中国植被生产力对干湿变化的响应

随着全球气温的持续升高,水资源可利用性对植被生长的影响是否发生了变化仍不清楚。本文评估了1982—2018年中国植被生产力对干湿变化响应的长期演变趋势及植被响应的时间尺度阈值,这将对降低陆地生态系统管理成本和双碳目标实现具有重要意义。(1)在研究期内中国植被生产力的水分胁迫不断增强。(2)在多时间尺度干湿变化中,61.18%的植被覆盖区存在过干旱化显著抑制了该区域的植被光合作用;28.89%的植被覆盖区存在过水分过剩显著抑制了该区域的植被光合作用。(3)干旱化显著胁迫植被生产力的最小响应时间缩短,而水分过剩显著约束植被生产力的最大响应时间延长,表明干旱化抑制植被生产力影响越来越容易,水分过剩对植被生产力产生抑制作用越来越困难。因此,1982—2018年中国植被生产力的水分约束正在增加。本文结果揭示了气候持续变暖背景下的水资源可利用性对植被生长影响的变化趋势,为水—碳耦合关系及水碳循环提供科学依据。     

黄土高原植被物候对季节性干旱的敏感性响应

在全球变暖的背景下,干旱事件发生频率和强度的增加导致陆地生态系统中植被多样性发生重大变化,研究植被物候对季节性干旱的响应对保护黄土高原的生态系统具有重要意义.基于MODIS遥感归一化植被指数(MODIS NDVI:MOD13Q1)数据及降水和气温逐月格点数据,采用岭回归分析方法,探讨黄土高原植被物候对季节性干旱的敏感性...     

2001−2018年西北地区植被变化对气象干旱的响应

基于2001?2018年逐月的MODIS NDVI数据,以归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）和植被状态指数（Vegetation Condition Index, VCI）作为植被生长状况指标,结合2001?2018年的月降水和月均温数据计算的标准化降水蒸散指数值,分析西北地区植被状况和气象干旱指数的变化趋势及其空间分布特征,以及多时间尺度下植被对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：2001?2018年西北地区植被的生长状况整体呈好转趋势,但空间分布上差异明显,东部植被改善状况高于中西部地区。近18 a西北地区5种不同时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI）均值整体上均呈增加趋势,表明干旱程度降低;空间上,干旱化趋势整体上表现为中西部高,东部低。植被生长状况在大部分区域均与SPEI呈现不同程度的正相关,总体表现为,西北地区东部植被对气象干旱的响应程度最高,西部次之,中部最低;不同植被类型中,草地对SPEI-12的响应最强,耕地次之,而林地的响应最弱;各植被类型在生长季的多数月份中对SPEI-3和SPEI-12的响应普遍较高。     

蒙古国植被物候特征及其对地理要素的响应

蒙古高原是中国重要的北方生态屏障。在全球气候变化的背景下,研究蒙古国植被物候变化特征对于认识蒙古国草地生态系统对气候变化的响应和促进区域畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究利用非对称高斯拟合法对蒙古国2001—2019年MOD13Q1产品中的归一化植被指数（Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI）数据拟合,得到较为平滑的NDVI时间序列数据;基于TIMESAT平台,采用动态阈值法分析获得蒙古国连续19a植被物候数据。研究分析了蒙古国植被物候的空间分布及年际变化趋势,发现蒙古国植被返青期（Start of growing season,SOS）主要集中在110~150d,总体呈微弱推迟趋势,植被枯黄期（End of growing season,EOS）主要集中在270~310d,总体呈提前趋势,从而导致蒙古国生长季长度（Length of growing season,LOS）呈缩短趋势,且缩短时间最长可达2d以上。采用偏相关分析方法分析了植被物候对地形、降水、地表温度等地理要素的响应,表明蒙古国植被物候具有明显的空间异质性和海拔依赖性,不同植被物候对降水、地表温度（Land Surface Temperature,LST）的响应不同,SOS与日间LST呈显著正相关,EOS与夜间LST呈显著正相关,而LOS与年均降水呈显著负相关关系。     

1901-2012年中国西北地区东部多时间尺度干旱特征

以干旱的多时间尺度特征出发,利用CRU最新数据,计算了考虑降水和气温双因子影响的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),并与标准化降水指数(SPI)进行对比,分析中国西北地区东部1901-2012年不同时间尺度的干旱特征。本文不仅对百年来CRU资料的可靠性进行检验,而且对SPEI在西北地区东部的适应性进行讨论。结果表明:CRU资料可靠性较好,但由于CRU资料本身的属性,1920年以前资料的可靠性不确定。从干旱事件的发生强度及干旱范围分析,SPEI在西北地区东部具有较好的适用性。SPEI与SPI在不同时间尺度下的波动变化一致,短时间尺度主要表现年内或季节特征,长时间尺度则侧重表现年际、年代际特征。将研究区分为高原东北区和陕南区进行分析,1901-2012年高原东北区有4个干期,陕南区有5个干期。针对温度变化对西北地区东部干旱的影响及与SPI对比表明,高温对干旱的贡献不容忽视。     

黄河流域不同时间尺度干旱对ENSO事件的响应

利用黄河流域1963-2012年逐月气温和降水量数据,计算了各气象站点不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),通过对不同时间尺度SPEI与Niño 3.4区海洋表面温度距平(SSTA)的时空相关性进行分析,揭示不同时间尺度干旱对ENSO事件的响应及ENSO事件对黄河流域不同区域降水量和气温的影响。结果表明:(1)黄河流域1、3、6个月时间尺度的干旱在各时间段均有发生,12、24个月时间尺度的干旱主要发生在20世纪末和21世纪初的近20年。黄河上游和中游地区不同时间尺度的SPEI与SSTA均呈负相关关系,下游地区呈正相关关系。(2)黄河流域不同时间尺度的SPEI与SSTA相关性在空间分布上具有显著的差异性。久治站以上的黄河上游地区、中游地区的宁夏、内蒙古、陕西和山西的北部以及下游地区均呈正相关关系,其余地区呈负相关关系。全流域1、3、6、12个月和24个月时间尺度的相关性系数通过0.05显著性检验的站点占总站点数分别为14%、43%、61%、75%和44%。(3)ENSO事件强度与降水量在黄河上游地区的相关性较弱,在中游和下游地区呈显著的负相关性,强度增大时降水量下降,减弱时降水量上升。全流域ENSO事件强度与气温呈显著的正相关性,强度增大时温度有上升趋势。其中El Niño对气温有抬高的趋势,La Niña对气温有降低的趋势。     

蒙古国植被自然恢复潜力

植被自然恢复能力评估是生态恢复实践的重要内容.基于蒙古国的MODIS EVI植被指数产品、气象数据及土壤数据,依据相似生境原则,构建了植被恢复潜力计算模式,计算得到蒙古国植被恢复潜力值(VRP,可代表在自然条件下区域植被能够恢复到的最佳状况)及植被恢复潜力指数(VRPI,代表植被生长现状与最大潜力之间的差距),并用蒙古...     

温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）在草原干旱监测中的应用研究

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟地区为研究对象,选取2010年研究区旱情发生显著变化的9、10月份的MODIS植被指数和陆地表面温度数据,构建草原地区NDVI-LST和EVI-LST特征空间,进而由此构建了草原地区的温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）,并结合当地气象数据和野外同步实地测量得到的土壤含水量数据对该指数进行定量验证。结果表明：（1）基于EVI-TS特征空间构建的TVDI,同样适用于旱情研究;且在研究区植被覆盖度不高的条件下,基于NDVI-TS特征空间的TVDI更适用于干旱监测;（2）构建的NDVI-TS和EVI-TS特征空间,其散点图符合三角形的关系,与前人研究成果相符;（3）TVDI可以很好地反映研究区的旱情变化情况,可以对研究区进行旱情动态监测;（4）基于NDVI-TS及EVI-TS空间构建的TVDI均与实地同步野外采集的土壤含水量数据结果显著负相关。且通过对基于TVDI的干旱监测结果与研究区实际情况对比分析发现,两者在旱区分布范围、旱情强度等级、干旱发展进程等方面基本吻合,说明TVDI可以在时间上很好监测旱情变化,TVDI可以用来评价草原干旱状况。     

未来气候情景下我国北方地区干旱时空变化趋势

干旱是我国北方地区最为突出的环境问题。根据WCRP耦合模式输出的未来气候变化逐月资料,基于降水-蒸发力标准化干旱指数（SPEI）,分析了IPCC SRES A1B、A2和B1三种情景下,2011-2050年我国北方地区干旱状况的时空变化趋势。结果表明：中国北方地区未来40 a呈现干旱化倾向,其中轻度和中度季节性干旱发生频率降低,重度和极端季节性干旱发生频率增加,增温引起的地表蒸发增加是极端干旱频发的主要原因。A1B、B1和A2情景下,2040s整个北方地区极端干旱频率增加、强度增强、影响范围明显扩大。极端干旱的增加可能给农业生产带来风险,采取有效应对措施,将有利于区域农业的可持续发展。     

基于遥感的安顺夜郎湖植被干旱响应特征

根据多年的气象资料和K干旱指数,分析了夜郎湖区域气候变化特征及其干旱背景,运用干旱年份（2009年11月—2010年3月）的4景Landsat卫星遥感数据计算了区域的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和修正的归一化水体指数（MNDWI）,重点分析了夜郎湖植被对干旱事件的响应特征,并探讨了极端干旱事件对湖泊生态系统的影响。结果表明：（1）夜郎湖水库及其周边地区表现出变冷变干的气候特征,1995—2012年间气温呈显著变冷的趋势（R²=0.54,P<0.05）,而年降水量表现出波动下降的趋势（R²=0.42,P<0.05）。2009年是夜郎湖自1995年以来降水相对稀少,同时也是干旱最为严重的年份（K<0.6）。（2）当水库的K干旱指数小于0.4（特旱）时,NDVI和植被面积呈显著下降的趋势即表现出大范围的缺水性死亡,干旱开始时水库对周边植被具有一定的调节作用,基本维持原有水平,之后水库调节能力下降,植被生长受到极度抑制,出现大范围的死亡。而水库水面因受到蒸发量增大与降水量减少的影响,水分逐渐丧失,面积呈逐渐递减的特征。（3）湖泊生态系统在面对特大干旱时植被的应对能力相对较差,地表水极其缺乏,植物根系无法获得维持其生存的水分,随着干旱程度的加深而大面积死亡。     

基于SPEIbase v.2.6数据集的内蒙古旱灾危险性评价

为明确内蒙古地区不同时间尺度旱灾危险性分布特征,选取内蒙古地区1949—2018年SPEIbase v.2.6数据集,利用Theil-Sen趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验法分析气象干旱时空演变特征,并基于干旱多年平均强度与加权综合评价模型,对研究区年、季节尺度的旱灾危险性进行了评价。结果表明：无论是年际变化还是在空间上,内蒙古年尺度和春、夏、秋3个季节尺度的气候整体呈显著干旱趋势;研究区以中等及以上等级的年尺度旱灾危险性为主,占总面积的71%。其中,高、极高危险性区域主要位于呼伦贝尔市和锡林郭勒盟东部;在春、夏两季,内蒙古干旱灾害危险性空间分布呈“北高南低”,高等级的危险性主要位于锡林郭勒草原和地处干旱区的阿拉善盟;秋、冬两季的高等级危险性区域显著减少,尤其是冬季,以东北地区的低、极低危险性为主要特征,与其干旱趋势变化特征较为一致。研究结果可为内蒙古地区干旱灾害风险管理提供参考依据。     

Response of the water use efficiency of natural vegetation to drought in Northeast China

Drought has become a problem that is universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems. Northeast China is located in a region sensitive to global climate changes, and one of the main impacts of climate changes in Northeast China is manifested as drought in growing seasons. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution law of the water use efficiency (WUE) of the main natural vegetation (i.e., cold-temperate coniferous forests, temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests, warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, and grasslands) in Northeast China based on public MODIS data products, including MCD12Q1, MOD15A2H, MOD16A2, and MOD17A3H, and meteorological data from 2002 to 2013. The influence of drought events on the WUE of different vegetation types and their response to drought events are also investigated. The study findings are as follows: (1) drought in Northeast China frequently occurs in the regions stretching from 114.55°E to 120.90°E, and the percentage of drought area among the forests is lower than that among the grasslands during these years; (2) the annual average WUE of the natural vegetation ranges from 0.82 to 1.08 C/kg^-1H₂O, and the WUE of forests (0.82 to 1.08 C/kg^-1H₂O) is universally higher than that of grasslands (0.84 to 0.99 C/kg^-1H₂O); (3) in 2008, the regions where the WUE in drought conditions is higher than that in normal water conditions account for 86.11% of the study area, and a significant linear positive correlation is found between the WUE in drought conditions and the WUE in normal water conditions, whereas the degree of drought does not influence the WUE of the natural vegetation in an obviously linear manner; and (4) the WUE for the cold-temperate coniferous forests and temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests with a high ET or low NPP is more likely to rise in drought conditions; the WUE for the grasslands with a low Evapotranspiration (ET), Net Primary Production (NPP), and Leaf Area Index (LAI) is more likely to rise in drought conditions; and the ET, NPP, and LAI have no significant influence on the WUE for the warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in drought conditions. This study contributes to improving the evaluation of the influence of drought on natural ecosystems.     

1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究

基于GIMMS NDVI以及MODIS NDVI数据,分析内蒙古地区1981-2010年的植被变化趋势,并结合气候、社会经济数据,以旗县为单位定量分析气候变化和人类活动对植被变化的影响,结果表明：①1981-2010年间,内蒙古地区植被变化具有典型的空间异质性,其中植被显著增加区域主要集中在西南部的阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市以及东部通辽市等地区,显著减少区域主要集中在北部的锡林郭勒盟以及东北部的呼伦贝尔市的部分地区;②对于植被显著增加区域,人类活动作用的影响面积最大,其次为气候因素,气候与人类活动的耦合作用也对植被增加有一定显著影响;内蒙古西部降雨量的增加、围封禁牧政策的实施以及农作物播种面积的增加为驱动植被增加的主要因素;③对于植被显著减少区域,人类活动的作用略大于气候因素;内蒙古中东部地区降雨减少以及近10年来部分旗县风速的增加是导致植被显著减少的重要气候因素;虽然人工造林、农作物播种面积会增加局部植被盖度,但在县域尺度不足以抵消干旱对植被生长的不利影响,反而会导致区域植被退化。     

温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)在复杂山区干旱监测的应用研究

对地观测卫星(EOS)中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)传感器因具有高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率、适中的空间分辨率等特点,非常适合大范围、长时期、动态的干旱监测。本文选取云南省红河州地区为研究对象,利用MODIS植被指数和陆地表面温度产0品建立高原多山地区NDVI- T_s空间,并由此建立了复杂山区的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)。利用该方法检测2006年3、4两个月的云南省红河地区的地表干旱情况,同时结合当地气象局信息和野外同步观测的表层土壤温度、湿度数据对该指标进行定量验证,结果表明,TVDI与土壤湿度显著相关,该方法可以用来对大区域干旱进行检测,能很好的用于山区的干旱预警与监测。     

内蒙古植被覆盖度的时空动态变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data.The results indicated that vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia showed obvious longitudinal zonality,increasing from west to east across the region with a change rate of 0.2/10°N.During 2001-2010,the mean vegetation coverage was 0.57,0.4 and 0.16 in forest,grassland and desert biome,respectively,exhibiting evident spatial heterogeneities.Totally,vegetation coverage had a slight increasing trend during the study period.Across Inner Mongolia,the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 11.25% and 29.13% of the area of whole region,respectively,while the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for 7.65% and 26.61%,respectively.On inter-annual time scale,precipitation was the dominant driving force of vegetation coverage for the whole region.On inter-monthly scale,the change of vegetation coverage was consistent with both the change of temperature and precipitation,implying that the vegetation growth within a year is more sensitive to the combined effects of water and heat rather than either single climate factor.The vegetation coverage in forest biome was mainly driven by temperature on both inter-annual and inter-monthly scales,while that in desert biome was mainly influenced by precipitation on both the two temporal scales.In grassland biome,the yearly vegetation coverage had a better correlation with precipitation,while the monthly vegetation coverage was influenced by both temperature and precipitation.In grassland biome,the impacts of precipitation on monthly vegetation coverage showed time-delay effects.     

Characterization of drought in the Kerio Valley Basin,Kenya using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: 1960−2016

The Kerio Valley basin in Kenya has undergone several periods of drought, yet drought patterns in the region are not well understood due to limited climatic data. Drought events in the region have resulted in crop failure and livestock deaths, exacerbating food shortages. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a multi‐scalar drought index was used to examine the onset, duration, severity, intensity, and frequency of agricultural and hydrological drought in the region. The gridded 0.5° × 0.5° climatic datasets from Climatic Research Unit for the period 1960?2016 was used for analysis. Temporal evolutions of SPEI at 6‐ and 12‐month lags were subsequently used to evaluate agricultural and hydrological drought, respectively. Additionally, the Mann‐Kendall trend test was used to test for trends in the time series. Results from the analysis show that: 1) droughts are becoming more frequent in the region, 2) drought intensities in the arid and semi‐arid lands have weakened, 3) regions west of the Kerio River have recently recorded a wetting trend, and 4) the southern and central regions of the basin are drought‐prone. Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of drought in the basin can assist in drought preparation and mitigation planning.     

Sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province

The Qinling Mountains, located at the junction of warm temperate and subtropical zones, serve as the boundary between north and south China. Exploring the sensitivity of the response of vegetation there to hydrothermal dynamics elucidates the dynamics and mechanisms of the main vegetation types in the context of changes in temperature and moisture. Importance should be attached to changes in vegetation in different climate zones. To reveal the sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the normalized vegetation index(NDVI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2018 are explored using the meteorological data of 32 meteorological stations and the MODIS NDVI datasets. The results show that: 1) The overall vegetation coverage of the Qinling Mountains improved significantly from 2000 to 2018. The NDVI rise rate and area ratio on the southern slope were higher than those on the northern slope, and the vegetation on the southern slope improved more than that on the northern slope. The Qinling Mountains showed an insignificant humidification trend. The humidification rate and humidification area of the northern slope were greater than those on the southern slope. 2) Vegetation on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains was more sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics than that on the southern slope. Vegetation was most sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics from March to June on the northern slope, and from March to May(spring) on the southern slope. The vegetation on the northern and southern slopes was mainly affected by hydrothermal dynamics on a scale of 3–7 months, responding weakly to hydrothermal dynamics on a scale of 11–12 months. 3) Some 90.34% of NDVI and SPEI was positively correlated in the Qinling Mountains. Spring humidification in most parts of the study area promoted the growth of vegetation all the year round. The sensitivity of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics with increasing altitude increased first and then decreased. Elevations of 800 to 1200 m were the most sensitive range for vegetation response to hydrothermal dynamics. The sensitivity of the vegetation response at elevations of 1200–3000 m decreased with increasing altitude. As regards to vegetation type, grass was most sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics on both the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains; but most other vegetation types on the northern slope were more sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics than those on the southern slope.     

秦岭陕西段南北坡植被对干湿变化响应敏感性及空间差异

秦岭位于暖温带与亚热带交界处,也是中国南北地理分界线,秦岭南北坡植被对干湿变化响应敏感性,可以折射出暖温带、亚热带地区主要植被类型对于湿变化的响应规律和机制特征,对深入理解不同气候带植被变化规律具有重要意义.本文利用秦岭山地32个气象站点的气象数据和MODIS NDVI时间序列数据集,探讨了2000-2018年秦岭南北...