IAP-AGCM对QBO模拟的动量收支分析（英文）

平流层准两年振荡(QBO)是赤道平流层(～100-1 hPa)变率的主要模态,可对中高纬地区的环流产生重要影响,但目前利用通用大气环流模式(GCM)对其进行准确模拟仍然是一个挑战.本文利用IAP大气环流模式(IAP-AGCM)的中高层大气模式版本(IAP-AGCML69)对QBO进行模拟,并对其动量收支情况进行分析.研究发现,QBO主要是由对流活动引起的重力波强迫(参数化)引起的,但该动量强迫被平流层赤道上升流所引起的平流过程显著削弱.模式可分辨尺度的波动强迫对赤道上空的QBO的总纬向风倾向有正贡献,在上平流层,其量值大小与参数化的重力波强迫相当.以上结果提供了对QBO形成机制以及模式模拟差异可能原因的认识.     

NOx的准两年周期变化及其与臭氧准两年周期振荡的关系Ⅱ.模拟研究

利用NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的二维模式就纬向风的准两年周期振荡(简称QBO)对平流层微量元素分布的影响进行数值模拟试验.模拟中,输入纬向风QBO的值,计算出NOx、臭氧浓度和各种气象要素的垂直经向分布,并与不考虑QBO强迫的数值模拟结果进行对比.在第Ⅰ部分HALOE资料分析的基础上,进一步讨论了在纬向风QBO的影响下NOx浓度垂直分布的变化及其准两年周期振荡,并研究了NOx的QBO与臭氧QBO的关系.结果表明:模拟六年平均的NOx混合比分布与观测结果基本一致,并且在纬向风场QBO强迫下,NOx混合比扰动有明显的准两年周期振荡;与臭氧的QBO比较,发现在28 km以下,NOx的QBO与臭氧QBO同位相,而在28 km以上,它们则是反位相,与HALOE资料的观测结果基本吻合.文中对模拟得到的由于风场QBO引起的余差环流输送作用做了进一步的分析,并讨论了在不同高度的气层中余差环流的输送作用与NOx破坏作用在臭氧QBO形成中的相对重要性.     

青藏高原臭氧的准两年振荡

通过对臭氧卫星观测资料及大气环流资料的分析,研究了青藏高原上空臭氧的季节和年际变化.通过分析青藏高原地区臭氧准两年振荡(QBO),并与同纬度无山区及赤道地区臭氧QBO进行比较,指出:青藏高原臭氧QBO的平均周期为29个月,平均振幅为8DU.青藏高原臭氧QBO变化位相与热带平流层纬向风场QBO相反,即热带平流层纬向西风时,青藏高原上空臭氧总量偏小,东风时臭氧总量偏大.还讨论了与青藏高原臭氧QBO相关的大气环流物质输送理论.     

NO_x的准两年周期变化及其与臭氧准两年周期振荡的关系 II.模拟研究

利用NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的二维模式就纬向风的准两年周期振荡 (简称QBO)对平流层微量元素分布的影响进行数值模拟试验。模拟中 ,输入纬向风QBO的值 ,计算出NOx、臭氧浓度和各种气象要素的垂直经向分布 ,并与不考虑QBO强迫的数值模拟结果进行对比。在第I部分HALOE资料分析的基础上 ,进一步讨论了在纬向风QBO的影响下NOx浓度垂直分布的变化及其准两年周期振荡 ,并研究了NOx的QBO与臭氧QBO的关系。结果表明 :模拟六年平均的NOx混合比分布与观测结果基本一致 ,并且在纬向风场QBO强迫下 ,NOx混合比扰动有明显的准两年周期振荡 ;与臭氧的QBO比较 ,发现在2 8km以下 ,NOx的QBO与臭氧QBO同位相 ,而在 2 8km以上 ,它们则是反位相 ,与HALOE资料的观测结果基本吻合。文中对模拟得到的由于风场QBO引起的余差环流输送作用做了进一步的分析 ,并讨论了在不同高度的气层中余差环流的输送作用与NOx破坏作用在臭氧QBO形成中的相对重要性     

热带平流层CO浓度准两年振荡的位相变化特征

利用2005~2014年10年的卫星微波临边探测仪（MLS）资料分析了热带平流层一氧化碳（CO）体积混合比的年际变率,发现热带平流层CO浓度的准两年振荡（QBO）在30 hPa高度附近存在明显的位相变化特征。大气化学气候模式模拟结果表明,热带平流层CO的准两年振荡信号是化学和动力过程共同作用的结果,而动力作用主要是QBO引起的次级经向环流引起的物质传输。化学和动力过程共同作用导致热带平流层CO浓度的垂直梯度在30 hPa高度处发生反转,进而产生一氧化碳QBO信号的位相变化。此外,化学气候模式模拟结果还表明,与CO有关的化学过程不但可以减弱一氧化碳QBO信号的振幅,还可以在热带30~10 hPa高度范围内造成一氧化碳QBO和纬向风QBO信号之间约3个月的时间差。     

中高层大气环流模式的初步评估与敏感性分析（英文）

提高大气环流模式的模式顶层高度对中高层大气(如平流层准两年振荡)的准确模拟至关重要.本研究将IAP大气环流模型(IAP-AGCM)延伸至中层大气顶(～0.01 hPa,～80 km)并提高垂直方向分辨率(91层),发展了一个中高层大气环流模型(IAP-AGCML91).结果表明,与低层模式相比,该中高层大气模式在整体上显著减小了平流层尤其是上平流层的冷偏差.研究发现这种改善与两种机制有关:与低层模式相比,高层模式模拟的短波加热更大,极区平流层附近的经向涡动热通量更大.上述结果表明,垂直分辨率和模式顶层高度对IAP-AGCML91的气候模拟有重要影响.     

中高层大气环流模式的初步评估与敏感性分析

提高大气环流模式的模式顶层高度对中高层大气(如平流层准两年振荡)的准确模拟至关重要.本研究将IAP大气环流模型(IAP-AGCM)延伸至中层大气顶(～0.01 hPa,～80 km)并提高垂直方向分辨率(91层),发展了一个中高层大气环流模型(IAP-AGCML91).结果表明,与低层模式相比,该中高层大气模式在整体上...     

准两年振荡及其对东亚大气环流和气候的影响

通过多年资料分析,本文研究了平流层准两年振荡(QBO)的演变特征及其对东亚及西太平洋地区大气环流和气候变化的影响.结果表明,平流层QBO的演变特征是:东风向西风转换最早出现在印度洋赤道地区;西风向东风转换最早出现在美洲和西太平洋赤道地区.中国东部降水量、气温以及西太平洋副高和东亚急流都有准两年周期变化,并同平流层QBO有密切关系;平流层QBO对西太平洋台风活动也有一定影响,QBO的西风位相期西太平洋台风偏少.另外,ENSO对于平流层QBO有明显影响,一般在ENSO发生之后,QBO的西风位相期持续时间缩短.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

春季Hadley环流与长江流域夏季降水关系的数值模拟

观测分析表明,春季Hadley环流异常可以导致东亚大气环流异常变化进而影响长江流域夏季降水的发生.利用中国科学院大气物理研究所9层大气环流模式(IAP9L-AGCM),对春季Hadley环流异常偏强情形下东亚夏季大气环流和长江流域夏季降水的响应进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明当春季Hadley环流异常偏强时,东亚夏季风减弱,夏季西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压加强,菲律宾以东洋面对流减弱,长江流域降水增多.初步的数值模拟结果与已有的诊断结果相吻合.     

Simulation of the QBO in IAP-AGCM: Analysis of momentum budget: IAP-AGCM对QBO模拟的动量收支分析

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), a dominant mode of the equatorial stratospheric (~100–1 hPa) variability, is known to impact tropospheric circulation in the middle and high latitudes. Yet, its realistic simulation in general circulation models remains a challenge. The authors examine the simulated QBO in the 69-layer version of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Atmospheric General Circulation Model (IAP-AGCML69) and analyze its momentum budget. The authors find that the QBO is primarily caused by parameterized gravity-wave forcing due to tropospheric convection, but the downward propagation of the momentum source is significantly offset by the upward advection of zonal wind by the equatorial upwelling in the stratosphere. Resolved-scale waves act as a positive contribution to the total zonal wind tendency of the QBO over the equator with comparable magnitude to the gravity-wave forcing in the upper stratosphere. Results provide insights into the mechanism of the QBO and possible causes of differences in models.摘要平流层准两年振荡 (QBO) 是赤道平流层 (~100–1 hPa) 变率的主要模态, 可对中高纬地区的环流产生重要影响, 但目前利用通用大气环流模式 (GCM) 对其进行准确模拟仍然是一个挑战.本文利用IAP大气环流模式 (IAP-AGCM) 的中高层大气模式版本 (IAP-AGCML69) 对QBO进行模拟, 并对其动量收支情况进行分析.研究发现, QBO主要是由对流活动引起的重力波强迫 (参数化) 引起的, 但该动量强迫被平流层赤道上升流所引起的平流过程显著削弱.模式可分辨尺度的波动强迫对赤道上空的QBO的总纬向风倾向有正贡献, 在上平流层, 其量值大小与参数化的重力波强迫相当.以上结果提供了对QBO形成机制以及模式模拟差异可能原因的认识.     

赤道平流层QBO与我国7月雨型的关联

根据1953～1991年赤道平流层纬向风资料分析,得出我国东部地区7月份主要雨带位置与赤道平流层30～50 hPa平均纬向风准两年振荡（以下简称赤道平流层QBO）有较好的关联。在西风位相条件下,我国7月主要雨带位置较偏北;在东风位相条件下,我国7月主要雨带位置易偏南。它们之间的关系主要是通过对对流层环流的影响相联系的。利用赤道平流层纬向风的变化规律并结合冬季北太平洋对流层环流特征,对我国7月主要雨带类型的预报,有一定实用意义。     

Momentum flux of stratospheric gravity waves generated by Typhoon Ewiniar(2006)

The momentum flux of stratospheric gravity waves generated by Typhoon Ewiniar (2006) is examined using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In the stratosphere, zonal momentum flux with a positive sign by eastward-propagating waves is significant during the northward moving of the typhoon, while both zonal and meridional momentum fluxes with positive signs are significant during the typhoon decaying stage in which the typhoon moves northeastward. The magnitude of the momentum flux is greater during the mature stage of the typhoon than the decaying stage, and the phase speeds of the dominant momentum flux are less than 30 m s^?1 with a peak at 10–16 m s^?1. Positive momentum flux decreases with height overall in the stratosphere for both zonal and meridional components. The resultant gravity-wave drag forcing plays a role to decelerate the easterly background wind in the stratosphere. This drag forcing is relatively large above z = 40 km and below z = 20 km, and lower stratospheric wave drag is expected to affect the typhoon dynamics by modifying the background wind shear and inducing the secondary circulation in the troposphere.     

低平流层准两年变率研究

分析ＮＣＡＲ／ＮＣＥＰ４０年分析资料得出,赤道低平流层纬向风年际变率的平均周期约２８．２个月,最大振幅的２０ｈＰａ,西（东）风距平平垂直下传平均速度１．２１（１．０４）ｋｍ／月。用１０ｈＰａ和７０ｈＰａ月平均纬向风标准化距平之差反映整层准两年变率的相位。低平流层两半球中纬气温有与之配合的振荡,西（东）风切变时,中纬气温偏低（高）。赤道纬向风准两年变率引起的经圈环流异常是联系低续续向风与中纬气温准年     

低平流层准两年变率研究

分析NCAR/NCEP40年再分析资料得出,赤道低平流层纬向风年际变率的平均周期约28.2个月,最大振幅在20hPa,西(东)风距平垂直下传平均速度1.21(1.04)km/月。用10hPa和70hPa月平均纬向风标准化距平之差可反映整层准两年变率的相位,低平流层两半球中纬气温有与之配合的振荡,西(东)风切变时,中纬气温偏低(高)。赤道纬向风准两年变率引起的经圈环流异常是联系低纬纬向风与中纬气温准两年变率的纽带。     

Stratospheric temperature trends: impact of ozone variability and the QBO

In most climate simulations used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 fourth assessment report, stratospheric processes are only poorly represented. For example, climatological or simple specifications of time-varying ozone concentrations are imposed and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of equatorial stratospheric zonal wind is absent. Here we investigate the impact of an improved stratospheric representation using two sets of perturbed simulations with the Hadley Centre coupled ocean atmosphere model HadGEM1 with natural and anthropogenic forcings for the 1979–2003 period. In the first set of simulations, the usual zonal mean ozone climatology with superimposed trends is replaced with a time series of observed zonal mean ozone distributions that includes interannual variability associated with the solar cycle, QBO and volcanic eruptions. In addition to this, the second set of perturbed simulations includes a scheme in which the stratospheric zonal wind in the tropics is relaxed to appropriate zonal mean values obtained from the ERA-40 re-analysis, thus forcing a QBO. Both of these changes are applied strictly to the stratosphere only. The improved ozone field results in an improved simulation of the stepwise temperature transitions observed in the lower stratosphere in the aftermath of the two major recent volcanic eruptions. The contribution of the solar cycle signal in the ozone field to this improved representation of the stepwise cooling is discussed. The improved ozone field and also the QBO result in an improved simulation of observed trends, both globally and at tropical latitudes. The Eulerian upwelling in the lower stratosphere in the equatorial region is enhanced by the improved ozone field and is affected by the QBO relaxation, yet neither induces a significant change in the upwelling trend.     

赤道低平流层纬向风垂直切变与ENSO变率的关系

利用NCEP／NCAR 40a再分析资料研究了赤道低平流层纬向风垂直切变与ENSO变率间的关系。结果得出，赤道低平流层纬向风的垂直切变呈现明显的准两年振荡，SOI和Nino3区SSTA的准两年周期成分与赤道低平流层纬向风垂直切变分别呈现反位相和同位相关系。赤道低平流层西（东）风切变位相时，OLR、1000hPa高度，2000hPa高度和温度、850hPa温度等要素的距平分布与其在El Nino(La Nina)时段的分布相似。     

QBO-like Oscillations Induced by Local Thermal Forcing

A zonal-vertical two-dimensional equatorial model is used to study the possibility that the long period oscillation of the zonal mean flow occurring in the lower equatorial stratosphere (QBO) is caused by local thermal ac-tivities at the tropical tropopause. The model successfully reproduces QBO-like oscillations of the zonal mean flow, suggesting that the local heating or cooling at the tropical tropopause is probably the main reason of QBO’s genera-tion. The analysis of the dependence of the oscillation on the wave fencing indicates that the oscillation is not sensible to the forcing scale. The model can reproduce QBO-like oscillations with any forcing scale if the fencing period and amplitude take appropriate values, proving that the internal gravity waves generated by local thermal source take much important roles in QBO.     

An investigation of QBO signals in the east Asian and Indian monsoon in GCM experiments

Observations have shown that the monsoon is a highly variable phenomenon of the tropical troposphere, which exhibits significant variance in the temporal range of two to three years. The reason for this specific interannual variability has not yet been identified unequivocally. Observational analyses have also shown that EI Niño indices or western Pacific SSTs exhibit some power in the two to three year period range and therefore it was suggested that an ocean-atmosphere interaction could excite and support such a cycle. Similar mechanisms include land-surface-atmosphere interaction as a possible driving mechanism. A rather different explanation could be provided by a forcing mechanism based on the quasi-biennial oscillation of the zonal wind in the lower equatorial stratosphere (QBO). The QBO is a phenomenon driven by equatorial waves with periods of some days which are excited in the troposphere. Provided that the monsoon circulation reacts to the modulation of tropopause conditions as forced by the QBO, this could explain monsoon variability in the quasi-biennial window. The possibility of a QBO-driven monsoon variability is investigated in this study in a number of general circulation model experiments where the QBO is assimilated to externally controlled phase states. These experiments show that the boreal summer monsoon is significantly influenced by the QBO. A QBO westerly phase implies less precipitation in the western Pacific, but more in India, in agreement with observations. The austral summer monsoon is exposed to similar but weaker mechanisms and the precipitation does not change significantly.     

QBO influence on extratropical predictive skill

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the zonal wind in the tropical stratosphere is one of the most predictable aspects of the circulation anywhere in the atmosphere and can be accurately forecast for many months in advance. If the stratospheric QBO systematically (and significantly) affects the tropospheric circulation, it potentially provides a predictable signal useful for seasonal forecasting. The stratospheric QBO itself is generally not well represented in current numerical models, however, including those used for seasonal prediction and this potential may not be exploited by current numerical-model based forecast systems. The purpose of the present study is to ascertain if a knowledge of the state of the QBO can contribute to extratropical boreal winter seasonal forecast skill and, if so, to motivate further research in this area. The investigation is in the context of the second Historical Forecasting Project (HFP2), a state-of-the-art multimodel two-tier ensemble seasonal forecasting system. The first tier, consisting of a prediction of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), is followed by the second tier which is a prediction of the state of the atmosphere and surface using an AGCM initialized from atmospheric analyses and using the predicted SSTs as boundary conditions. The HFP2 forecasts are successful in capturing the extratropical effects of sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific to the extent that a linear statistical correction based on the NINO3.4 index does not provide additional extratropical skill. By contrast, knowledge of the state of the stratospheric QBO can be used statistically to add extratropical skill centred in the region of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Although the additional skill is modest, the result supports the contention that taking account of the QBO could improve extratropical seasonal forecasting skill. This might be done statistically after the fact, by forcing the QBO state into the forecast model as it runs or, preferably, by using models which correctly represent the physical processes and behaviour of the QBO.