大步长波场深度延拓的理论

波场延拓是地震偏移成像的基础. 快速进行目标区波场延拓对石油勘探中急需发展的深部地震勘探和无组合海量地震数据的成像有重要意义. 在目标区成像中,目前已有的波场延拓方法,包括基于走时计算的Dix方法和射线追踪方法,以及基于小步长波场递推的方法,在适应复杂介质、计算精度和计算效率的某一方面还不能完全满足实际需要. 本文提出一种基于“算子相位”李代数积分的快速计算延拓算子的方法,称为大步长波场延拓方法. 在该方法中,指向目标区的波场延拓算子象征的复相位被表示成波数的线性组合. 线性组合的系数是层速度函数及其导数的深度积分,计算和存储较为方便. 波场延拓算子通过相移算子加校正的方法,利用快速Fourier变换在空间域和波数域予以实现. 利用动力学等价关系导出了便于计算的表达式. 本文比较了算子主象征函数用一步法展开和用两步法展开的精度,从而说明大步长方法的精度要高于递推方法. 在横向和纵向线性变化介质中,将大步长方法的脉冲响应与递推法做了比较,说明大步长延拓算子的走时精度主要取决于相移因子中的横向变速校正项;且在各种近似下,大步长算子发生的频散都非常小.     

全声波方程波场深度延拓倏逝波压制研究

与经典的单程波深度偏移方法相比, 全声波方程波场深度偏移方法在成像质量和计算效率方面会面临新的难题, 还有诸多理论问题值得深入研究, 其中倏逝波的压制问题是全声波方程波场深度延拓及深度偏移方法面对的一项特殊挑战.为了解决该问题, 本文提出了两种新的倏逝波压制策略.策略Ⅰ是以经典频率-波数域方法为基础, 提出广义低通滤波器方法; 策略Ⅱ是以能量守恒原理为基础, 来解决波场延拓中倏逝波的振幅爆炸问题.对梯度速度模型的脉冲响应计算表明, 本文提出的两种倏逝波压制策略在横向速度变化剧烈情况下的数值结果都是稳定的, 并且能够实现与有限差分方法相同的波场延拓计算精度.在对盐丘模型成像时, 在相同计算参数下, 本文所提新策略解决了在使用传统低通滤波器压制倏逝波时无法对高角度构造进行准确成像的缺点.相较于压制倏逝波的谱投影方法, 本文所提新策略不仅在成像质量上达到了与之相同的水平, 而且具有更高的计算效率.通过一系列数值模拟实验表明: 与传统倏逝波压制策略相比, 本文所提新策略在实现全声波方程波场深度延拓及成像时, 更好地平衡了计算效率和计算精度, 具有更好的实用价值.

     

瞬变电磁法的探测深度问题

用解析分析、时域有限差分、时-频分析的方法,以地面中心回线装置和阶跃脉冲激励源为例,分析讨论了瞬变电磁测深法的勘探深度问题,以便为野外勘探工作设计提供依据,达到预期的探测目的.解析计算证实了瞬变场在地下以有限速度传播,数值模拟表示出了准静态条件下瞬变场的反射.研究结果表明,由于时间域电磁场遵循因果律,瞬变电磁法的探测深度主要由观测时间决定. 瞬变电磁场的初始传播速度与大地电阻率无关,继后在大地色散作用下,阶跃脉冲前沿逐渐变得平缓,各频率分量的传播速度与电阻率有关,在低阻地层中探测同样的深度需要较长的观测时间. 最大探测深度是在给定时间内电磁波往返地下某一深度的单程距离,最小探测深度受仪器性能的限制,但是埋藏较浅的异常体也有可能在晚时段被观测到.从时-频密度谱中可得到瞬变电磁场信号时间与频率的关系.     

Wavefield extrapolation and prestack depth migration in anelastic inhomogeneous media

Wavefield depth extrapolation and prestack depth migration in complex anelastic media are studied. Kjartansson's frequency‐independent Q law is used to describe the absorption of seismic energy. The macromodel used is analogous to the macromodel used for current migration schemes except that an additional frequency‐independent Q macromodel needs to be provided. Absorption in the forward one‐way propagator is introduced by assuming a complex phase velocity, and the inverse one‐way propagator is obtained using the reciprocity theorem for one‐way wavefields in dissipative media. The stability of the inverse propagator is achieved by limiting the angle of propagation of wavefields. A table‐driven explicit operator scheme for imaging complex 2D anelastic media is presented. High‐accuracy, short convolution operators are designed by the weighted least‐squares method, and two kinds of imaging conditions are proposed. Numerical examples of depth extrapolation in laterally varying media, the migration of a spatial impulse with dispersion as well as shot record depth migration demonstrate the potential of the proposed explicit forward operator, the explicit inverse operator and the prestack depth migration scheme, respectively.     

The application of electromagnetic techniques to groundwater recharge investigations

The use of electrical methods for estimating spatial patterns of groundwater recharge was evaluated at a field site in southeastern Australia. Here, recharge increased from less than 0.2 mm year⁻¹ under native Eucalyptus vegetation, to between 1 and 14 mm year⁻¹ under dryland agriculture. This increase in recharge results in progressive leaching of salts in the soil profile. Differences in recharge can be estimated from differences in depth of leaching. The estimated recharge rates are correlated with soil texture, with higher recharge rates generally occurring through sandier soils. The relationships of recharge to salt content and soil texture both contribute to lower apparent electrical conductivities for higher recharge rates.

The effect of recharge rate on measured apparent electrical conductivities was modelled for various geophysical devices (including frequency-domain (FEM) and time-domain (TEM) electromagnetic instruments and direct current resistivity). The soil-texture effect was shown to have a greater effect than the solute leaching effect in determining the correlation between recharge and apparent electrical conductivity. Analysis of sensitivity to geological noise showed that variations in soil type below 2 m could disguise any correlation.

Correlations between recharge rate, measured at core sites from chloride tracer techniques, and apparent electrical conductivity, measured with FEM electromagnetic devices, supported the conclusions of the model. For DC resistivity and TEM methods, correlations between recharge and apparent electrical conductivity were not significant, although for resistivity this may be due partly to the small number of measurements made. The FEM device most sensitive to variations in recharge had an operating frequency of 9.8 kHz. At lower frequencies the sensitivity is reduced, as the instruments are sensing too deeply. The poor correlations for TEM, as compared with FEM, are due probably to the relatively deeper penetration of the TEM instrument used in the study, rather than any inherent differences between the techniques.

Because the major reason for the correlation between recharge and apparent electrical conductivity is soil texture, in this area the geophysical devices are mostly mapping soil type.     

时频方向谱分析在海洋电磁数据处理中的应用

海底采集到的电磁数据按照其主要包含的信息及研究目的大致可分为海洋可控源电磁场(CSEM)信号、天然场源大地电磁场(MT)信号、海洋环境电磁场信号以及其他随机干扰信号.常常通过计算功率谱密度、时频分析和极化分析的方法研究海洋电磁场特征.本文介绍一种新方法——时频方向谱分析法及其在实测海洋电磁数据处理中的应用,该方法能够在一定的时间-频率尺度上有效分辨场源信号的运动方向.对于海洋CSEM数据,利用该方法可以估算发射源的运动方向,进而在发射源或采集站方位信息缺失情况下,实现海洋CSEM数据的旋转电性轴处理.对于海洋电磁数据,利用该方法可以详细分析海水运动感应电磁场的信号特征.     

河北省数字电磁扰动应用研究

通过数字与模拟观测对比分析,说明数模观测的一致性,结合近几年河北省及邻区中强地震,进行震例分析和研究.应用结果表明：数字与模拟观测变化一致性较好;震前数字电磁扰动出现异常变化,异常形态为：原始采集波形出现扰动变化、日均值或日总量出现高值突跳、日总量背景值上升等.     

The application of the transient electromagnetic method in hydrogeophysical surveys

The transient electromagnetic (TEM) method has been used extensively for hydrogeophysical exploration in Denmark for the past decade. Innovative instrumentation combined with multi-dimensional modelling and interpretational insights based on experience gained through numerous case studies have proven to be a successful strategy. In the case study reported here, the combination revealed an unknown and unexpected buried valley complex. Drill hole data were in good agreement with estimates of both the bearings and depths of valleys defined by the TEM surveys. The Pulled Array Transient Electromagnetic (PATEM) system was built to provide high data density for increased lateral resolution. A High moment Transient Electromagnetic (HiTEM) system was developed for delineation of aquifers to depths up to 300 m. Because both of these systems provide high data density, data quality can be assessed as part of the interpretational strategy. When acquiring TEM measurements in areas as densely populated as the Danish countryside, precautions must be taken to minimize coupling between the TEM system and man-made conductors. Modelling the slope of the flanks of buried valleys has challenged the adequacy of the one-dimensional (1-D) assumption for inversion of TEM data. The study shows that for a valley structure in a low-resistive layer, the 1-D assumption is sufficient to track the presence of rather steep slopes. For a valley structure in a high-resistive layer, however, the insensitivity of the TEM method to resistors makes it difficult to determine a slope with a 1-D inversion, and only the overall structure is defined.     

深度震相sSmS特征及其在震源深度确定中的应用

通过一系列理论地震图模拟,研究了莫霍面超临界反射深度震相sSmS的特征,分析了影响该震相的各种因素。结果表明,SmS和sSmS属于高频波,一般情况下在高频段(1Hz左右)可被清晰地观测到;而在更长周期的地震图上,SmS和sSmS的强度比S波或者S多次波弱,不易辨认;地壳结构复杂地区且震源深度较浅时,sSmS震相也不容易被观测到。本文以2011年6月20日腾冲MS5.2地震为研究实例,利用sSmS深度震相确定其震源深度为6km,与其它方法所得结果一致。在利用深度震相测定震源深度的研究中,sSmS震相可以作为震源深度精确测定的手段之一。     

时频电磁技术及其在中国西部地区的应用

The time-frequency electromagnetic （TFEM） method combines frequency-domain sounding with time-domain sounding to form a comprehensive system so that it is possible to select different frequencies and induce waves according to the objective depth to be explored. During processing not only resistivity but also polarization information can be provided so we can study resistivity as well as predict oil-bearing characteristics simultaneously. Timedomain resistivity information is obtained by pseudo-2D resistivity inversion and frequencydomain IP information is obtained using the Cole-Cole model. Some successful applications in western China show that it provides unique results in an overthrust zone, deep igneous rock investigation, and hydrocarbon prediction.     

井地电磁法勘探深度研究

结合国家深部资源勘探的迫切需求,应用电磁场理论,从麦克斯韦方程出发推导出井地电磁场公式.通过两层大地模型与均匀半空间井地电磁场响应比较,研究了井地电磁法勘探深度,并给出了不同发射电流、发射频率、线源长度及两层大地电导率差异对勘探深度的影响,为井地电磁探测的野外勘探参数的选择奠定了理论基础.计算结果表明,加大发射电流、线源长度、两层大地电导率差异和降低发射频率可以增大接收信号的强度,提高有效勘探深度,从而,有利于进行深部资源勘探.     

电磁波电阻率仪器的基本理论及其在随钻测量中的应用

采用递推矩阵方法计算径向成层介质的Green函数并将其作为电磁波电阻率仪器的基本理论.根据圆柱形层界面处电场和磁场的连续性条件得到确定待定系数的矩阵方程组并通过递推方法快速求解.只需改变方程组中源项元素的位置,就可以方便地得到当源点和场点在任意层时的Green函数,形式简洁、易于编程.采用将变型Bessel函数的指数项单独列出的方式有效地解决了Green函数计算中的上溢问题.用上述Green函数对随钻电磁波电阻率测量仪器进行数值模拟,分析了钻铤的影响规律、井眼校正方法、仪器的径向探测特性和垂向分辨率.所得到的结论可为随钻电磁波电阻率测量仪器的研制和使用提供理论指导.     

华北煤田瞬变电磁勘探深度研究

为研究瞬变电磁勘探在华北煤田的勘探深度,利用瞬变电磁感应电压晚期段表达式,通过指定仪器最小可分辨电压,推导出瞬变电磁勘探最晚可检测出有效信号时间及最大探测深度表达式,计算了特定情况下的极限探测深度和最晚有效信号检出时间:在发射磁矩为10002×20 A.m2,地层电阻率分别为10和100Ω.m时,瞬变电磁勘探最晚有效信号检出时间为209.6 ms和52.6 ms,最大探测深度为1823 m和2889 m;以实测典型华北煤系地层瞬变电磁曲线为例,其计算机反演深度达1400 m;结果表明:采用合适的仪器和正确的工作装置,瞬变电磁勘探可以满足华北煤田目前开采深度的勘探需要.     

ICESat-2水深提取方法及其反演应用

相比于传统水深测量方法, 结合主动激光卫星ICESat-2数据与被动光学遥感影像的主被动融合水深反演方法具有低成本、覆盖面积广、不受地域限制、无需地面实测数据等优点.研究选取澳大利亚大堡礁中部的John Brewer Reef和南部的Fitzroy Reef为实验区, 开展主被动融合水深反演实验.针对ICESat-2光子点群信噪比低、光子点水深信息提取和改正难的问题, 本文提出基于光子点群高斯分布特征的海面光子点群提取方法和基于深度自适应DBSCAN的海底光子点群提取方法, 并顾及海面倾斜引起的入射角偏移, 改进了Parrish水体折射改正几何模型.实验表明, 基于光子点群高斯分布特征的海面光子点群提取方法和基于深度自适应DBSCAN的海底光子点群提取方法可以高效准确地提取出有效的海面、海底光子点群; 经过地球物理改正和基于改进模型的水体折射改正后, 水深变浅, 且改正项与改正前水深呈线性关系, 线性系数约为-0.2550.实验将提取并改正后的ICESat-2光子点水深与经大气校正、耀斑校正、空间域滤波等预处理后的Sentinel-2影像进行空间匹配构建水深反演样本集, 并利用单波段模型(SB)、比值模型(BR)、Lyzenga多项式模型(LP)、二次多项式模型(QP)、三次多项式模型(CP)、支持向量回归模型(SVR)、多层感知器模型(MLP)、随机森林回归模型(RF)等水深反演模型对实验区全域水深进行反演.通过对比分析多种水深反演模型在不同地理区域和ICESat-2水深样本分布条件下的表现, 研究为不同场景下的主被动融合水深反演策略提供了一定的科学依据.

     

动态建模高精度外推反演方法研究与应用

针对常规测井约束地震反演结果多解性强、分辨率低,很难从粗化的模型预测出精确的最优解,且对薄互层预测难度大等问题.本文提出了一种动态建模高精度外推反演的方法,它采用体空间动态建模的方法,不同于传统整体静态建模方法,即在井及外围体空间上优选多模型道逐道外推,反演结果可当作虚拟井实现空间外推.这样在地震波形和层序场约束下有利...     

基于光纤光栅的高精度测温传感器研究

利用光纤光栅对温度和应变同时敏感的特性,我们设计制作了一款满足地震前兆观测中地温观测精度要求的双金属光纤光栅温度传感器,并首次对温度增敏后的光纤光栅传感器样品进行了精度分析,得到该传感器的精度达到士0.05℃,获得了现今光纤光栅温度传感器最高的分辨率0.0014℃/pm.该传感器的成功研制从实验上证明了光纤光栅用于地震前兆观测的可行性,为地震前兆观测的光学化打下了坚实的基础.     

极低频背景变化及在地震监测中的应用

利用我国极低频台站观测到的天然场电磁数据,对极低频(0.1-800 Hz)电磁场随季节和纬度的背景变化进行初步分析,并以云南通海地震台观测到的震前电磁异常为例,阐述震前异常特征.     

串行通讯技术在地震电磁波监测仪中的应用

介绍了串行通讯技术在地震电磁波监测仪中的应用,分析了Windows环境下串行通讯的编程技术,采用VC 6.0语言开发了一套串行通讯程序,可方便的实现PC机与地震电磁波监测仪之间的命令和数据传输.     

地-空瞬变电磁法电阻率成像研究与应用

地-空瞬变电磁法（Semi-airborne transient electromagnetic,SATEM）凭借适应能力强、探测深度大、实时性强等特点,适用于湖泊、沼泽、山区等地形复杂地区观测.SATEM接收数据量大、精度要求高,传统成像方法基于地面视电阻率计算未考虑飞行高度,开展SATEM的高精度快速成像研究对实际运用有重要作用.针对SATEM中电性源发射装置感应电流分布,接收装置设置于空中以及两者不在相同平面的特点,本文考虑横向、纵向感应电流差异,飞行高度对视电阻率影响等因素,提出电性源SATEM电阻率成像方法.首先,基于电性源瞬变电磁场感应电流分布特征及各分量空间分布、扩散特性分析,推导出基于均匀半空间磁场与感应电压解析解,然后定义了电性源地-空瞬变电磁法早期、晚期、全期视电阻率;最后根据对感应电流分布分析定义了横向分量和纵向分量的成像深度,并研究了成像深度受飞行高度、发射磁矩、偏移距、偏移角度的影响;对煤炭采空区的实测结果表明,利用本文提出的电阻率成像方法可以更加精确定位目标体位置.

     

Application of autoregressive extrapolation to the cross-borehole tomography

Autoregressive (AR) extrapolation of travel-time data is tested using several synthetic tomography examples using a cross-borehole geometry. Earlier studies have shown crossborehole tomography using travel-times can have reduced resolution because of the limitations on ray coverage. We apply AR extrapolation to partial travel-time data and then compare the tomographic inversions using the full data and the extrapolated data. Both the overall patterns of the extended data and the tomographic reconstructions with the extended data show that AR extrapolation can effectively extend the synthetic crossborehole tomographic data to a broader coverage and can improve the cross-hole reconstruction images.