坛紫菜体细胞的几种发育途径

以坛紫菜(Porphyra haitaneusis)叶状体为材料,利用单细胞克隆技术,研究记录坛紫菜体细胞的发育途径。本文选择介绍了坛紫菜体细胞3种途径8种发育方式:1)多数体细胞的叶状体途径:A通过极性分裂直接形成单细胞苗;B通过叶状分裂成苗;C先形成细胞团后形成畸形苗;2)来自雌、雄叶片未成熟区域体细胞的性细胞途径:D发育形成精子囊并放散精子;E单细胞发育形成类似果孢子囊结构再放散果孢子,果孢子萌发成丝状体;3)来自雄叶片体细胞的丝状体途径:F单细胞发育至多细胞团,放散后萌发成丝状体;G经过不断分裂形成愈伤组织,直接形成丝状体;H分裂成2细胞后,一个细胞侧面突起发育成丝状体。     

坛紫菜原生质体的超微结构观察

在细胞与原生质体的分离培养与融合的研究中,利用电子显微镜观察高等植物细胞去壁情况、原生质体再生壁的形成过程以及原生质体融合后细胞内细胞器的变化已经是比较普遍采用的手段。但在大型海藻细胞分离与培养方面的研究工作中,利用这一手段进行研究的并不多见。 我们在研究Ⅰ中曾经利用海螺酶解离坛紫菜的营养细胞并成功地培养成紫菜叶状体,但是解离成单离细胞去壁情况如何,当时     

坛紫菜单性叶状体细胞的发育研究

研究采用雌雄营养组织块和营养细胞进行培养,以了解坛紫菜单性营养细胞的生长发育情况.结果表明,坛紫菜雌性营养细胞无论在组织水平还是在细胞水平均以产生红色果胞或果孢子细胞为主,有少量细胞发育成精子囊,并放散精子.雄性营养组织和营养细胞以产生精子为主,但不能再分化成丝状体;产生的少量果孢子细胞能发育成丝状体.因此,在室内培养条件下,坛紫菜单性叶状体都能产生两性细胞,它们的差异只是不同性细胞所占的优势不同,并讨论了单性叶状体的产生.     

琼胶降解菌F-6筛选、培养条件及对条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)细胞解离作用的研究

利用琼胶作为唯一的碳源从青岛太平角海域的海水和红藻样品中筛选分离得到一株高产琼胶酶的海洋菌F-6,对其最适的产酶条件,利用琼胶酶分离条斑紫菜的原生质体和原生质体的培养进行研究。结果表明,通过单次单因子和正交实验确定琼胶降解菌株F-6最适产酶培养基配方为(W/V):琼胶0.7%;酵母粉0.3%;蛋白胨0.5%;NaCl2.0%;K2HPO40.1%;CaCl20.02%;MgSO4·7H2O0.05%;FeSO4·7H2O0.002%;起始pH=7.5,最适的发酵产酶条件为:26℃培养36h。经条件优化后,粗酶液的酶活高达631.6U/ml。发酵液经过6000g离心30min得到粗酶液,粗酶液经过8k分离膜超滤,加入1mol/L渗透剂,0.22μm滤膜过滤除菌后降解条斑紫菜组织块,成功地分离得到大量的紫菜原生质体,其产率为3×106个原生质体/g新鲜紫菜组织。原生质体经初步培养发育成愈伤组织,其成活率为60%。     

坛紫菜与条斑紫菜轮栽试验

于1987—1989年利用人工培苗和潮间带栽培方法进行了坛紫菜和条斑紫菜轮栽试验。结果表明,用加大育苗室的采光面积、保温和缩短光照时间促熟措施,可使坛紫菜丝状体在8月初开始大量放散壳孢子,8—9月中旬采壳孢子苗,采苗后约35天开始采收紫菜,至12月初结束。9月中旬采苗的,亩产干品83.3kg。条斑紫菜丝状体按常规法育苗,于10月中旬采壳孢子苗,先在海上密挂育苗,至11月底取下坛紫菜网,将条斑网分挂到坛紫菜架上,进行了两种紫菜的轮换栽培,直至翌年5月初结束,亩产干品120.1kg。两种紫菜总产量达203.4kg,比单作增产近一倍。     

紫菜色素突变体诱导的研究——II. NG 对紫菜叶状体诱变的效果及遗传分析

用强诱变剂 N-甲基-N-硝基-N-亚硝基胍（NG）处理条斑紫菜和坛紫菜的幼嫩叶状体，进行色素突变体诱导。结果表明：(1) 在相同实验条件下，两种紫菜的对照材料都未发现突变现象，而各诱变组都容易观察到突变的细胞或细胞块，表明在实验中发生的突变是诱变的结果。(2) 突变率随诱变剂量和诱变时间的增加而上升。在实验范围内，随着诱变强度的增加，条斑紫菜的突变率 从 最 低 的 11.2 % 上升到 28.7 %。坛紫菜从 10.1 % 上升到 20.2 %。（3）在同等面积的叶片上，诱变产生的突变型细胞数量，并不随诱变强度的增加而增加。实验使用定量视野检试，两种紫菜在各诱变组中出现的突变细胞数量基本相似，略高的突变值都发生在诱变实验的最低剂量组中。突变率表示突变细胞在存活细胞中所占的比例，而单位面积中的突变细胞数量，反映了诱变的效果。根据这一分析，可以认为 NG 浓度 25 μg/mL、诱变时间为 30 min 是合适的诱变条件。     

琼胶寡糖聚合度对坛紫菜抗性诱导的影响

研究了琼胶寡糖聚合度对坛紫菜抗性诱导的效应。以琼胶3,6和12糖,3种聚合度的琼胶寡糖为材料,处理坛紫菜,通过观察叶片腐烂率比较坛紫菜生长状态;利用透射电镜观察处理后的细胞亚显微结构变化;并检测坛紫菜附生菌的数量变化;以对羟基苯乙酸(POHPAA)化学发光法检测坛紫菜H₂O₂释放量;利用实时定量PCR检测坛紫菜NADPH氧化酶基因(Phrboh)的差异表达。结果表明,经琼胶3糖和6糖处理,坛紫菜的Phboh表达出现上调,并产生H₂O₂暴发。经两种琼胶寡糖处理后,坛紫菜的附生菌数量明显减少,其中以琼胶6糖的效果最好,在较长培养时间内,坛紫菜能保护自身细胞亚显微结构的完整性,维持良好的生长状态。而琼胶12糖没发现任何诱导作用。综上所述,聚合度为3和6的琼胶寡糖能诱导坛紫菜的抗性响应,特别是形成单个螺旋结构的琼胶6糖的诱导作用最明显,但聚合度较大的琼胶寡糖则不能。     

紫菜叶状体发育研究进展

紫菜是重要的经济海藻,在海藻栽培业中的地位非常重要。随 着海藻生物技术的发展和日益增长的社会需求,对紫菜的研究越来越重要。本文从个体、组 织和细胞水平综述了对叶状体发育的研究进展,对研究的必要性进行了论述,并对其在紫菜 选种育种中的应用前景进行了展望。     

高科技生产紫菜的生物技术

紫菜营养细胞的悬浮培育和细胞原生质体的分离，培养和筛事所建立的能连续分裂，发育和具有遗传性能的稳定性无性繁殖纯品系以及在此基础上的同种或异种间的细胞融合是高科技发展紫菜生产的生物技术。它与现今的紫菜养殖方式相比是具有多方面的优越性。     

法紫菜生物多样性及其栽培生物学基础

综述了重要经济红藻法紫菜属物种多样性及其地理分布,修订了法紫菜属中文名称,回顾了紫菜生活史研究的历程,基本概括了法紫菜栽培生物学基础研究成果。根据文献报道及最新研究成果,认为紫菜属和法紫菜属共有138个物种,集中分布在北半球的温带、亚热带海域,其中我国是物种多样性较高的国家之一,其物种及变种数达到25个。法紫菜生活史的阐明对紫菜栽培产业的发展具有奠基性的作用,其中我国藻类学家曾呈奎和张德瑞在法紫菜生活史研究中作出了重要的贡献,提出了壳孢子的概念,被广泛接受并沿用至今。壳孢子采苗和丝状体培养技术是发展紫菜栽培业的重要基础,丝状体生长发育及壳孢子形成的分子机制将是未来法紫菜生物学研究的重点和难点。尽管根据已发表的相关文献大致梳理了法紫菜相关生物学基础研究的成果,但限于篇幅对栽培生产中相关技术的优化、完善与推广以及新品种培育等均未作介绍。     

国际海洋测绘教育培训特点及发展对策

分析了海洋测绘教育培训国际化和标准化的原因及进程,论述了海洋测绘国际化教育培训的指导性文件及内容,针对国际化海洋测绘教育培训的特点与发展趋势,提出了发展我国海洋测绘教育培训的对策与建议。     

壳寡糖及其全乙酰化衍生物的制备及结构表征

探讨了壳寡糖及全乙酰壳寡糖的制备方法,通过正交实验考察了原料、温度、时间对降解产物的影响.制备了八种寡糖（八乙酰壳二糖、十一乙酰壳三糖、十四乙酰壳四糖和十七乙酰壳五糖,以及N,N′-二乙酰壳二糖、N,N′,N″-三乙酰壳三糖、N,N′,N″,N′′′四乙酰壳四糖和N,N′,N″,N′′′,N′′′′-五乙酰壳五糖）,并通过IR、NMR及MS等确定了其化学结构.     

聚多巴胺的合成、聚合机理及其在海洋防腐防污中的应用

聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA)含有大量的酚羟基和氨基官能团, 可以在玻璃、不锈钢、塑料、橡胶、聚四氟乙烯等材料表面黏附, 具有优异的粘附性能, 是重要的功能材料之一。本文对近年来国内外围绕聚多巴胺展开的研究进行了综述, 从聚多巴胺的合成方法、聚合机理和性能出发, 分析总结了当前合成的特点、机理研究的方案和存在的问题, 并对聚多巴胺在海洋防腐领域的应用进行了总结和展望, 旨在为研究者较全面了解聚多巴胺的研究现状提供参考。     

Adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids by clay minerals and marine sediments

The adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids on illite, montmorillonite, goethite, and marine sediments was investigated. Three ¹⁴C-labeled hydrophilic proteins, Rubisco from C. reinhardtii, and GroEL and GroES from genetically modified Escherichia coli, were synthesized and purified for this study. The proteins were strongly and rapidly adsorbed by the clay minerals and marine sediments, and much of the adsorbed protein was not readily desorbed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction and separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sucrose density gradients showed that Rubisco and GroEL were adsorbed on illite and sediments in their original forms. The apparent adsorption partition coefficients of the proteins were on the order of 10² l/kg on illite, 10³–10⁴ l/kg on goethite and montmorillonite, and 200 and 75 l/kg on Skan Bay and Resurrection Bay (Alaska) sediments, respectively. These partition coefficients are sufficiently large to permit sedimentary protein preservation via an adsorptive mechanism. Generally, basic polyamino acids had greater adsorption partition coefficients than acidic polyamino acids. Molecular size did not affect the electrostatic interaction between polyamino acids and mineral surfaces. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and negatively charged polyamino acids inhibited Rubisco adsorption, while positively charged cytochrome c and polyamino acids increased Rubisco adsorption. These results indicate that electrostatic interactions dominated in protein adsorption.     

Coastal and estuarine habitat mapping, using LIDAR height and intensity and multi-spectral imagery

The airborne laser scanning LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) provides high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) that have been applied recently to the characterization, quantification and monitoring of coastal environments. This study assesses the contribution of LIDAR altimetry and intensity data, topographically-derived features (slope and aspect), and multi-spectral imagery (three visible and a near-infrared band), to map coastal habitats in the Bidasoa estuary and its adjacent coastal area (Basque Country, northern Spain). The performance of high-resolution data sources was individually and jointly tested, with the maximum likelihood algorithm classifier in a rocky shore and a wetland zone; thus, including some of the most extended Cantabrian Sea littoral habitats, within the Bay of Biscay. The results show that reliability of coastal habitat classification was more enhanced with LIDAR-based DTM, compared with the other data sources: slope, aspect, intensity or near-infrared band. The addition of the DTM, to the three visible bands, produced gains of between 10% and 27% in the agreement measures, between the mapped and validation data (i.e. mean producer's and user's accuracy) for the two test sites. Raw LIDAR intensity images are only of limited value here, since they appeared heterogeneous and speckled. However, the enhanced Lee smoothing filter, applied to the LIDAR intensity, improved the overall accuracy measurements of the habitat classification, especially in the wetland zone; here, there were gains up to 7.9% in mean producer's and 11.6% in mean user's accuracy. This suggests that LIDAR can be useful for habitat mapping, when few data sources are available. The synergy between the LIDAR data, with multi-spectral bands, produced high accurate classifications (mean producer's accuracy: 92% for the 16 rocky habitats and 88% for the 11 wetland habitats). Fusion of the data enabled discrimination of intertidal communities, such as Corallina elongata, barnacles (Chthamalus spp.), and stands of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis, which presented misclassification when conventional visible bands were used alone. All of these results were corroborated by the kappa coefficient of agreement. The high classification accuracy found here, selecting data sources, highlights the value of integrating LIDAR data with multi-spectral imagery for habitat mapping in the intertidal complex fringe.