulted in enormous economic loss. The ageostropic Q vectors, θse,meridional circulation, computed from the NCEP reanalysis, and TBB are used to study the rainfall processes. The results indicated that a convective system moved northwards from the South China Sea (SCS)and stayed in Guangdong for several days, which was a direct cause of HR200506. The process is a result of the activity of the South China Sea summer monsoon. There were two rainbands of HR200506 in Guangdong. One laid in the north of Guangdong that produced frontal rainfall; another situated on the south of Guangdong which produced monsoon rainfall.     

A STUDY ON THE EXCITATION, ESTABLISHMENT AND TRANSITION OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM STATES PRODUCED BY NEARLY RESONANT THERMAL FORCING－PART II: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISM OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM STATES

Based on the results acquired in Part I of this paper, analysis is made of the theoretical mechanism of thermal forcing multiple equilibrium states (MES) and their stability. The results are as follows: 1) non-linear effect and external forcing are determinative factors for MES formation; 2) under proper “environ-mental conditions” the forcing can excite stable MES, particularly three types of solutions, two of which, with larger amplitude of resonance, are not sensitive to the change in the forcing intensity; while the other, i. e. the one of small amplitude, dependent significantly on it; 3) in general, the domain of parameter values for the MES existence increases, but the stability decreases, with increasing thermal forcing; 4) steady thermal forced waves are always unstable for the most part; 5) thermal driving and orographic effect act equally as dynamical triggers; 6) friction has significant influence upon the behavior of MES solutions.Analysis shows that the changes in the “environmental parameters”, such as the alteration of the shear of a basic current and intensity of the forcing, induce the transition between different equilibria.     

MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER,1991

In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has beencalculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavyrain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyufront-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negativemoist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convectiveunstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is themechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed bythe cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertialinstability.     

A DYNAMICAL STUDY OF THE FLOW FIELD IN THE PBL OVER LARGE-SCALE TOPOGRAPHY

In this paper, the eddy coefficient and the treatment for dividing layers of Estoque's numerical model in modernPBL dynamics have been applied to derive order-zero and order-one analytic solutions over large-scale topography,the solutions are used to obtain the divergence and vertical velocity, improving the previous results.     

THE 2－D NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF RAIN－ENHANCEMENT AND HAIL－SUPPRESSIONIN CONVECTIVE CLOUDS

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DYNAMIC STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF INERTIAL GRAVITY WAVES INDUCED BY UNBALANCED FLOW ON MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN*

The Meiyu front heavy rain process in 1-3 June 2000 is numerically simulated in this paper, and results are then analyzed to show the effects of geostrophic balance collapse,unbalanced flow occurrence,low level jet (LLJ) development,and gravity waves genesis and propagation on the rainstorm.Analyses indicate that the sudden northwest movement of subtropical high may destruct the local geostrophic balance,leading to an increase in the local pressure gradient and the occurrence of ageostrophic flow,and meanwhile the adjustment of circulation starts to build a new balance.During the process,an LLJ and gravity waves appear correspondingly.The dispersion of unbalanced energy through the divergence/convergence of the geostrophic departure winds, promotes the propagation of strong wind cores along the LLJ,and the dispersion direction is influenced by the steering flow and the moisture concentration area.The development of LLJ is one of important conditions,which induces the heavy rain especially in the left front part of the jet where the convergence and shear of winds occur.It is also found that the genesis of disturbance, meso-vortex,and meso-convective system provides a favorable condition for the rainstorm.The above results are clearly illustrated by the high spatial and temporal resolution simulation data from a mesoscale numerical model.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MESOSCALE FLOOD-MAKING TORRENTIAL RAIN SYSTEM SIMULATED BY HIGH RESOLUTION LIMITED AREA MODEL—NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A HEAVY RAIN PROCESS DURING MEIYU SEASON IN 1991

An experimental work on the transplant of high resolution limited area model(HIRLAM) isfirstly introduced into China.For the implementation,first of all is to adjust a new geographicalcoordination and to remove the instability caused by the Tibetan Plateau,the roof of the world.Then,we have applied this model to simulate a flood-making torrential rain process which occurredin the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley in July 1991.That revealed the formation,development andmovement of a mesoseale heavy rain system which had made a disastrous flood event in the middleand lower reaches of Changjiang River Valley.The result encourages us to use the HIRLAM for the researches on the Meiyu belt,the salientfeature of precipitation of East Asia,and the numerical prediction of heavy rains in China.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF THE QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU ON THE MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER PROCESSES OF THE SUMMER MONSOON RAIN IN EAST ASIA

By employing the T42L9 spectral model introduced from ECMWF and utilizing the FGGE-III_b datacovering the period from 14 June to 19 June 1979,the effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on the medium-range weather processes of the rain during the onset period of the summer monsoon in Eastern Asia in1979 were studied numerically.According to the initial field of 12GMT 14 June 1979,five-day numericalexperiments with or without the orographic effects were carried out respectively.The results show that thePlateau can influence the precipitation significantly during the summer monsoon season.Although the summermonsoon is the result of the seasonal variations of the global circulation and the heating difference betweenland and sea,it is influenced evidently by the Plateau in medium-range processes.There are very complexinteractions between the mountain and diabatic heating effects so that both of them should be consideredcorrectly in the general circulation models in order to describe the nature of the atmosphere reliably.     

THE ESTIMATION OF THE LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN CHINA——PART I:TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS

The trajectories of air parcels through the ten big cities of China(Beijing,Xi'an,etc.)have been com-puted by using the data of wind fields at 1500 m elevation.The data based on these trajectories and endpoints of trajectories have been used to calculate the long-range transport of pollutants emitted from thesecities and to estimate the geographic position of distant sources affecting these cities.An advantage of thestatistical trajectory model is eXpected that the error of the individual trajectories tends to be averaged outin the long run.     

THE ESTIMATION OF THE LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN CHINA——PART I: TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS

The trajectories of air parcels through the ten big cities of China(Beijing,Xi'an,etc.)have been computed by using the data of wind fields at 1500 m elevation.The data based on these trajectories and end points of trajectories have been used to calculate the long-range transport of pollutants emitted from these cities and to estimate the geographic position of distant sources affecting these cities.An advantage of the statistical trajectory model is eXpected that the error of the individual trajectories tends to be averaged out in the long run.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF HAIL CLOUD—PART Ⅰ:THE NUMERICAL MODEL

In order to study mechanisms of hailstone formation and hail suppression with seeding and toobtain optimum seeding technique for hail cloud,a 3-D compressive numerical seeding model forhail cloud is developed.The water substance in hail cloud is divided into 8 categories,i.e.,watervapor,cloud droplet,raindrop,ice crystal,snow.graupel,frozen drop and hail,and the detailedmicrophysical processes are described in a spectrum with two variable parameters and morereasonable particle number/size distributions.Then,the model is able to predict concentration andwater content of various particles.Especially.it can calculate the number of hailstones whosecores are graupel or frozen drop and apply to study mechanism of hailstone formation.Additionally,a conservative equation of AgI as seeding or glacigenous agent is found andnucleation by condensation of artificial nucleus,and nucleation by freezing of cloud droplet or raindrop which contact with AgI particle are considered.The dynamic energy flux of hail shooting onground is used to verify seeding effect.Therefore the model is also used to study mechanism of hailsuppression with seeding and the seeding technique,     

A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PART Ⅰ:THE EFFECT OF DIABATIC HEATING AND HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION

A basic equation governing the movement of a typhoon has been derived based on the system of primitive equations of motion in the atmosphere. The role of several forcing factors which cause the deviation of the typhoon from the steering current have been discussed based on the governing equation. What is presented in Part Ⅰ is a theoretical analysis on the effects of diabatic heating and the horizontal temperature distribution. It is shown that the accelerations of a typhoon caused by diabatic heating and temperature advection coincide with the direction of the volume-averaged "diabatic steering velocity" QV and the "steering velocity of temperature advection" A_TV (V is the air velocity,Q the diabatic heating rate and A_T the temperature advection ), respectively. The precipitation (or condensation heating) on the right (left) side of a typhoon will accelerate (decelerate) the typhoon. The precipitation in the front (rear ) of the typhoon will turn it to the left (right) of its ordainal path. A typhoon will speed up (slow down) when it moves towards a region of cold (warm) air.     

THE SENSITIVITY OF THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION TO OROGRAPHY SPECIFICATION IN THE LOWRESOLUTION SPECTRAL MODEL－PART II: IMPACT OF THE SMOOTHED OROGRAPHY AND RIPPLES ON SIMULATIONS

In order to investigate the impact of the smoothed orography and the spurious orographic ripples on simu-lations in the low-resolution spectral model, three different numerical tests, that is, the unsmoothed orography scheme, the smoothed orography scheme and non-ripples scheme are performed. In this paper, the model used by us is the same as Part I except for orographic specification.The results from simulations indicate that, as far as the climatic simulation is concerned, some aspects of the simulated stationary disturbances, zonal and meridional wind, temperature and precipitation in the low-resolu-tion spectral model with properly smoothed mountains are significantly improved, especially in winter hemis-phere.The deep ripples in the model with the unsmoothed orography produce spurious high pressure regions at the surface with subsidence, and suppress rainfall, causing an unrealistic splitting of the precipitation area in northern winter and summer. Removal of tbe deep ripples by using the special procedure for smoothing topog-raphy allows a strong upward motion in the ripple area with heavy rainfall, eliminating the unrelistic split in the precipitation area.