Nature and evolution of the Neo-Tethys in central Tibet: synthesis of ophiolitic petrology,geochemistry, and geochronology

In this paper, we summarize results of studies on ophiolitic mélanges of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) and the Shiquanhe–Yongzhu–Jiali ophiolitic mélange belt (SYJMB) in central Tibet, and use these insights to constrain the nature and evolution of the Neo-Tethys oceanic basin in this region. The BNSZ is characterized by late Permian–Early Cretaceous ophiolitic fragments associated with thick sequences of Middle Triassic–Middle Jurassic flysch sediments. The BNSZ peridotites are similar to residual mantle related to mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) where the mantle was subsequently modified by interactions with the melt. The mafic rocks exhibit the mixing of various components, and the end-members range from MORB-types to island-arc tholeiites and ocean island basalts. The BNSZ ophiolites probably represent the main oceanic basin of the Neo-Tethys in central Tibet. The SYJMB ophiolitic sequences date from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous, and they are dismembered and in fault contact with pre-Ordovician, Permian, and Jurassic–Early Cretaceous blocks. Geochemical and stratigraphic data are consistent with an origin in a short-lived intra-oceanic back-arc basin. The Neo-Tethys Ocean in central Tibet opened in the late Permian and widened during the Triassic. Southwards subduction started in the Late Triassic in the east and propagated westwards during the Jurassic. A short-lived back-arc basin developed in the middle and western parts of the oceanic basin from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. After the late Early Jurassic, the middle and western parts of the oceanic basin were subducted beneath the Southern Qiangtang terrane, separating the Nierong microcontinent from the Southern Qiangtang terrane. The closing of the Neo-Tethys Basin began in the east during the Early Jurassic and ended in the west during the early Late Cretaceous.     

The Nature of the Crustal Structure of the Eastern Anatolian Plateau,Turkey

The Eastern Anatolian Plateau (EAP) of Turkey, with an elevation ranging from 1700 to 2000 m, is located between the Eastern Pontide Arc to the north and the Arabian Platform to the south. In this region, pre-Maastrichtian tectonic units representing the crust crop out in only a few localities. As they are covered by Maastrichtian-Quaternary rock units, it is difficult to study the nature and mutual relationships of these pre-Maastrichtian tectonic units.

The palaeotectonic units of the EAP comprise two different levels in the present study: (1) The lower level consists of platform-type carbonates and their metamorphic equivalents. These units may represent the Taurus Platform and its metamorphic equivalents. (2) The upper level consists of an ophiolitic-mélange prism which is made up mainly of oceanic crust; the prism comprises a complex of ophiolite, ophiolitic mélange, and fore-arc deposits. This upper unit represents a subduction-accretion prism and may have originated partly from the North Anatolian Suture to the north, and partly from the South-eastern Anatolian Suture to the south.

Continental crustal rocks were thrust over by the ophiolitic mélange prism; thus outcrops of them are scarce in the region as they are exposed in tectonic windows through the ophiolitic thrust sheets. The pre-Maastrichtian tectonic units of the EAP are blanketed by Maastrichtian to Quaternary volcanic and sedimentary rock units; these sequences include successive transgressive and regressive intervals and overlie the palaeotectonic units along a pronounced unconformity. Olistostromal units are abundant in the Eocene sedimentary units and were derived from the ophiolites and ophiolitic mélange. The Maastrichtian-Quaternary cover is made up of collisional and post-collisional deposits across the whole region.

Although the EAP has been experiencing considerable N-S compression, it has not been affected by significant crustal thickening because of the strike-slip tectonic regime that is dominant in the region.     

内蒙古月牙山一带基性火山岩的地质特征、形成时代及归属

内蒙古月牙山一带出露一条基性火山岩带,呈北西西向带状展布,由层状玄武岩、枕状玄武岩和蚀变玄武岩组成,前人对该套火山岩的归属意见不同。该套火山岩分布于月牙山蛇绿质构造混杂岩带中部,空间上与月牙山蛇绿岩套紧密共生,枕状构造较发育,显示海底火山喷发的特征;岩石化学、地球化学研究表明,该套火山岩具有典型的正常洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB)特征。因此,月牙山基性火山岩属于月牙山蛇绿岩套的组成部分。在侵入该套火山岩的辉长闪长岩中获得了530Ma左右的同位素年龄,在辉长岩、斜长花岗岩中获得了527~530Ma的同位素年龄,相当于早寒武世,说明该套基性火山岩的形成时代为早寒武世。     

北山造山带白云山蛇绿混杂岩的地球化学特征、时代及地质意义

白云山蛇绿混杂岩是北山造山带中红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿岩带的一部分,由蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩、蛇纹岩、辉长岩(堆晶辉长岩、块状辉长岩)、基性枕状熔岩(变玄武岩)及深海-次深海远洋、半远洋相沉积物(硅质岩、板岩)、白云岩等组成。其中辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为496.4±2.2 Ma,指示蛇绿岩形成于晚寒武世;混杂带中玄武岩地球化学特征为洋底玄武岩,兼有洋岛碱性玄武岩(OIB)和洋脊玄武岩(MORB)的地球化学性质,枕状熔岩与硅质岩交互产出,指示其形成环境为深水洋盆。结合区域地质资料,推测该蛇绿混杂岩带为寒武纪洋中脊存在的遗迹。     

内蒙古中部构造混杂带晚古生代-早中生代变质基性岩的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

内蒙古中部构造混杂带中的变质基性岩可分为南、北两带:南带位于乌兰沟-图林凯地区,被划分至温都尔庙群下部的桑达来因组,主要为一套变质玄武岩和辉长岩、辉绿岩,局部含有超基性岩和碳酸岩透镜体,其中变质基性火山岩以绿片岩相变质为主,局部保留枕状构造或发育蓝片岩,已有的锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明南带变质基性火山岩形成于晚古生代到早中生代;北带位于芒和特-二道井-红格尔一线,主要呈岩块状保存在由绢云绿泥石英片岩、硅质岩、含铁石英岩和少量的大理岩组成的基质中,岩石类型包括蓝片岩、冻蓝闪石片岩、阳起片岩、绿帘角闪片岩等。地球化学研究显示南、北两带的变质基性岩相对低Al(Al2O3=10.66%~14.97%)、低Ti(TiO2=1.27%~1.96%)、高Na(Na2O=1.02%~4.20%)、贫K(K2O=0.02%~0.71%),具有拉斑玄武岩到碱性玄武岩系列的过渡特征,高的Na2O/K2O比值(6.89~454)暗示这些基性岩在变质作用前发生了细碧角斑岩化。不活动元素Zr与其他高场强元素(HSFE;Th、Nb、Hf、Ti)和稀土元素(REE)显示良好的线性关系,表明在变质过程中,高场强元素和稀土元素基本保持稳定,可以反映原岩的性质。根据稀土、微量元素配分型式和相关比值可以将内蒙中部构造混杂带中的变质基性岩分为两类:一类稀土含量相对较低(∑REE=46.00×10-6~78.08×10-6)、轻重稀土分异不明显((La/Yb)N=0.50~1.04),无明显Eu负异常,Hf/Ta=6.82~15.18,具有正常的大洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB)特征;另一类稀土含量相对较高(∑REE=58.66×10-6~151.3×10-6)、轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)N=2.28~4.68),无明显Eu负异常,Hf/Ta=2.06~4.70,与富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)相似。部分变质基性岩样品轻微富集大离子亲石元素Rb和Ba,可能暗示原岩在就位过程中遭受了微弱的陆壳混染。以上地球化学特征表明这些变质基性岩的原岩可能形成于一个扩张规模有限的陆内洋盆环境。已有的古生物地理学研究表明古亚洲洋闭合后,到晚古生代早期,内蒙古中部地区成为佳-蒙地块的一部分。石炭纪期间整个内蒙古中部发育稳定的浅海相沉积,局部为造山后隆起环境,发育加里东I型花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。从晚石炭世-早二叠世起,内蒙中部开始处于伸展环境:二连浩特到东乌珠穆沁旗一带发育大量的碱性岩;华北克拉通北缘发育很多高钾钙碱性-碱性的花岗岩;内蒙中部地区广泛发育二叠纪大石寨组双峰式火山岩。到中二叠世开始裂解形成若干近东西向分布的海盆,发育哲斯组、林西组浅海相、泻湖相沉积。持续的伸展形成了有限洋盆,发育以温都尔庙群为代表的含铁硅质岩以及晚古生代-早中生代基性岩。由于早中三叠世华北板块与扬子板块全面碰撞和陆内造山过程的影响,有限洋盆最终在早中生代之后发生被动闭合,形成南、北构造混杂带,并导致该基性岩乃至整个内蒙中部的晚古生代沉积发生广泛绿片岩相变质作用,而局部蓝片岩的形成可能与有限洋盆的俯冲作用有关。     

内蒙古平安地地区元古代蛇绿混杂岩岩石地球化学特征及构造意义

平安地蛇绿混杂岩是笔者在"内蒙古锡林郭勒盟朱日和等三幅1∶5万地质矿产综合调查"工作中识别出的一套混杂岩。该混杂岩位于兴蒙造山带南缘,其地处华北板块演化的关键部位。本文对其进行了岩石类型、岩石地球化学及同位素年代学测试分析,结果表明:该套混杂岩主要由蛇绿岩和洋岛海山岩等组成;根据获得的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄数据及锆石特征,主体岩性形成于中元古代或早中元古代。推测该套混杂岩记录了元古代哥伦比亚超大陆聚合过程中的洋陆转化事件,属于华北克拉通的古元古代变质基底。     

Reworking of intra-oceanic rocks in a deep sea basin: example from the Bou-Maiza complex (Edough massif,eastern Algeria)

Metagabbros and amphibolites exposed in the Bou-Maïza area of the Edough massif (northeast Algeria) are described in detail. Field and petro-structural observations point to the syn-sedimentary emplacement of gabbros as clasts, blocks and lenses of polymictic gabbroic breccias. Associated amphibolites display fine-scale parallel sedimentary bedding and represent mafic epiclastites, litharenites and mafic greywackes. The mafic beds and lenses are intercalated with aluminous pelitic schists of continental origin, quartzite and marble. It is concluded that all mafic rocks from this locality derive from the erosion of an oceanic plutono-volcanic complex of MORB affinity that was reworked in a block matrix mélange and emplaced as turbidites and debris flows during the Mesozoic. We propose a convergent plate margin setting for these formations connected with the subducted Calabrian branch of the Tethyan slab.     

胶莱盆地南缘白垩系青山群火山岩地球化学特征

在胶莱盆地南缘开展1∶5万区调工作的基础上,对胶莱盆地南缘的白垩纪青山群火山岩进行了层型剖面实测及系统采样,经过化学分析及数据整理,得出胶莱盆地南缘白垩纪青山群火山岩SiO2的含量为51.08%~74.86%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量的变化范围为3.2%~8.8%,Al2O3的含量集中于13.18%~17.3%之间,全铁(TFe2O3)含量的变化范围在0.86%~10.48%之间;火山岩微量元素强烈富集大离子亲石元素La和Nd,亏损高场强元素Nb、P和Ti,轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损。后夼组与石前庄组火山岩的地球化学特征较相似,以酸性火山岩为主,而八亩地组和方戈庄组火山岩的地球化学特征较相似,以中-中偏基性火山岩为主;后期喷发的石前庄组与方戈庄组火山岩较前期的后夼组、八亩地组火山岩碱性物质含量增加。通过综合分析得出,胶莱盆地南缘白垩纪青山群火山岩是一套中-酸性过铝质、富钾钙碱性为主的火山岩,其四个不同喷发期次的岩浆应来源于同一岩浆源——下地壳,可能与扬子板块的俯冲作用有关,岩浆形成演化过程中表现出强烈的结晶分异作用,基于青山群火山岩岩性及岩浆源分析,认为其不属于典型的双峰式火山喷发。     

苏鲁地体南部高压变质带岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

苏鲁地体南部的高压变质带由中温高压变质岩片和低温高压变质岩片两部分组成,前一岩片自下而上依次为含砾白云石英岩、云母二长石英片岩、大理岩磷块岩、白云钠长石英片岩;后一岩片的主要岩石类型为二长石英片岩钠长石英片岩。两岩片中片岩内的斜长石端员组成为钠长石,长石斑晶具有明显的火山晶屑特征,锆石具有岩浆成因韵律环带,其Th/U>0.5。此外,它们都具有高硅、高碱、低钙,轻稀土元素富集、分馏程度高,重稀土元素亏损、分馏程度低,Eu强到中度亏损及Nb、P、Ti负异常的特征,在Si O2A·R图解上均位于碱性岩区,在铝饱和指数图解中分布在偏铝质过铝质区,在(K2O Na2O)/CaO Zr Nb Ce Y图解上落在A型岩区。这些特征说明其原岩为火山岩,其岩石类型为过铝质偏铝质碱性流纹岩类,其成因类型为A型。常量元素和微量元素组成特征及其判别图解反映其原岩形成于板内拉张环境,是新元古代Rodinia大陆裂解、扬子地块陆内裂谷形成过程中伴生的产物。     

内蒙古贝力克玄武岩地球化学特征及地质意义

内蒙贝力克地区存在一片面积为400km2、以发育三级熔岩台地为特征的新生代玄武岩,台地时代分别为2.31 ～2.41Ma、1.56～1.61Ma、0.51～0.61Ma.岩性为具有过渡性质的拉斑玄武岩,分为石英拉斑玄武岩与橄榄拉斑玄武岩,它们都起源于具有交代性质的石榴石橄榄岩源区.地球化学特征显示这两种岩性之间没有演化关系,而是源区不同程度、深度部分熔融的结果;并且在上升过程中,都受到下地壳麻粒岩的混染作用,其中石英拉斑玄武岩混染程度最大.大地构造背景上,贝力克与赤峰同处在兴蒙造山带南缘,它们表现出与华北西部北缘(集宁、大同、汉诺坝、繁峙)相似的岩浆源区和岩石圈地幔热状态,但不同的富集岩石圈地幔类型,即兴蒙造山带南源呈现DMM-EMⅡ特点,而华北西部北缘具有DMM-EM Ⅰ混合趋势.这种差异可能与岩石圈地幔不同的时代及构造背景有关.在软流圈熔体与上覆岩石圈地幔相互反应的拉斑玄武岩成因模式基础上,认为华北岩石圈减薄现象不仅局限于克拉通内部,其处在克拉通西北部,乃至兴蒙造山带南缘也同样经历了岩石圈减薄过程,只是存在不同时间、程度的岩石圈减薄过程.     

Magma mixing model for the genesis of middle crust in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc: evidence from plutonic rocks in the Mineoka-Setogawa ophiolitic mélange,central Japan

ABSTRACT

A Paleogene accretionary complex, the Mineoka–Setogawa belt is distributed adjacent to the northern portion of the collision zone between Honshu and Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arcs in central Japan, comprising a mélange of ophiolitic fragments of various sizes. The Eocene-Oligocene plutonic rocks in this belt (gabbro, diorite, and tonalite) have been interpreted as fragments brought from the deep crust beneath the IBM arc through tectonic collisions. The geochemical characteristics of the gabbro and associated basaltic dike are similar to those of the Eocene IBM tholeiitic basalt; thus, the gabbro was likely formed via the crystallization of the Eocene tholeiitic basaltic magmas, which was produced by the partial meltings of a depleted mantle wedge. A comparison with experimental results and geochemical modeling indicates that the tonalite was generated by 10–30% dehydration melting of the gabbro. Actually, Eocene–Oligocene felsic veins, which are coeval with the plutonic rocks, occur in the Mineoka–Setogawa gabbro. Plagioclase crystals in the diorite comprise Ca-rich and -poor parts in a single crystal. Their compositional characteristics are consistent with those of plagioclase in the gabbro and tonalite, respectively. The textures and chemical composition of plagioclase indicate that the diorite was formed by the mixing between mafic and silicic magmas. The whole-rock composition of the diorite also indicates the evidence for the mixing between basaltic magmas which were fractionated to variable degrees and homogeneous silicic magma. The mixing model proposed from the first direct observations of the IBM middle crust exposed on the Mineoka–Setogawa belt is applied to the genesis of the Eocene to present intermediate rocks in the IBM arc. If the continental crust were created at intra-oceanic arc settings such as the IBM arc, the magma mixing model would be one of the most likely mechanisms for the genesis of the continental crust.     

东昆仑南缘布青山地区得力斯坦花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

布青山构造混杂岩带地处青藏高原东北缘,是东昆仑南缘一条重要的构造单元边界,带内构造岩浆活动强烈,早古生代—晚古生代中酸性侵入岩较发育。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年技术,对研究区内得力斯坦花岗闪长岩进行高精度的年代学测试,获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为414.3±1.8Ma,表明其侵位时间为晚志留世—早泥盆世。结合前人研究成果,认为得力斯坦花岗闪长岩是洋壳俯冲板块部分熔融的产物,暗示布青山地区原特提斯洋向北俯冲可能持续到晚志留世—早泥盆世,进而为研究东昆仑地区的地质构造演化提供新的约束。     

青海省共和盆地周缘晚古生代镁铁质火山岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学及其地质意义

青海省共和盆地周缘晚古生代镁铁质火山岩分属阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂带,宗务隆构造带和苦海-赛什塘带.阿尼玛卿带正常洋中脊玄武岩（N-MORB）样品具有较高的^87Sr/^86Sr（t）比值（0.7066～0.7084）、高的εNd（t）（12.2～12.8）和较低的^206Pb/^204Pb初始值（17.72～17.79）.这些同位素特征类似于秦岭勉略蛇绿岩带的N-MORB以及印度洋低^206Pb/^204Pb高^143Nd/^144Nd N-MORB.该带中的洋岛玄武岩（OIB）的^87Sr/^86Sr比值为0.7036～0.7044,εNd（t）=4.4～4.8,^206Pb/^204Pb=17.45～17.62.其Sr和Nd同位素比值可与印度洋代表热点构造的洋岛玄武岩对比,但^206Pb/^204Pb低于印度洋的热点构造玄武岩,因此,具有类似印度洋低143Nd/144Nd比值MORB同位素特征.宗务隆构造带的N-MORB的Sr同位素比值在0.7041～0.7058,εNd（t）=6.1～8.4,^206Pb/^204Pb=17.51～17.90,划归高^143Nd/^144Nd比值的N-MORB.苦海大陆裂谷玄武岩显示了高的^87Sr/^86Sr同位素比值（0.7115和0.7104）和低的εNd（t）值（-1.7和-2.5）,其6206Pb/6204Pb（17.64和17.46）与上述大洋玄武质岩石无显著区别.上述各岩类的同位素特征反映了它们生成的构造环境和陆壳组分混染的程度.阿尼玛卿带的N-MORB代表了典型的来自亏损地幔源区的洋中脊产物.与勉略带同类岩石可能来自同一源区.OIB可能属于热点构造成因的洋岛产物并与MORB一起构成了阿尼玛卿洋洋壳.宗务隆带MORB同样代表了主要源自相对亏损地幔的洋脊产物并指示宗务隆带曾开裂成洋.苦海大陆裂谷玄武岩极高的Sr和低的Nd同位素比值是陆壳物质组分的强烈印记,这与该类火山岩发育在前寒武纪基底之上不无关系.结合本区大洋玄武岩普遍低的Nb/U和Ce/Pb比值,推测它们可能源自EMII与DMM物质的交代混合.按照习惯的想法,明显的Dupal异常（△^208Pb/^204Pb值=46～103和△^207Pb/^204Pb值=4～18;大多样品^87Sr/^86Sr＞0.704）指示这些岩石在空间上代表了来自南半球印度洋位置的古洋壳残余.但是,北半球愈来愈多的Dupal异常的发现有可能指示它们是类似现今东南亚多洋岛构造历经“汇聚式（focused）俯冲”的产物.此外,宗务隆带MORB的Dupal异常指示本区古特提斯域的北界较先前所定还要北推200km.     

西藏松多地区超基性岩地球化学特征及对松多古特提斯洋演化的启示

唐加-松多古特提斯缝合带的提出改变了地学界对青藏高原古特提斯演化格局的认识。为进一步约束唐加-松多古特提斯缝合带中蛇绿岩的岩石成因及类型, 以松多地区的超基性岩为研究对象, 对其进行了岩石学和全岩地球化学研究。结果显示, 松多地区超基性岩与原始地幔相比具有较高的MgO和TFe2O3含量, 以及较低的Al2O3和TiO2含量。样品稀土元素总含量介于4.04×10-6~9.31×10-6之间, 大部分低于原始地幔值。稀土元素配分曲线呈较宽缓的"U"型, 轻稀土元素较富集。微量元素分布形式与全球深海橄榄岩的微量元素分布形式基本一致, 具有明显的Th、Nb负异常, 大部分样品具有轻微的Zr、Hf负异常。定量模拟估算表明, 研究区超基性岩主要为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔批式熔融后的难熔残留体, 熔融程度大于25%, 并具一定程度石榴子石相熔融的特征, 未受到后期岩石-熔体反应的改造, 其原岩应为亏损的深海橄榄岩。结合区域研究成果, 松多地区超基性岩可能形成于大洋中脊(MOR)环境, 为典型的大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)型蛇绿岩端元之一。     

Tectonic significance of different block-in-matrix structures in exhumed convergent plate margins: examples from oceanic and continental HP rocks in Inner Western Alps (northwest Italy)

In the Inner Western Alps, three different types of block-in-matrix structures (BIMs) formed sequentially through time at a convergent plate margin. These show the superposition of progressive deformation from (i) subduction to eclogite-facies depths, (ii) collision, accretion, and exhumation of oceanic crust, represented by the Monviso Meta-ophiolite Complex, to (iii) collision, accretion, and exhumation of the continental Dora Maira units. The Type 1 occurs in the metasedimentary cover of the Dora Maira Unit and consists of a map-scale broken formation with boudinaged ‘native’ blocks of marble (Early Jurassic) in a calcschist matrix. It results from the tectonic overprinting of exhumation-related folding (D2-stage) on an earlier subduction-related dismembered succession (D1-stage). Type 1 also includes ‘non-mappable’ BIMs with ‘exotic’ blocks, resulting from the gravitational collapse of the Triassic carbonate platform of European Continental Margin, triggered by the Early Jurassic rifting. In the Monviso Meta-ophiolite Complex, Types 2 and 3 represent tectonically induced broken and dismembered formations, respectively. They differ from each other in the degree of stratal disruption of primary interbedded horizons of mafic metabreccia (Type 3) and mafic metasandstone (Types 2 and 3) sourced by the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous denudation of an oceanic core complex. Dismembered interbeds (Type 2) and isolated blocks were mixed together (Type 3) by the overlap of D2 tectonics and late- to post-exhumation extensional shearing (D3-stage). Development of these types of BIMs may be common in many exhumed convergent plate margins, where severe tectonics and metamorphic recrystallization under high-pressure conditions normally prevent the reconstruction of BIMs or mélange-forming processes. Our findings show that documenting the mode and time of the processes forming BIMs is highly relevant in order to reconstruct the oceanic seafloor morphology and composition of associated stratigraphic successions, and their control in the evolution of those convergent plate margins.     

内蒙古渣尔泰地区中生代火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境分析

内蒙古渣尔泰地区处于华北地台西北部,其分布的中生代火山岩划分为两大类,形成于两个喷发旋回。早白垩世早期喷发旋回以中基性火山岩为主,沿近东西向的深大断裂呈北东东向裂隙式喷发;晚期喷发旋回以酸性火山岩为主,沿近南北向断裂带呈裂隙-中心式喷发。中基性火山岩主要为橄榄玄武粗安岩和安粗岩,其SiO_2介于49.65%~56.64%;酸性火山岩包括次火山岩、火山碎屑岩、火山熔岩,其Si O2介于73.18%~83.82%;两者组成典型的宽双峰火山岩。中基性火山岩富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=6.70%~7.47%)、高Ti(TiO_2=2.29%~3.55%)、Fe,相对贫Ca、Mg,富含大离子亲石元素(LILE)(Rb、Ba),轻稀土相对富集,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,LREE/HREE=4.50~6.47,(La/Yb)N=4.17~8.85,具微弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.67~0.96),具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的地球化学特征,其岩浆来源于交代富集的软流圈地幔,岩浆上升过程中地壳组分混染较少。酸性火山岩富Si、高K,贫Ca、Mg、Fe、Ti,富含大离子亲石元素(LILE)(Rb、Th、U)和高场强元素(HFSE)(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),富集轻稀土,LREE/HREE=2.91~14.3,轻、重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)N=2.53~28.4,(La/Sm)N=1.16~4.57,(Gd/Yb)N=1.22~5.04,负Eu异常明显(δEu=0.02~0.25),具有A型流纹岩的特征,为幔源岩浆底侵,使上覆的先存地壳岩石发生部分熔融的产物。结合区域地质背景,认为研究区双峰式火山岩形成于西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞造山期后陆内拉张的构造环境。     

藏南江孜盆地北缘火山岩地球化学特征及其大地构造背景

江孜盆地北缘火山岩可分为2个火山岩带，各带又有2个喷发旋回不同时代的火山岩具相似的岩石化学特征，表现为富钛、富铝、富钠、低钾的特点，属拉斑玄武岩系列，三叠纪和早白垩世火山岩的痕量元素具富集大离子不相容元素的特肛．稀土元素及其球粒陨石标准化配分型式显示其喷发构造背景为大陆裂谷环境。晚白垩世火山岩的痕量元素特征可分为富集大离子不相容元素、高场强元素和仅富集大离子不相容元素2种类型，上下层位的稀土元素特征和配分型式不同，喷发的构造环境分别为大陆裂谷环境和大洋环境。结合区域地质成果认为，雅鲁藏布江结合带在三叠纪和早白垩世时为大陆裂谷构造环境，晚白垩世早期为大陆裂谷向大洋演化的构造背景，晚期形成洋壳，其形成至少经历了4次脉动式的演化过程     

西藏班公湖中特提斯洋盆的打开时间:镁铁质蛇绿岩地球化学与锆石U-Pb LAICPMS定年结果

对青藏高原西北部班公湖缝合带开展了路线剖面地质调查,在北面日土蛇绿岩带上采得2处镁铁质岩墙(辉长岩和辉绿岩),岩石地球化学分析表明这两处镁铁质岩墙具有平缓的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分布型式,显示出洋中脊玄武岩特征,说明它们形成于洋中脊环境,其锆石U-PbLAICPMS年龄测定结果分别为(181.9±2.6)Ma(MSWD=11.5)和(184.4±4.4)Ma(MSWD=2.2),表明班公湖中特提斯洋是在早侏罗世晚期打开的。另外,在狮泉河—改则蛇绿岩带上采得橄榄辉绿岩,岩石以K2O(质量分数为1.49%～1.56%)、Al2O3(质量分数为14.76%～15.21%)含量高,Fe2O3/FeO比值高(1.73～2.49),富集大离子不相容元素(Rb、Ba、Th、Sr)和轻稀土元素(LREE)为特点,在基性岩构造环境判别图上显示出洋岛玄武岩的亲合性。该样品给出的(176.2±9.0)Ma(MSWD=3.1)的锆石U-PbLAICPMS年龄说明,班公湖中特提斯洋从早侏罗世晚期打开,经过近10Ma的扩张至中侏罗世早期已变成一个成热的洋盆。     

内蒙古正蓝旗羊蹄子山-磨石山钛矿区硅质岩地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

文章通过详细的野外地质调查和系统的岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素及硅、氧同位素等研究,探讨了羊蹄子山-磨石山钛矿区无矿白色硅质岩和富钛硅质岩的成因及形成地质构造环境。研究结果表明,呈厚层状产出的无矿白色硅质岩具较高的SiO2、Al2O3含量及Al/(Al Fe Mn)、Al2O3/(Al2O3 Fe2O3)比值,稀土元素总量很低,其北美页岩标准化配分模式为向右倾的曲线,无明显铈异常和铕异常,表明其形成于受陆源影响的大陆边缘构造环境;赋矿岩系中薄层状富钛硅质岩的TiO2、Fe2O3、Cu、V含量较高,但Al/(Al Fe Mn)、Al2O3/(Al2O3 Fe2O3)比值较低,稀土元素总量较高,北美页岩标准化曲线为明显左倾型-平坦型,具弱的负铈异常,表明其形成于洋脊及附近环境。两种硅质岩的δ30Si值为变化较小的负值,与热水沉积和某些生物成因硅质岩的硅同位素组成相似,两者的δ18O值范围和平均值均相似。两类硅质岩的成因及形成构造环境不同,富钛硅质岩的地球化学特征表明,该矿床的形成与本区元古宙海底火山热液喷流作用有关。     

内蒙古多伦中酸性侵入岩岩石地球化学特征及构造环境分析

内蒙古多伦县北部分布四个中酸性岩体,其岩石类型为:二长花岗岩、石英正长岩、石英正长斑岩和石英二长斑岩,出露面积0.5~12.4km~2不等,产状为岩株。同位素测龄成果显示二长花岗岩形成年龄为143.8±1.2 Ma,属晚侏罗世晚期(J_3);石英二长斑岩形成年龄为138.4±0.6Ma,属早白垩世早期(K_1)。岩石系列为高钾、钙碱性系列。据岩石地球化学特征推断:研究区内的四个岩体具同源特征,是岩浆同源演变的产物,岩浆来源为中下地壳。结合岩石Q-Ab-Or-H_2O相图,岩浆结晶温度接近750~800℃。二长花岗岩形成于大陆碰撞地球动力学环境即陆内造山构造环境;石英正长岩、石英正长斑岩、石英二长斑岩形成于造山后期构造环境。研究区在晚侏罗世晚期陆内碰撞造山运动已经结束而转入造山后期构造环境,至早白垩世早期大规模双峰式火山岩的喷发标志着研究区全面进入陆内造山后的裂谷阶段或者陆内伸展运动阶段。