The interference of a deep thermal system with a shallow aquifer: the case of Sodere and Gergedi thermal springs, Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia

An integrated survey program involving geological, hydrogeological and geophysical techniques has been employed to characterize the aquifer geometry, recharge and circulation dynamics of thermal springs within a shallow aquifer system in Ethiopia. The selected springs for the case study are Sodere and Gergedi, which are situated within the tectonically active Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Geologically, the studied springs are located on Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks. The geophysical results indicate the presence of subsurface weak zones represented by extensional tectonics and weathering zones which are responsible for thermal water circulation and facilitate recharge from the adjacent surface-water bodies. The structures inferred by the resistivity survey, both sounding and electrical tomography, present contrasts in rock resistivity response. The anomalous zones in the magnetic data are in good agreement with the zones that are revealed by geological mapping and surface manifestation of the thermal water discharge zones. The shallow aquifer of the central MER is under the influence of thermal water, which increases the groundwater temperature and mineral content.     

高密度电阻率法与CSAMT法在江西会昌县坝背地热勘查中的综合探测

地热资源是一种绿色低碳、极具竞争力的可再生能源。江西省会昌县坝背地区断裂构造密集,地热异常广泛发育。为了查明勘查区各断裂构造的产状、规模及深部变化特征,为寻找地热水钻孔布置提供依据,项目组首先在已知温泉位置布置3条高密度试验测线,接着在已知温泉位置以南布置4条高密度测线,然后在高密度电阻率法资料初步解释成果的基础上再施工可控源音频大地电磁测深法（CSAMT）,得出其中两条深大断裂是温泉主要的导水导热构造、断裂深切至基底界面、基底界面起伏明显的结论。同时圈定了4个低阻异常区,其中低阻异常范围最大的区域长约1000 m,宽约240 m,高约200 m,是含水最为有利区域,亦是寻找地热水的直接依据,建议在其正上方布设钻孔进行验证,孔深约800 m,满足深大断裂和基底对低阻区的深度控制。     

Vertical electrical sounding as an exploration technique to improve on the certainty of groundwater yield in the fractured crystalline basement aquifers of eastern Uganda

Groundwater in eastern Uganda mostly occurs in fractures in the crystalline basement rocks and at the interface between the overburden and bedrock. The study was aimed at improving the success rate of boreholes through the use of complimentary geophysical siting procedures in 16 locations in Kamuli District, eastern Uganda. Boreholes that were sited after applying appropriate geophysical techniques yielded adequate quantities of water, whereas those sited where such procedures were not applied were out of service sooner than expected. Techniques to determine the precise location of resistivity anomaly and vertical electrical sounding (VES) models were used to locate water-bearing zones. VESs were undertaken to provide an overview of the geology. The apparent resistivities of the water-bearing zones both from VES and resistivity profiling data, had a relationship with the success rates of the boreholes. Electrical resistivities were correlated with hydrogeological parameters. The majority of successful boreholes had, within water-bearing zones, minimum apparent resistivity values less than 200 and 100 Ohmm, from the resistivity profiling anomalies and VES, respectively. The depth to bedrock was generally greater than 20 m below ground level, which indicates potential for medium yielding boreholes.     

山东蒙阴县西峪金伯利岩带深部综合地球物理特征及其意义

山东省蒙阴地区金伯利岩的深部地质构造特征是地学研究的热点之一。在蒙阴地区金伯利岩分布区中心部位的西峪岩带进行了10 km综合地球物理勘查,采用地震反射、大地电磁测深及重力测量解译推断出上五井和西峪两处的深部断裂构造。其中,西峪断裂带是金伯利岩浆侵入的先期控制性构造和岩浆通道,在西峪金伯利岩带内,地震反射波同相轴异常、重力低密度体、电阻率低阻异常都较为明显,且异常带有一定的连续性和规模,与已知的浅部金伯利岩体的分布形态比较吻合,推测地表延伸4 km深度内,西峪岩带内有较好的金伯利岩的发育,岩体在深部呈现节藕状间断分布。金伯利岩浆在近地表处隐爆,造成更多的破碎带和次生断裂,形成由密集零散分布的金伯利岩体组成的金伯利岩带,同时产生岩石的低电阻率和低密度异常。     

山西省热矿水形成机制分析

本文以系统理论为指导，在深入研究地质北景的基础上，通过研究热矿水的含水介质，水动力场，水化学物和温度场的特征，划分了热矿水系统，探讨了热矿水的起源及形成机制，将山西热矿水的形成归纳为异常增温型和正常增温型两种基本模式，异常增温型又根据地质结构的不同，地下水径流条件的差异，列举了三种典型模式，最后指出了寻找热矿水的方向，开发利用热矿资源应注意的问题。     

Groundwater resources evaluation in calcareous limestone using geoelectrical and VLF-EM surveys (El Salloum Basin,Egypt)

Understanding and developing groundwater resources in arid regions such as El Salloum basin, along the northwestern coast of Egypt, remains a challenging issue. One-dimensional (1D) electrical sounding (ES), two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), and very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) measurements were used to investigate the hydrogeological framework of El Salloum basin with the aim of determining the potential for extraction of potable water. 1D resistivity sounding models were used to delineate geoelectric sections and water-bearing layers. 2D ERI highlighted decreases in resistivity with depth, attributed to clay-rich limestone combined with seawater intrusion towards the coast. A depth of investigation (DOI) index was used to constrain the information content of the images at depths up to 100 m. The VLF-EM survey identified likely faults/fractured zones across the study area. A combined analysis of the datasets of the 1D ES, 2D ERI, and VLF-EM methods identified potential zones of groundwater, the extent of seawater intrusion, and major hydrogeological structures (fracture zones) in El Salloum basin. The equivalent geologic layers suggest that the main aquifer in the basin is the fractured chalky limestone middle Miocene) south of the coastal plain of the study area. Sites likely to provide significant volumes of potable water were identified based on relatively high resistivity and thickness of laterally extensive layers. The most promising locations for drilling productive wells are in the south and southeastern parts of the region, where the potential for potable groundwater increases substantially.

     

断层破碎带综合地球物理找水模式——以干田坝村探采结合井为例

乌蒙山贫困缺水区水资源严重缺乏,找水需求大、难度大。为确定了ZK12探采结合井位置,本文首先分析了工区找水环境因素的地层时代、含水介质类型、构造背景、水源条件和水动条件等5个条件;其次,对富水特征的含水岩组、蓄水构造和富水地貌进行研究;最后,重点分析地球物理特征找水因素,介绍了视电阻率联合剖面法、大地电磁测深法、瞬变电磁法、激电测深和地球物理测井等“多方法”应用效果,通过视电阻率、视极化率、衰减度、半衰时等“多参数”,确定断层裂隙水的地球物理特征,建立由浅入深的“多层次”地球物理模式。最终,创新性提出了乌蒙山连片贫困缺水区重点村镇的“多方法、多参数、多层次”地球物理找水模式,克服单一物探方法找水的局限性,精准定井位,对地下水勘查起到示范作用。      

Combined ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity applications exploring groundwater potential zones in granitic terrain

Frequent failures of monsoons have forced to opt the groundwater as the only source of irrigation in non-command areas. Groundwater exploration in granitic terrain of dry land agriculture has been a major concern for farmers and water resource authorities. The hydrogeological complexities and lack of understanding of the aquifer systems have resulted in the failure of a majority of the borehole drillings in India. Hence, a combination of geophysical tools comprising ground-penetrating radar (GPR), multielectrode resistivity imaging (MERI), and vertical electrical sounding (VES) has been employed for pinpointing the groundwater potential zones in dry land agricultural of granitic terrain in India. Results obtained and verified with each other led to the detection of a saturated fracture within the environs. In GPR scanning, a 40-MHz antenna is used with specifications of 5 dielectric constant, 600 scans/nS, and 40 m depth. The anomalies acquired on GPR scans at various depths are confirmed with low-resistivity ranges of 27–50?Ω m at 23 and 27 m depths obtained from the MERI. Further, drilling with a down-the-hole hammer was carried out at two recommended sites down to 50–70 m depth, which were complimentary of VES results. The integrated geophysical anomalies have good agreement with the drilling lithologs validating the MERI and GPR data. The yields of these bore wells varied from 83 to 130 l/min. This approach is possible and can be replicated by water resource authorities in thrust areas of dry land environs of hard rock terrain around the world.     

Hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry of the Jowshan thermal springs, Central Iran

Jowshan geothermal system comprises 6 thermal springs with outlet temperatures ranging from 39.3 to 46.6°C. The thermal water of these springs is presently used for swimming and as a treatment for rheumatism, sinusitis and skin diseases. The pH value of these springs is slightly acidic to neutral and the electrical conductivities about 1500 μS/Cm. The presence of many faults in the area, the alignment of all springs along the Sirch Fault and the similar chemical and isotopic composition of all springs in combination with the hydrogeological setting and geochemistry of water samples indicate that these springs are associated with deep circulation of meteoric water. According to this heating mechanism, meteoric waters infiltrate through fault openings to depth and after heating by geothermal gradient rise to the ground surface due to the hydraulic and buoyancy forces, a mechanism which is common in the southern parts of Iran. The use of various chemical geothermometers and mineral equilibrium states suggests a range of temperature about 50–90°C for the reservoir of Jowshan geothermal system.     

Hydrological and hydrogeological characterization of groundwater and river water in the North Hanoi industrial area,Vietnam

Degradation of groundwater quality by human activities is a widespread environmental problem in Vietnam. Groundwater there is a major source of water for domestic and industrial purposes. This paper reviews, compiles, and comprehensively analyzes spatiotemporal variations of hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of shallow and deep groundwater aquifers in northern Hanoi industrial zones and in nearby Red River water. Groundwater level, electrical conductivity, and water temperature were measured in six monitoring wells, complemented by anion, cation, and stable isotope analyses of ground and surface water. The results show that the groundwater in both shallow and deep aquifers was fresh, but mainly calcium-bicarbonate type contaminants and human activities affect groundwater and surface water composition. With the goal of devising sustainable water use regulations, more research must be directed toward long-term monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality, as well as toward detailed investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of local aquifers in the study area.     

Assessment of integrated electrical resistivity data on complex aquifer structures in NE Nuba Mountains – Sudan

Two geophysical techniques were integrated to map the groundwater aquifers on complex geological settings, in the crystalline basement terrain in northeast Nuba Mountains. The water flow is structurally controlled by the northwest–southeast extensional faults as one of several in-situ deformational patterns that are attributed to the collision of the Pan-African oceanic assemblage of the Nubian shield against the pre-Pan African continental crust to the west. The structural lineaments and drainage systems have been enhanced by the remote sensing technique. The geophysical techniques used are: vertical electrical soundings (VES) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), in addition to hydraulic conductivity measurements. These measurements were designed to overlap in order to improve the producibility of the geophysical data and to provide a better interpretation of the hydrogeological setting of the aquifer complex structure. Smooth and Block inversion schemes were attempted for the observed ERT data to study their reliability in mapping the different geometries in the complex subsurface. The VES data was conducted where ERT survey was not accessible, and inverted smoothly and merged with the ERT in the 3D resistivity grid. The hydraulic conductivity was measured for 42 water samples collected from the distributed dug wells in the study area; where extremely high saline zones were recorded and have been compared to the resistivity values in the 3D model.     

Geophysical characteristics of Wadi Hanifah water system, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Integrated geophysical techniques including resistivity image, vertical electrical sounding (VES), and seismic refraction have been conducted to investigate the Wadi Hanifah water system. The groundwater in Wadi Hanifah has problems caused by the high volumes of sewage water percolating into the ground. The combination of VES, resistivity image, and seismic refraction has made a valuable contribution to the identification of the interface between the contaminated and fresh water in Wadi Hanifah area. The contaminated groundwater has lower resistivity values than fresh groundwater due to the higher concentration of ions which reduces the resistivity. Resistivity image and sounding in this area clearly identified the nature of the lithological depth and proved useful at identifying water-bearing zones. Fresh groundwater was found in the study area at a depth of 100 m within the fractured limestone. Water-bearing zones occur in two aquifers, shallow contaminated water at 10 m depth in alluvial deposits and the deeper fresh water aquifer at a depth of about 100 m in fractured limestone. The interface between the contaminated water (sanitary water) and fresh water marked out horizontally at 100 m distance from the main channel and vertically at 20 m depth.     

Vertical electrical sounding to delineate the potential aquifer zones for drinking water in Niamey city,Niger, Africa

Niger is a landlocked African country and the only source of surface water is the Niger River which flows in the western part of Niger and only few villages near to the river gets benefited from it, leaving most of the areas dependent on groundwater solely. The groundwater resources in Niger are mainly used for drinking, livestock and domestic needs. It can be observed that the water exploitation is minimal there due to several factors like undeveloped areas, less population, limited wells, rain-fed irrigation, etc. The delineation of potential aquifer zones is an important aspect for groundwater prospecting. Hence, the direct current (DC) resistivity soundings method also known as vertical electrical sounding (VES) is one of the most applied geophysical techniques for groundwater prospecting that was used in the capital city, Niamey of Niger. Twelve VES surveys, each of AB spacing 400 m were carried out in lateritic and granitic rock formations with a view to study the layer response and to delineate the potential zones. Potential aquifer zones were at shallow depth ranging from 10 to 25 m for the drilled borehole depth of 80–85 m in every village. Analysis of the result showed a good correlation between the acquired data and the lithologs.     

物探与水文地质分析结合在岩溶地区找水定井中的应用——以黔江区罗家坝ZK3井为例

物探与水文地质的有机结合可明显提高岩溶区找水定井的命中率。岩溶区的地形地貌、地质构造以及地层岩性对地下水的富集有着决定性的控制作用,有良好岩性配置的低位向斜槽谷区是岩溶找水工作的首要优选靶区;根据测区地质情况和地形条件、目的任务合理选择物探方法,当工作区具有浅覆盖、地下水大埋深和地层电性差异明显等特点时,音频大地电磁法解译成果更为可靠。文章以黔江罗家坝ZK3井为实例,阐述了水文地质调查与物探工作成果在指导岩溶区找水定井中的具体应用,证实了水文地质调查与物探结合的方式在岩溶地区找水定井中的优越性。      

The study of the hydrogeological setting of the Chamshir Dam site with special emphasis on the cause of water salinity in the Zohreh River downstream from the Chamshir Dam (southwest of Iran)

Dissolution of evaporite formations, emergence of salty water springs, and intrusion of deep saline waters are important causes in changing the quality of surface water. The study area is part of the reservoir and downstream of Chamshir Dam, which is located in watershed of the Zohreh River 20?km southeast of Gachsaran City (southwest Iran). To construct powerhouse and related structures for supplying water to agricultural lands located in downstream of dam, water quality of Zohreh River was studied by eight sampling stations in the study area. Early studies showed that water quality of the Zohreh River decreases severely downstream of the Chamshir Dam. Spatial variations diagram of major ions, Piper and composition diagrams of water samples in selected stations mark the presence of two slight and major contaminating zones at sampling station R₄ and R₅. In these zones, concentration of Ca, SO₄ and Na, Cl ions increase suddenly. Results of hydrogeological, hydrochemical, lithological and tectonics studies showed that even though there are several low discharges springs in the contaminated zone they cannot be related to surface dissolution of evaporate layers by Zohreh River. There is an important fault zone including Chamshir faults I and II in the contamination zones through which intrusion of sulfate brackish and chloride brine waters occur along the fault zone and then enter Zohreh River below its base level. In the absence of any surface evidence, the fault zone is the main cause of salinity. Evaluation of water balance salinity in contaminated zones shows that the discharge rate of saline waters to the river is not low and cannot be separated. These findings show that there are serious restrictions upon the purposes of the project.     

Sustainable groundwater resources exploration and management in a complex geological setting as part of a humanitarian project (Mahafaly Plateau,Madagascar)

Southwestern Madagascar is a semi-arid region and a hot-spot of global change. On the Mahafaly plateau, people live with quasi-permanent water stress and groundwater, the only available resource, is difficult to exploit due to a complex hydrogeological environment. A methodology (suitable for humanitarian projects; <?40 k€) was developed in four phases to assess the sustainable exploitation of the water resource: (A) regional scale exploration, (B) village scale exploration, (C) drilling campaign, and (D) hydro-climatic monitoring. This integrated hydrogeophysical approach involves geophysical measurements (262 TEM-fast soundings, 2588 Slingram measurements, 35 electrical soundings), hydrochemical analyses (112 samples), and a piezometric survey (127 measurements). Two groundwater resources were identified, one deep (below 150 m) and one shallow (<?20 m). Hydrochemical results highlighted the vulnerability of both resources: anthropic contamination for the shallower and seawater intrusion for the deeper. Therefore, subsequent geophysical surveys supported the siting of six boreholes and three wells in the shallow aquifer. This methodological approach was successful in this complex geological setting and requires testing at other sites in and outside Madagascar. The study demonstrates that geophysical results should be used in addition to drilling campaigns and to help monitor the water resource. In fact, to prevent over-exploitation, piezometric and meteorological sensors were installed to monitor the water resource. This unique hydro-climatic observatory may help (1) non-governmental organization and local institutions prevent future water shortages and (2) scientists to understand better how global change will affect this region of the world.     

La prospection geothermique de surface au Maroc: hydrodynamisme, anomalies thermiques et indices de surface

Shallow geothermal prospecting ( < 700 m) has been performed in four zones in Morocco for which few deep data are available: northwestern basin, northeastern basin, Tadla Basin and Agadir Basin. These areas are different geologically and hydrogeologically. The temperature data from 250 wells at depths between 15 and 500 m have been analysed in order to estimate the natural geothermal gradient in these areas, to determine the principal thermal anomalies, to identify the main thermal indices and to characterise the recharge, discharge and potential mixing limits of the aquifers.The hydrostratigraphical study of each basin revealed several potential reservoir layers in which the Turonian carbonate aquifer (Tadal and Agadir Basins) and Liassic acquifer (Moroccan northwestern and northeastern basins) are the most important hot water reservoirs in Morocco. The recharge zones of each aquifer are characterised by high topography, high water potential, shallow cold water, low geothermal gradient and negative anomalies. The discharge zones are characterized by low topography, low piezometric level, high geothermal gradient, high temperature with hot springs and positive anomalies. The main thermal indices and the principal thermal anomalies that coincide with the artesian zones of the Turonian and Liassic aquifers have been identified.     

自然电场法与高密度电法联作在西江中下游岩溶区找水中的应用

基于溶洼区浅层岩溶地下水的渗流特性,研究富水岩溶地质结构在地下水渗流作用下引起的自然极化及由此形成的自然电场的分布特征,通过自然电场法与高密度电法联作,利用科研和中国地质调查局地质调查项目中探采结合井位的综合物探结果,探讨以自然电场法为主导、辅以高密度电法等综合物探方法,在西江中下游岩溶石山地区不同水文地质环境中寻找岩溶地下水的成功应用效果与失败的经验教训。研究结果表明,感应类电法（如瞬变电磁法、音频大地电磁测深法、地面核磁共振法、激发极化法、声频大地电场法、甚低频电磁法等）受电网、通信网络等人为电磁场干扰较严重;高密度电法抗人为电磁场干扰的能力较强,信噪比较高,但勘探深度相对较浅,且易受炭泥质灰岩、岩溶矿产等良导电岩矿体的干扰。自然电场法利用岩溶地下水运移引起的富水岩溶地质结构自然极化特征,自然电场异常与动态地下水的补给与运移状态关系较密切,自然电场法与基于探测目的体导电特性的高密度电法联作寻找溶洼区浅层地下水可起到方法互补、相互印证、提高探测分辨率与精度的作用。      

北京北部地区深层热水开发对浅层冷水的影响

北京北部有小汤山和沙河2个地热田,呈三角形展布,东部边界为黄庄-高丽营断裂,西部边界为南口-孙河断裂．北部边界为阿苏卫-小汤山断裂。热储层为蓟县系雾迷山组、铁岭组和寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙含水层．热储盖层为青白口系页岩、石炭系-二叠系砂页岩和侏罗系火山岩隔水层。该区雨水、浅层基岩冷水和深层基岩热水的H、O同位素组成基本上都落在克雷格降水线上,表明区内冷水与热水均来源于大气降水。热水的^3H值表现出北高南低的特点．说明热水与冷水一样自北向南流动。重点分析了深层热水开采对浅层地震观测井中冷水动态的影响,以及这种影响在不同的水文地质条件、离开采井不同距离和不同测项方面表现出的差异。结果表明,北京北部深层热水开采对浅层冷水动态的影响距离约为5km．对位于导水断裂带附近的观测井的影响最为明显。     

电阻率测深法在云南省玉溪市抗旱找水定井中的应用

介绍了在云南玉溪抗旱找水定井的工作实例,在地质、水文地质调查工作的基础上,采用电阻率测深法在重点地段开展工作,在充分分析、研究含水层电性特征的基础上,对实测电阻率测深曲线进行对比解释,最后确定井位,通过所施工钻孔验证了物探推断成果符合实际,并且单井涌水量均大大超出当地所需水量,取得了良好的水文地质效果,得到了当地政府及群众的一致好评。同时,也为在高原地区基岩及“红层”找水积累了一定经验。