Tracing contingencies: analyzing the political in assemblages of web 2.0 cartographies

Our paper presents a theoretical approach to critical research on web 2.0 cartographies. Within the geoweb, dynamic and collaborative web based maps have become a popular medium for collating and communicating geographic information. Web 2.0 cartographies are often promoted as facilitating public participation and democratizing geographic knowledge. Such claims demand a closer look at the processes through which people do engage in these cartographic projects and the multiple actors, institutions, norms and technologies at work. In the context of ‘theorizing the geoweb’, here we propose conceptual tools for analyzing these myriad interactions within web 2.0 cartographies. We understand web 2.0 cartographies as assemblages of subjects, materialities and practices, or ‘actor networks’. Yet explorations of actor‐networks describe existing relations and as a consequence tend to overlook what has been excluded or lies outside of such assemblages. In order to overcome this blindness we suggest bringing together actor‐network theory with the concepts of hegemonic discourses, contingency and the political from Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau. These two political theorists stress the idea that specific social realities become fixed, sedimented and perceived as natural while other possible social realities become marginalized. Using the example of the dynamic ‘Palestine Crisis Map’ (an Ushahidi Crowdmap) we demonstrate a methodology that emphasizes sensitivity towards moments of exclusion and struggle, where the political unfolds. Theorizing the political in this way extends the processual approach within Critical Cartography and offers a conceptual basis for critical research on the social dimensions of web 2.0 cartographies and geoweb practices.     

物联网技术在水资源管理中的应用探索

分析物联网技术的相关概念及其关键技术以及目前物联网技术在水资源管理方面的初步应用,提出＂水资源智慧网络＂的概念。＂水资源智慧网络＂由感知（节点信息采集层）、传输（信息传输层）、应用（应用平台层）3个层面的系统组成。探索实现＂水资源智慧网络＂所需要的传感技术、无线组网、应用支撑平台等技术。分析＂水资源智慧网络＂在水环境智能监测、计量、调度和管理方面的具体应用。指出物联网在＂水资源智慧网络＂构建中所面临的困难和挑战。     

基于孔隙网络模型的非水溶相液体运移实验研究进展

进行多孔介质中非水溶相液体（Non Aqueous Phase Liquids，NAPLs）运移的微观机理研究，微观孔隙网络模型实验是目前应用比较广泛且行之有效的方法。通过网络模型实验，获得对NAPLs在多孔介质中运移更深入的认识。从多孔介质孔隙结构测量、孔隙网络模型制作、NAPLs运移网络模型实验和数值模拟4个方面评述了该方向的研究进展，结果显示测量孔隙结构方法、图像刻蚀技术、可视化测量实验数据方法等有力地促进了本实验研究的发展。分析了孔隙网络模型实验存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势，对开展孔隙网络模型实验研究有一定的启发作用。     

虚拟专用网技术在远程数据传输中的应用

野外地质调查工作者作为远程用户需要与其所在的地质调查研究机构进行数据的安全传输.应用虚拟专用网络技术可以在使用公用网络进行数据传输时保证其安全.本文讨论了虚拟专用网的分类、关键技术,通过分析某地质研究所的网络拓扑,给出了一个虚拟专用网的解决方案,对其中的基于Windows Server 2003的虚拟专用网服务器进行了详细配置.     

IPCC AR4气候情景下长江流域径流预测

通过评估IPCC第四次评估公开发布的22个全球气候模式对长江流域降水和气温的模拟性能,选取了BC-CR-BCM2.0等7个气候模式,利用这些GCM s在A1B、A2和B1三种典型排放情景下的未来气温和降水预测结果,结合BP神经网络模型,在对模型验证效果良好的基础上,预测未来气候变化下长江流域径流变化趋势.结果表明,长江流域未来年平均径流量呈减少趋势,宜昌水文站以枯水年减少为主,未来年平均流量比历史年平均流量减少了520 m3/s;大通水文站则以平水年减少为主,比历史年平均流量减少了250 m3/s,水量的减少对南水北调东中线的调水规模和调配、管理提出了较大的挑战.长江流域多年平均月流量增加将主要发生在1~6月,而7~12月将以减少趋势为主.宜昌站和大通站的1~6月份平均增加幅度分别为29.6%和13.8%,7~12月份的平均减少幅度分别为-18.2%和-11.0%,宜昌站的变幅要高于大通站.宜昌站汛期呈减少趋势,平均为-8.5%,非汛期略有增加.大通站变化趋势与宜昌站相反,汛期呈增加趋势,平均为2.3%,非汛期略有减少.     

GeoWeb and crisis management: issues and perspectives of volunteered geographic information

Mapping, and more generally geopositioning, has become ubiquitous on the Internet. This democratization of geomatics through the GeoWeb results in the emergence of a new form of mapping based on Web 2.0 technologies. Described as Web-mapping 2.0, it is especially characterized by high interactivity and geolocation-based contents generated by users. A series of recent events (hurricanes, earthquakes, pandemics) have urged the development of numerous mapping Web applications intended to provide information to the public, and encourage their contribution to support crisis management. This new way to produce and spread geographic information in times of crisis brings up many questions and new potentials with regard to urgency services, Non Governmental Organisations (NGO), as well as individuals. This paper aims at putting into perspective the development of GeoWeb, both in terms of technologies and applications, against crisis management processes.     

神经网络分析方法在瓦斯预测中的应用

论述了瓦斯预测技术的研究现状及其在现代矿业中面临的新问题，介绍了神经网络技术在处理复杂地质条件方面的优越性，探讨了瓦斯预测技术与人工神经网络等高新技术相结合的可能性与必要性，并举例论证了它们在瓦斯预测过程中的适用性。实践证明：瓦斯预测技术与人工神经网络相结合所建立的预测模型，不仅能够综合考虑各种影 响因素，较好地处理地质条件中的各种非线性关系，而且预测精度高，结论可靠，为瓦斯预测技术的进一步发展提供了新的思路。     

Re-creating Wilderness 2.0: Or getting back to work in a virtual nature

Camping on Twitter, trekking in Google Street View, mountaineering on Snapchat. Wilderness is dead. Long live Wilderness 2.0. In this paper, the term “Wilderness 2.0” refers to the articulation of new media technologies, including mobile digital devices, web 2.0 and locative media, with the practice of wilderness recreation. In this new era of virtual nature, outdoor recreation occurs as much in the statusphere and blogosphere as it does in the biosphere. While much public and academic debate about Wilderness 2.0 has focused on the extent to which new media technologies connect people to, or disconnect them from, nature, this paper argues that wilderness is not a static and essential reality that can simply be connected to or disconnected from, but a social construct that is continually re-created in different cultural contexts. In this sense, Wilderness 2.0 reflects the re-creation of a new ontology of wilderness as DigiPlace: an augmented reality that blurs the lines between the “actual” and the “virtual.” Moreover, Wilderness 2.0 does not simply refer to the creation of a new ontology of wilderness, but the incorporation of outdoor recreation into the political economy of the web 2.0. In the context of Wilderness 2.0, outdoor recreation is increasingly exploited as a form of virtual labour. Thus, despite being associated with a discourse of “sharing” and “connecting to nature,” Wilderness 2.0 is, above all else, a nature that capital can see.     

Politics of technology in the informal governance of destructive fishing in Spermonde,Indonesia

Technology has politics and plays a role in societal governance. This article explores the fishing community of Karanrang island (Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia) to consider how fishing technologies reinforce existing power structures in the local informal governance system. Informal governance actors deploy the politics of technology in order to manage a socially problematic and environmentally destructive fishing economy. In the punggawa-sawi system of patron-client relationships, fishers are economically dependent on patrons, who supply them with fishing technologies like boats, bombs, and cyanide. The patrons themselves are embedded in a complex governance network, encompassing corrupt police and officials, importers, and live food fish traders. The politics of technology contribute to maintaining the local informal governance system of patron-client relationships. This paper draws upon theories from science and technology studies and network governance to argue that although patron-client relationships are problematic in themselves, the politics of technology further maintain power imbalances.     

国际海洋生物普查计划

国际海洋生物普查计划（Census of Marine Life,CoML）是一个在全球尺度上评估和解释海洋生物分布、丰度和多样性的国际计划。重点介绍了国际海洋生物普查计划的背景、发展策略、研究项目、采用的新技术与方法以及我国CoML的筹备和发展,旨在提供海洋生物多样性最新研究动态,为相关领域的研究与决策提供参考。      

Privacy, reconsidered: New representations, data practices, and the geoweb

Blogging, social networking, and other Web 2.0 practices have sparked widespread debate about the status and future of privacy. This paper examines an explicitly geographical aspect of Web 2.0 with respect to these debates: the geospatial web, or ‘geoweb’. As part of fundamental shifts in the kinds of geographic information available, its circulation, and representative forms it assumes, the geoweb implies new objects of privacy concern and subsequent privacy-related negotiations over the aggregate of its component information, technologies, and data praxes. Thus we argue that privacy must not only be revisited, but indeed re-conceptualized. Whereas prior research on privacy vis-à-vis geographic information technologies has tended to question what privacy ‘is’, we focus instead on the constitutive outcomes of societal struggles over privacy. We examine how privacy is being negotiated around two geoweb services - Google Street View and the Twitter GeoAPI - to illustrate that these contestations produce privacy as a social object in particular ways. We show that public discourse around actual or anticipated privacy harms stemming from geoweb services and their uses, as well as the preventatives and remedies proposed or implemented to address such harms, reconstitute the objects and practices of privacy concern, and alter the roles and relationships of state, civil and corporate actors in the construction of privacy. Finally we suggest that the geoweb raises new privacy concerns because some of its representational forms - namely geo-tagged images and self-authored texts - facilitate identification and disclosure with more immediacy and less abstraction.     

Motivations driving government adoption of the Geoweb

Recent increases in the use of Web 2.0 and Geoweb technologies by citizens have led many governments to investigate the adoption of these technologies. This research examines the motivations driving multiple levels of government in Quebec, Canada to consider the adoption of the Geoweb within a context of rural development. We present results from a series of interviews with key government representatives that identifies the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) of the Geoweb within provincial and municipal government. Respondents define two implementations of the Geoweb, informational and participatory, indicating that SWOT differs for each. This research concludes that for government to implement an informational Geoweb, there are few barriers, but that a participatory Geoweb will require a more substantial, and potentially long-term renegotiation of the relationship between citizen and government.     

黄河流域水资源保护公共信息基础平台关键技术研究

研究了以流域机构为主体的黄河流域水资源保护公共信息基础平台的框架。涉及的关键技术包括两类：数字技术,建模和计算技术。目前的公共信息基础平台应采用的数字技术有：数据库技术、3S及其集成技术、计算机网络与数据通信技术、计算机支持的协同工作技术、智能体技术、多媒体技术与虚拟现实技术和中间技术等,必将为“数字黄河”工程的实施,做出应有的贡献。     

The co-production of risk from a natural hazards perspective: science and policy interaction for landslide risk management in Italy

Soil erosion remains a critical concern worldwide, and predicting the occurrence, location, and evolution of rills on hillslopes and agricultural landscapes remains a fundamental challenge in resource management. To address these questions, a relatively large soil-mantled experimental landscape was subjected to continuous rainfall and episodes of base-level lowering to force the development of a rill network system, and high-resolution digital technologies were used to quantify its evolution over time and space. These results show that waves of degradation and landscape incision occurred in response to base-level lowering, where headcut development and its upstream migration produced a fourth-order rill network. Stream order indices derived for this incised rill network confirm that this pattern emerges relatively early in time, and it remains relatively unchanged despite continued application of rainfall and additional base-level lowering. Using the same digital technologies, a surface drainage system was defined and mapped on the landscape prior to any soil erosion and rill development, and similar network indices also were derived. These results show that network characteristics and organization of this surface drainage system, as well as its location in space, were in very close agreement with the subsequent incised rill network following base-level lowering. It is demonstrated here that rill networks formed in this experiment are strongly conditioned by surface drainage patterns prior to any significant soil erosion and that the location of rill networks can be accurately delineated through analysis of the high-resolution digital terrain.     

太湖平原圩区河网演变模式探析

以汾湖镇为研究区,采用GIS和RS方法分析了全镇及典型圩区近15年来河网结构的变化特征。结果表明:等级最低的圩内河道的河网结构变化显著,而村级以上的骨干河网结构基本没有变化,河网结构趋于稳定;不同圩区河网结构变化存在明显的时空差异。快速城镇化过程中,经过及时规划和治理的圩区河网结构得到了一定的改善,反之,河网结构受到了较大破坏;根据河网结构演变特征及原因,快速城镇化圩区河网结构演变的主要原因是对水系的保护、整治和破坏等人类活动的影响,据此识别圩区河网演变的几种主要模式为:主动引导型、被动改造型、修复完善型和保护优先型。     

Modeling the Southern Sakhalin earthquake sequences preceding strong shocks for short-term prediction of their origin time

Retrospective modeling of the sequences of shallow-focus weak earthquakes (M ~ 2.0–3.0) in Southern Sakhalin for the period of 2003–2014 is conducted using the method of self-developing process and the catalogue data of the local network. Mathematical models of the nonlinear increase of the cumulative shocks before strong (M = 4.6–6.2) events are constructed. Short-term forecasts of the parameter T ₀ (origin time of strong aftershocks) are obtained with a high degree of accuracy. The stability of the solutions obtained by varying the duration of the observation interval of catalogue data is shown. A gradual decrease in the error in the prediction of the T ₀ parameter is achieved as we approach the end of the processing interval to the time of the main shock. Although the errors in prediction in the retrospective version are no more than one day, the real evaluation of the accuracy can only be obtained in the practice of real predictions. Meanwhile, we have demonstrated the possibility in principle of the short-term prediction of strong shallow-focus earthquakes in Southern Sakhalin.     

基于地质图像大数据的岩性识别研究

近些年来,随着大数据、深度学习等技术的飞速发展,大数据的开发与利用为众多行业带来了显著经济与社会效益。借助大数据手段,开展地质文本、图像和序列数据挖掘与应用研究,具有极其重要的理论与社会意义。本文在归纳总结前人工作的基础上,重点针对地质大数据中的图像数据,基于深度学习理论,构建网络学习模型,通过基于网络搜索的数据采集、数据预处理、网络搭建、网络训练及结果/评价等步骤,实现基于地质图像的大数据岩性识别。结果表明,图像识别岩性的测试准确率约为90%;有限的图像数据数,可能是产生识别误差的一个原因;机器对岩石图片所呈现的某些特征相似性,如宏观的形状、颜色等,也会给出正相关评分,从而产生误判。理论上,采用BCNN(Bilinear Convolutional Neural Network)等能够捕捉更精细细节的网络模型,解决计算机视觉中的细粒度识别问题,从而从根本上提升图像识别效率,应该是今后一个研究方向。     

面向网络应用的构件化嵌入式地理信息系统

解决在嵌入式有限的资源条件下 (硬件处理速度、存储容量等) , 大容量空间信息的压缩与检索、与大型GIS系统交互等关键技术问题.系统综合应用了构件 (component , 组件) 技术、中间件技术、嵌入式操作系统和网络通讯技术.基于该系统的实际应用, 证明了它能够实现嵌入式设备上的空间信息管理、浏览、查询、分析处理等GIS功能;并支持嵌入式地理信息终端与大型GIS系统的交互、网络服务 ( Web Service) 以及实现系统间功能的互操作.      

Analysis of the characteristics of self-similarity of seismicity and the active fault network of Eurasia

An analysis of the possible relationship between fractal dimensions of the active fault network, spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters, and parameter b in the Gutenberg-Richter law is presented. The quantitative characteristics of self-similarity of the seismic process and the active fault network of seismically active areas of Eurasia are obtained. This self-similarity manifests itself over a range of at least two orders of spatial scales and magnitudes. The obtained estimations of the fractal dimensions of the fault network D _f and epicenter field D _e are close for all the areas analyzed. It is established that the average value connecting values D and b for all the investigated areas is slightly higher than the theoretical value (2.0) and varies within the range of 1.7–2.4.     

Efficient Bayesian networks for slope safety evaluation with large quantity monitoring information

New sensing and wireless technologies generate massive data. This paper proposes an efficient Bayesian network to evaluate the slope safety using large-quantity field monitoring information with underlying physical mechanisms. A Bayesian network for a slope involving correlated material properties and dozens of observational points is constructed.