海洋测量技术方法在涉水工程水下结构检测中的应用与思考

多波束水深测量技术、侧扫声呐水下探测技术、水下三维声呐扫测技术、水下机器人检测技术等成熟海洋测量技术方法在海洋调查、海洋测量领域有着广泛、可靠的应用经验,极大地提高了探索海洋的效率和效果.本文介绍了几项常用的成熟海洋测量技术方法,通过实例展示了多波束水深测量技术及侧扫声呐技术在水电站水下结构中的应用,实例显示海洋测量技...     

轻非水相液体在地下环境中的运移特征与模拟预测研究

通过自行设计制备的二维砂箱模拟轻非水相液体(LNAPL)在湿润多孔介质中的渗漏,得出LNAPL在地下环境中的入渗、迁移及分布规律,并利用多相流体理论对其污染机理进行分析.在实验基础上建立模型来预测渗漏的基本特征,即渗流带中污染锋面扩展速度和透镜体的最终形状,预测结果与实测结果较为接近.这种预测模型对控制和治理地下水中LNAPL污染是至关重要的.     

轻非水相液体在不同粒径多孔介质中的运移与分布特性

通过二维砂槽模型模拟柴油在不同粒径多孔介质中运移与分布试验,由图像分析法获取油流锋面及其二维空间分布图,探讨其在不同粒径多孔介质中的迁移与分布特性。试验表明:轻非水相液体的入渗速度与方向受毛细水分和介质粒径的大小影响,也受介质的接触面及结构裂隙的影响;它随地下水位波动而重新分布;其在毛细区和粒径越小的介质中,残留现象越明显,污染越严重。研究它的迁移与分布规律,对于防治地下水和土壤污染有着重要的意义。     

沉积物和悬浮颗粒物在岩溶水系统污染物衰减与运移中的作用

本文讨论了沉积物和悬浮颗粒物/胶体在岩溶水系统污染物衰减与运移中的作用,介绍了关于瑞士某岩溶水系统内颗粒物与微生物污染间关系的实验结果。该实验场包括一个接纳农田排水的落水洞及与其相连的两个泉,其中一个泉是供水水源地。利用便携式粒子计实时监测泉水中颗粒分布的变化情况,同时对浊度、总有机碳和其它参数进行连续监测;并对水中E型大肠菌群进行了分析。在暴雨过后,观测到了浊度的两种不同表现:即泉排泄量增加时,浊度最初表现为脉状水动力条件下岩溶系统内沉积物的二次运移;几天后观测到的浊度则表明水已从落水洞到了泉口,常常具有高的总有机碳、硝酸盐及E型大肠菌群。颗粒分布分析结果差异更大:早期的浊度是不同粒径颗粒物的混合,而后期的浊度更多是由较细颗粒构成,因为大颗粒物已沉积在落水洞到泉口之间的岩溶系统内。E型大肠菌群与0.9～1.5 μm颗粒物之间具有很好的相关性。因而较细颗粒的相对增加可应用于微生物污染 “早期预报系统”。除了水污染,颗粒分还可以帮助我们研究岩溶环境的其它问题,如土壤侵蚀。      

Remineralization Ratios in the Subtropical North Pacific Gyre

Based on a new mixing model of two end-members, the water column remineralization ratios of P/N/C_org - O₂ = 1/13 ± 1/135 ± 18/170 ± 9 are obtained for the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) data set at station ALOHA. The traditional Redfield ratios of P/N/C_org/–O₂ = 1/16/106/138 have standard deviations of more than 50%, when they are based on the average composition of phytoplankton. Apparently, the remineralization processes in the water column have smoothed out the observed large variability of plankton compositions. A new molar formula for the remineralized plankton may be written as ₁₃₅H₂₈₀O₁₀₅N₁₃P or C₂₅(CH₂O)₁₀₁(CH₄)₉(NH₃)₁₃(H₃PO₄). Oxidation of this formula results inC₂₅(CH₂O)₁₀₁(CH₄)₉(NH₃)₁₃(H₃PO₄) + 170O₂ 135CO₂ + 132H₂O + 13NO₃ ^- + H₂PO₄ ^- + 14H⁺.For comparison, remineralization using Redfield's formula gives:(CH₂O)₁₀₆(NH₃)₁₆(H₃PO₄) + 138O₂ 106CO₂ + 122H₂O + 16NO₃ ^-+ H₂PO₄ ^- + 17H⁺     

Lagrangian Analysis of Transport Pathways of Subtropical Water to the Primorye Coast

Doklady Earth Sciences - Lagrangian calculations based on satellite altimetry data (1993–2015) statistically demonstrated the existence of stable transport pathways of subtropical waters to...     

北太平洋副热带环流变异及其对我国近海动力环境的影响

我国东部陆架海和南海是国防安全的重要门户;位处第二岛链以西的副热带北太平洋既是各国争夺的重要海区,又是我国从近海走向大洋的重要通道.围绕"北太平洋副热带环流变异如何通过黑潮与我国近海动力环境之间相互作用"这一国际前沿科学问题,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目"北太平洋副热带环流变异及其对我国近海动力环境的影响"于2007年9月正式立项.该项目不仅有助于拓展和丰富海洋动力学理论,揭示我国近海及邻近大洋动力环境变异机制,提高预测能力,而且也将为维护我国国防安全和海洋权益,为可持续开发利用海洋资源提供海洋动力环境保障.该项目主要研究内容包括:①北太平洋副热带环流变异和调整机理;②黑潮与我国近海的能量与水体交换过程及机制;③北太平洋副热带环流变异与大气驱动力的耦合效应;④我国近海及邻近大洋动力环境变异的可预测性研究.拟解决的关键科学问题为:北太平洋副热带内区环流变异的机理及其对黑潮的影响;黑潮源头变异机理及其对吕宋海峡水交换的影响和黑潮变异机理及其对东部陆架海域动力环境的影响.     

华北地区上空水汽输送与其源地

根据华北地区自然边界基本走向，用不规则六边形为其模拟边界，计算了１９８１－１９８６年通过各边界的水汽量。得出该区历年均有一定数量的气态水蓄留于空中，此即空中气态水对地表水资源可能最大总补给量，年平均＋２３９０．９７亿ｍ＾３，此水量是该区多年平均水资源总量（１６２４亿ｍ＾３）的１．４７倍；若均匀铺至地面，可构成２７６ｍｍ深的水层。夏季（６－８月）既是该区水汽入流量最大时节，也是该区水汽输出的最大时期     

末次冰期以来北太平洋中层水演化：研究进展与展望

北太平洋中层水(NPIW)作为全球海洋经向翻转环流的一个重要组成部分,在区域海洋环境和全球气候变化中扮演着重要角色。本研究对NPIW演化及其对气候变化的影响最新进展进行了评述。认为NPIW形成及通风演化对全球气候变化响应十分敏感。而且高纬气候信号通过这一“海洋通道”传递到北太平洋低纬海域。另一方面,东亚夏季风通过影响黑龙江进入鄂霍次克海的径流量,从而对NPIW的形成和水团组成产生影响。在千年尺度,NPIW通风过程与大西洋经向翻转流(AMOC)呈反相位变化,这与AMOC千年尺度震荡所引发的北太洋海表温、盐变化相关。与NPIW相关的物理过程和生物过程可能是触发冰期大气CO2浓度变化的一个重要机制。     

Seasonal Dependence of the North Pacific and North Atlantic SST Predictability and Forecast Skill

In this paper, the decadal predictability and forecast skill of the Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Ocean were investigated by conducting three sets of perfect model forecast experiments using a global coupled general circulation model. The results show that the annual mean SSTA in the North Pacific is less predictable on decadal time scale, with the forecast skill notably weaker than that of the North Atlantic. By analyzing the predictability and forecast skill of seasonal mean SSTA, it is found that the decadal predictability and forecast skill of the winter mean (JFM) SSTA in the central and western North Pacific are significantly higher than those of other seasons, and the magnitude is comparable with that of the North Atlantic. The predictability and forecast skill of the North Atlantic SSTA also show seasonal variations. Further analysis indicates that the seasonal dependence of the SSTA decadal predictability and forecast skill in the North Pacific is due to the winter-to-winter reemergence mechanism of SSTA in the North Pacific, which results from the seasonal variation of the mixed layer depth of the North Pacific Ocean. While the seasonal dependence of the North Atlantic SSTA predictability and forecast skill might be related to seasonal variations of other processes, such as the Atlantic Decadal Oscillation. The results of this paper suggest that for decadal climate prediction, if the forecast skill of the seasonal mean is taken into account, we might obtain higher than annual mean forecast skill for some seasons.     

从华北陆块南缘大洋扩张到北秦岭造山带板块俯冲的转换时限

本文以北秦岭造山带华北陆块南缘被动陆缘火山裂谷(大洋?)盆地、早古生代岛弧-弧后盆地和晚古生代岛弧-蛇绿杂岩等构造相带为研究重点,综合利用同位素年代学、古生物年代学、岩石学、岩石地球化学和同位素地球化学等实测数据,系统研究和探讨了北秦岭造山带被动陆缘大洋扩张向俯冲增生造山转换的时限.研究显示:华北陆块南缘由晚新元古代大洋扩张作用转化为板块俯冲作用的转换时限为早奥陶世,约472Ma左右.北秦岭造山带在古生代期间至少存在两期板块俯冲增生造山作用,时代上向南变新,空间上向南向洋内迁移.两次俯冲增生造山作用分别构筑了北秦岭造山带早古生代岛弧-弧后盆地和晚古生代岛弧-俯冲杂岩两条构造相带.     

南极海冰对西北太平洋副高影响途径探讨

通过相关分析,揭示了南极海冰影响西北太平洋副热带高压的可能途径,以及南太平洋副高在其间所起的重要作用.认为海冰影响大气环流的实质在于它改变了经向热量交换的强度以适应南极地区大气热损失总量的变动,其作用在于维持整个极冰-海洋-大气系统的平衡.计算了南半球48°S以北地区低层大气中的平均经向热量交换,证实了上述推论.     

The universal ratio of boron to chlorinity for the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans

We report seawater boron concentration (mg kg⁻¹) and chlorinity (‰) values measured in seawater samples (n = 139) collected at various depths in the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans and the East/Japan Sea (located in the western temperate North Pacific). Our results indicate that variations in seawater boron concentration are strongly coupled to variations in chlorinity (and salinity), yielding a mean boron to chlorinity ratio of 0.2414 ± 0.0009 mg kg⁻¹ ‰⁻¹ (boron to salinity ratio = 0.1336 ± 0.0005 mg kg⁻¹ ‰⁻¹). This ratio was surprisingly universal throughout the water column in the three marine basins and across widely different ocean surface regimes, but differs from the generally accepted ratio of 0.232 ± 0.005 mg kg⁻¹ ‰⁻¹ determined by Uppström (1974), which was based on only 20 measurements at four sites in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In converting total alkalinity to carbonate alkalinity (and vice versa) for thermodynamic calculations, the difference between these two ratios leads to a difference of 5 μmol kg⁻¹ in estimates for ocean surface waters, where the contribution of borate to total alkalinity is typically greatest. We suggest the use of the new boron to chlorinity ratio for predicting seawater boron concentrations using chlorinity (or salinity) data.     

北太平洋涡旋振荡研究进展

从观测事实和动力机制两方面,对近年发现的新的气候模态——北太平洋涡旋振荡（NPGO）的研究成果进行系统总结。NPGO的空间结构表现为北太平洋上海表高度异常（SSHA）的正负中心呈南北偶极子分布,当NPGO位于正位相时,南北涡流都加强,这种加强是由风应力旋度及风生涌流所驱动的。关于NPGO的机制研究发现,NPGO是中纬太...