肯尼亚地质矿产资源特征及找矿远景

通过对肯尼亚地层、构造、岩浆岩及矿产资源分布与特征的研究,认为肯尼亚基础地质工作程度总体偏低,缺乏系统的成矿规律研究。地层单元大致可分为前寒武系变质基底、上古生—中生界沉积岩系和新生界火山岩沉积岩系3类,大地构造位于非洲中东部泛非构造运动所形成的莫桑比克带上,区内经历了多期次构造岩浆活动。优势矿产资源为金、铜、煤和铁矿,其中金矿主要赋存于肯尼亚西南部地区前寒武系绿岩带和西部地区的莫桑比克带内,铜矿主要在肯尼亚裂谷两侧莫桑比克带内,煤矿主要蕴含于东南部地区的古生界上石炭统—二叠系页岩中。此外,肯尼亚油气资源潜力巨大,陆域产油地层主要为中新统中深湖相厚层泥岩,图尔卡纳湖及周边地区为重点勘探区域。     

东非肯尼亚裂谷活动断层型地裂缝变形特征与机理研究

2018年雨季期间,东非裂谷肯尼亚段地表突然出现一条7～8 km长的巨大地裂缝,该裂缝直接导致连接肯尼亚东西区域的主干道B3公路的毁坏(以下称为B3地裂缝),而作为我国“一带一路”倡议的重点项目“内罗毕至马拉巴标准轨铁路”仅距离该裂缝几公里,科学解释地裂缝的形成机理是铁路工程设施安全运营的重要保障。本文对该地裂缝的空间展布和形成机理进行研究,利用遥感影像详细解译了地裂缝空间位置,通过无人机航拍测绘建立了裂缝带高分辨率数值高程模型,在此基础上详细测量了地裂缝两侧地表垂向位移、地裂缝宽度和深度等指标。通过野外调查发现地裂缝发育在裂谷东边界F₄活动断层之上,其空间位置受F₄断层控制,地裂缝垂向剖面显示全新世沉积物有明显断错,且有多条破裂结构面贯穿其中：地裂缝下部火山碎屑岩层有明显拉张裂隙,这成为雨季期间地表水垂向下渗的通道,使浅表部松散沉积物向下运移。同时,裂谷区发育的南北向断层系统是雨季期间地下水横向流动的主要通道,这些过程导致地下水径流在雨季期间会不断潜蚀下部的土层,致使地表物质不断向下搬运,从而造成地表大规模开裂和塌陷,形成裂谷区受活动断层空...     

肯尼亚裂谷区地裂缝特征及成因分析

肯尼亚裂谷位于东非大裂谷东支中段,现代构造运动以及火山活动强烈,是当今地学研究的热点地区。裂谷区因其独特的地质构造背景、岩土体特性以及气象水文条件,使得地裂缝灾害较为发育。文章以肯尼亚裂谷地裂缝为研究对象,利用资料收集、野外调查、槽探、钻探和室内土工试验等研究手段,对研究区的地质环境背景、地裂缝平剖面结构特征进行研究。裂谷拉张和火山活动等内动力地质作用是该区域地裂缝形成的控制因素,浅表部松散易潜蚀的土体是地裂缝形成的物质基础,强降雨为地裂缝的形成提供了水力条件,“软硬软”的地层结构为水力侵蚀物质提供了有利的堆积场所。将肯尼亚裂谷区地裂缝的形成演化过程分为3个阶段:孕育阶段、扩展阶段和成灾阶段。     

Metasomatised and veined upper-mantle xenoliths from Pello Hill,Tanzania: evidence for anomalously-light mantle beneath the Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift Valley

Peridotite xenoliths from the Pello tuff cone in the Rift Valley of northern Tanzania, bear witness to upper mantle veining and metasomatism. Veins of katungite composition, with an asthenospheric signature, have imposed K, Fe, Ti, OH and REE metasomatism upon previously depleted peridotite. Chemical and mineralogical gradients are present in the peridotite wall rocks, and hydrous phases developed in the peridotite are generally lower in Ti and Fe, but higher in Mg and Cr, than those in the veins. The metasomatism has reduced the density of affected peridotite by up to 4.5%, supporting earlier geophysical models for low-density mantle beneath the Rift Valley. Age constraints for the metasomatically-induced density decrease permit correlation with Recent faulting in the Rift Valley, but not with the major upwarp of the Kenya Dome in the late Tertiary.     

Aspects of Rift Valley faulting and volcanicity in North Tanzania: report of a Geologists’ Association Field Meeting in 2008

The African Rift Valleys results from Neogene-Recent breakup up the African Plate due to continental extension. Compared with the western sector, in the eastern or Gregory Rift Valley the fracturing is accompanied by a large amount of volcanic activity and, in northern Tanzania, the volcanic rocks are relatively young compared with those in Ethiopia and Kenya where the products of the earliest stages of mantle melting are buried beneath older, more-extensive volcanic formations. The volcanic rocks vary from Pliocene and early Pleistocene intraplate basalts and trachytes to late Pleistocene/Holocene nephelinites and carbonatites.     

Holocene Paleoenvironmental Change in the Kenyan Central Rift as Indicated by Micromammals from Enkapune Ya Muto Rockshelter

An assemblage of micromammals, recovered from the Holocene levels of a rockshelter at 2400 m in the montane forest of the Mau Escarpment, were examined with the goal of testing and contributing to prior reconstructions of paleoenvironments in the Central Rift Valley of Kenya. Species representation in the assemblage is consistent with a drying of the Rift Valley lakes in the middle Holocene and suggests a decrease in forest accompanied by expanding grasslands near the site. Changes in the abundance of grassland species suggests an increase in the frequency of fires, probably the result of pastoral burning. The body size of the root rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) decreases from the early Holocene to the middle Holocene, and this may indicate increasing aridity or increasing temperature. We compare measures of species diversity (number of taxa, species richness, and the Shannon diversity index) for both micromammals and macromammals since species diversity may change with paleoenvironmental change. The macromammals show no changes in species diversity that are assignable to paleoenvironmental change, while the micromammals show a trend toward decreasing diversity from the early to middle Holocene, and then show an increase in diversity during the peak of the middle Holocene dry phase, though sample size effects may be confounding the patterning.     

Comparative analysis of heavy metal concentration in secondary treated wastewater irrigated soils cultivated by different crops

The use of treated urban wastewater for irrigation is a relatively recent innovation in Botswana and knowledge is still limited on its impact on soil heavy metal levels. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare heavy metal concentration in secondary wastewater irrigated soils being cultivated to different crops: olive, maize, spinach and tomato in the Glen Valley near Gaborone City, Botswana. The studied crop plots have been cultivated continuously under treated wastewater irrigation for at least 3 years. Most crop farms have sandy loam, loamy sand soils. Based on food and agriculture organization, heavy metal threshold values for crop production have been studied. Results showed that the wastewater irrigated soils in the Glen Valley have higher cadmium, nickel and copper than desirable levels, while the levels of mercury, lead and zinc are lower than the maximum threshold values recommended for crop production. The control sites show that the soils are naturally high in some of these heavy metals (e.g copper, zinc, nickel) and that crop cultivation under wastewater irrigation has actually lowered the heavy metal content. Comparing between the crops, mercury and cadmium levels are highest in soils under maize and decline linearly from maize to spinach to olive to tomato and control site. By contrast, concentrations of the other metals are at their lowest in maize and then increase from maize to spinach to olive to tomato and to control site.     

Struggles over family land? Tree crops,land and labour in Ghana’s Brong-Ahafo region

Agricultural land use in much of Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana has been shifting from the production of food crops towards increased cashew nut cultivation in recent years. This article explores everyday, less visible, gendered and generational struggles over family farms in West Africa, based on qualitative, participatory research in a rural community that is becoming increasingly integrated into the global capitalist system. As a tree crop, cashew was regarded as an individual man’s property to be passed on to his wife and children rather than to extended family members, which differed from the communal land tenure arrangements governing food crop cultivation. The tendency for land, cash crops and income to be controlled by men, despite women’s and young people’s significant labour contributions to family farms, and for women to rely on food crop production for their main source of income and for household food security, means that women and girls are more likely to lose out when cashew plantations are expanded to the detriment of land for food crops. Intergenerational tensions emerged when young people felt that their parents and elders were neglecting their views and concerns. The research provides important insights into gendered and generational power relations regarding land access, property rights and intra-household decision-making processes. Greater dialogue between genders and generations may help to tackle unequal power relations and lead to shared decision-making processes that build the resilience of rural communities.     

Land suitability decision support for assessing land use changes in areas west of Nile Delta,Egypt

The main objective of this study was to discuss the efficiency of agricultural land suitability for assessing land use types in rural areas. In this research, El-Nubariya area west of Nile Delta was selected as a case study site, which considers one of the high priority regions for future development in Egypt. As input, a total of ten representative soil profiles and number of observations points were used for collecting soil samples. Based on the field survey, laboratory analysis, and satellite image interpretation in cooperation with geographic information system (GIS), the physiographic map was executed. Three main landscape units were identified as follow: marine deposits, eolian deposits, and river terraces. The soils were classified mainly as Typic Torripsamments, Typic Paleorthids, and Typic Calciorthids. Land suitability assessment was done to define maps of the suitable areas for agricultural production using MicroLEIS microcomputer program and ALESarid-GIS system as well. According to the crop suitability results, the most suitable crops to grow in the study area were maize, melon, potato, sunflower, onion, garlic, olive, and date palm in the order indicated. Generally, the data on land suitability resulting from the evaluation models indicated that 56.1 % of the area is considered as suitable, 30.8 % is moderately to marginally suitable, and 13.1 % is not suitable. The main limitation factors for land suitability are the excess of salts, shallow soil depth, and inadequate drainage conditions. The output results are presented as georeferenced soil suitability maps using GIS utilities.     

Land suitability assessment for sugarcane cultivation in Bijnor district,India using geographic information system and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process

Land suitability evaluation is prerequisite for assessing the limitations for sustainable land use planning. We used ten site specific criteria (rainfall, texture, drainage, soil depth, slope, distance to major road, distance to nearest sugar mill, erosion hazard, risk of flooding and pH) and applied weighted multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) technique in a geographic information system (GIS) environment to evaluate land suitability for sugarcane cultivation in Bijnor district, India. The weightage of all the parameters was calculated through fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Sugarcane suitability map was prepared integrating various parameters through weighted overlay analysis. The map was categorized as highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and unsuitable (N). The analysis revealed that of the total cultivable land of the district, largest area (61%) was highly suitable followed by moderately suitable (24%), marginally suitable (7%) and unsuitable (8%) for sugarcane cultivation. Nagina, Najibabad and Bijnor sub-districts need attention of land managers and policy makers to remove the limitations and increase the suitability of sugarcane in such areas. Only 7% area was unsuitable for sugarcane cultivation. Slope, soil depth and erosion hazard were the major limiting factors making the land unsuitable for sugarcane cultivation. Therefore, these areas should be given priority for land and soil restoration efforts. The study showed effectiveness of integrated GIS and MCE approach for land suitability analysis of sugarcane.     

Plume-Lithosphere Interactions in the Generation of the Basalts of the Kenya Rift, East Africa

Major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic datafor mafic volcanic rocks are used to assess the number of mantleplumes contributing to the Tertiary–Holocene magmatismof the Kenya Rift Valley, current estimates of which vary fromnone to three. Rocks ranging in composition from nepheliniteto hypersthene-normative basalt have been sampled from threelithospheric zones: the Tanzanian craton, the craton marginreworked during the late Proterozoic, and the Mozambique mobilebelt. The magmas are interpreted as the products of variabledegrees of partial melting within the spinel–garnet peridotitetransition zone. Trace element and isotopic compositions fromall three zones are broadly similar to those of oceanic islandbasalts, but there is considerable compositional variation,which is related to a strong overprint from the lithosphereon plume-derived melts. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios provide theonly clear distinction between magmatic rocks from the threelithospheric domains. Within each setting, mafic magmatism hastended to become less silica undersaturated with time, and atany one locality magmatism has migrated towards the centre ofthe rift. Magmas may have formed as a result of the infiltrationof plume-derived melts into the base of the lithosphere. Theextent of interaction of inferred plume melts with the lithospherehas not varied systematically in time or space. The plume componentappears to be similar to the source of oceanic island basalts. KEY WORDS: Kenya Rift Valley; mantle plumes; geochemistry; metasomatism     

陕西关中富硒土壤研究及开发利用——以三原—阎良地区为例

通过对三原—阎良地区土壤与农作物采样分析研究,发现该地区土壤环境总体清洁,足硒—富硒土壤占调查区总面积的94.62%,富硒土壤分布广,具备了开发富硒农产品的基本土壤条件;大宗粮食作物均达富硒水平,其中油菜富硒率100%,小麦富硒率99.4%,玉米富硒率88.1%,大部分蔬菜也都达到了富硒蔬菜的标准,适合种植富硒大宗粮食作物和蔬菜;农作物硒与土壤硒整体相关性较好,玉米硒含量与根系土硒含量相关系数为0.788,小麦硒含量与根系土硒含量相关系数为0.612,富硒产业发展前景好。三原—阎良地区是陕西省关中地区重要的粮食、蔬菜产地,建议选择示范点开展富硒农产品种植试点,为关中地区富硒资源开发利用提供科学依据,在此基础上打造建设一批富硒粮食、蔬菜产业基地,更好地支撑服务乡村振兴战略和精准脱贫攻坚战。     

Lake Bogoria, Kenya: soda, hot springs and about a million flamingoes

Lake Bogoria is a saline, alkaline, meromictic lake in a geothermally active part of the Kenya Rift Valley. Coring of the lake floor has shown two types of sedimentation – a shallow fan–deltaic clastic zone and a deeper zone with alternating organic muds and evaporites. The organic muds formed during periods of relatively high lake level and high microbial productivity, the evaporites during more arid phases. Analyses of the cores show many environmental fluctuations during the past 30000 years, related to regional climatic changes and to local tectonic and hydrological controls.     

浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区土壤-作物富硒特征与重金属风险评价

富硒土地是生产富硒农产品的宝贵资源,黑色岩系形成的土壤通常富含硒和重金属元素。为了指导这类富硒土地资源的安全开发利用,选择浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区,通过调查土壤-作物中硒和重金属的浓度及生物有效性,评价农产品富硒率,识别作物重金属超标风险。结果显示:研究区富硒土壤占38%,足硒土壤占62%,水稻和莲子富硒率分别为85.71%和100%;受黑色岩系风化成土影响,研究区土壤镉含量介于污染筛选值和风险管控值之间的样品比例为26%,且Cd活动态和潜在活动态所占比例分别为57%和40%,水稻籽实中Cd超标率为31%,莲子Cd含量均不超标。基于土壤重金属总量和形态的风险评价表明,富硒土壤开发利用的风险区主要位于西皮山岗和腰塘边一带,建议禁止种植农产品,其他黑色岩系发育的富硒丘陵地区,虽然土壤镉含量较高,但因土壤Cd的生物有效性和水稻中Cd的超标率较低,应加以保护和合理开发利用。     

Anthropogenic influences on Zuni agricultural soils

Farmers in the Zuni area of the semiarid American Southwest have successfully cultivated maize and other crops for over three millennia without using artificial fertilizers. Zuni agricultural fields are among the oldest, more or less continuously cultivated areas in the United States. Traditional Zuni agriculture is based on runoff farming, a system whereby runoff and organic‐rich sediment generated in small watersheds are captured and directed onto fields for crop use. We conducted a study to compare soil properties associated with paired and unpaired cultivated, abandoned, and uncultivated fields to evaluate the long‐term effects of cultivation on soil quality. Sampling and analytical methods of this research are especially applicable to geoarchaeological studies of anthropogenic effects on soil fertility and agricultural sustainability in ancient and traditional historical farming systems. Results of the Zuni soil study indicate that cultivation has altered some soil properties, including bulk density, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and C:N ratios in paired fields, but there is no indication that agricultural soils are degraded. This assessment supports the perception of Zuni farmers that long‐term cultivation has not caused a decline in agricultural productivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lake-groundwater relationships and fluid-rock interaction in the East African Rift Valley: isotopic evidence

The assessment of water resources in the Rift Valley environment is important for population, agriculture and energy-related issues and depends on a good understanding of the relationship between freshwater lakes and regional groundwater. This can be hampered by the amount of fluid-rock interaction which occurs throughout the rift, obscuring original hydrochemical signatures. However, O and H stable isotope ratios can be used as tracers of infiltration over sometimes considerable distances, while showing that the volcanic edifices of the rift floor have varying effects on groundwater flow patterns. Specific cases from Kenya and Ethiopia are considered, including Lakes Naivasha, Baringo, Awasa and Zwai.In addition to their physical tracing role, stable isotopes can reveal information about processes of fluid-rock interaction. The general lack of O isotope shifting in rift hydrothermal systems suggests a high water:rock ratio, with the implication that these systems are mature. Carbon isotope studies on the predominantly bicarbonate waters of the rift show how they evolve from dilute meteoric recharge to highly alkaline waters, via the widespread silicate hydrolysis promoted by the flux of mantle carbon dioxide which occurs in most parts of the rift. There appears to be only minor differences in the C cycle between Kenya and Ethiopia.     

黑河中游绿洲灌溉区土地覆盖与种植结构空间格局遥感监测

以高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率CASI航空遥感数据作为采样带,对黑河中游绿洲灌溉区土地覆盖和农作物种植结构空间格局进行遥感监测。设计了分层分类方法,综合采用基于像素和基于对象的2种遥感图像分类方法对航空样带区域进行土地覆盖制图。根据实地土地覆盖类型调查与目视解译,对样带土地覆盖和农作物种植结构的分类结果进行精度评价,总体分类精度为84.2%,Kappa系数为0.793。与样带区域2007年Landsat TM/ETM+土地覆盖产品相比,高分辨率CASI航空数据能够对树木、草地与农作物类别进行有效监测。监测结果表明,中游绿洲灌溉区内接近59.1%的地区为裸地与建筑用地;植被覆盖区域占39.8%,其中,农田34.9%,树木5.3%,草地仅有0.1%;而在农田区域中玉米为大宗作物,分类成数占96.1%。研究结果表明高质量与高分辨率的航空遥感数据能够实现对流域下垫面异质性进行有效监测,为生态—水文过程研究提供高分辨率的下垫面类型信息。