宁镇扬地区不透水面增长变化监测及其增长模式分析

不透水面是衡量城市化进程的重要指标,本文以宁镇扬地区为例,引入不透水面变化轨迹、增长模式等方法,定量剖析不透水面时空演变过程.结果表明,研究时段内,在城市化进程的推动下不透水面持续扩张,研究区2015—2019年有301 km2的自然或半自然景观最终转化为不透水景观,年均增长率为0.44％;不透水面格局变化在2017年...     

基于地理国情数据的城市扩张和生态格局分析——以武汉市为例

城市扩张是城镇化的主要特征,研究城市扩张规律对城市空间规划、高质量发展提供决策依据。本文以武汉市为研究区,以2015—2018年地理国情监测成果为主要数据源,通过数据整理与提取、计算城市扩张特征指数、提取城市格局变化、计算生态景观指数等处理,对研究区城市扩张和生态格局变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明：2015—2018年间,武汉市从快速扩张阶段逐渐减缓,紧凑度逐渐下降;中心城市扩张主要以种植土地破坏为代价;远城区快速扩张主要以林草面积减少为代价;在生态指数上,各生态景观类型破碎度均有下降,但水域面积保持良好。     

Area Delineation and Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Urban Heat Island in Lanzhou City,China Using Remote Sensing Imagery

One of the key impacts of rapid urbanization on the environment is the effect of urban heat island (UHI). By using the Landsat TM/ETM+ thermal infrared remote sensing data of 1993, 2001 and 2011 to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of Lanzhou City, and by adopting object-oriented fractal net evolution approach (FNEA) to make image segmentation of the LST, the UHI elements were extracted. The G* index spatial aggregation analysis was made to calculate the urban heat island ratio index (URI), and the landscape metrics were used to quantify the changes of the spatial pattern of the UHI from the aspects of quantity, shape and structure. The impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage were extracted by a constrained linear spectral mixture model to explore the relationships of the impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage with the UHI. The information of urban built-up area was extracted by using UBI (NDBI-NDVI) index, and the effects of urban expansion on city thermal environment were quantitatively analyzed, with the URI and the LST grade maps built. In recent 20 years, the UHI effect in Lanzhou City was strengthened, with the URI increased by 1.4 times. The urban expansion had a spatiotemporal consistency with the UHI expansion. The patch number and density of the UHI landscape were increased, the patch shape and the whole landscape tended to be complex, the landscape became more fragmented, and the landscape connectivity was decreased. The heat island strength had a negative linear correlation with the urban vegetation coverage, and a positive logarithmic correlation with the urban impervious surface coverage.     

广安市城市扩展变化的遥感监测动态分析

我国正处于工业化、城镇化快速发展时期,建设用地供需矛盾十分突出。采用3S集成技术,分析广安区在本世纪前7年的城市扩展的变化特征。结果表明,广安区在这7年中发展非常迅速,自然环境与交通在其扩展过程中起到了重要的作用。     

基于基础地理数据统计的长三角城市主城区空间格局扩展研究

在快速城镇化时期,城市主城区的空间格局变化最为显著,以其复杂性和扩展性为突出特征。研究其扩展变化对认识城镇化、优化城市空间结构等具有重要意义。本文在基础地理数据统计的基础上,对长三角城市主城区2002~2012年的空间扩展进行了分析,探索影响其演变的若干因素。     

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Urban Heat Island and Their Relationship with Land Cover Changes in Urbanization Process: A Case Study in Suzhou, China

One of the significant environmental consequences of urbanization is the urban heat island (UHI). In this paper, Landsat TM images of 1986 and 2004 were utilized to study the spatial and temporal variations of heat island and their relationships with land cover changes in Suzhou, a Chinese city which experienced rapid urbanization in past decades. Land cover classifications were derived to quantify urban expansions and brightness temperatures were computed from the TM thermal data to express the urban thermal environment. The spatial distributions of surface temperature indicated that heat islands had been largely broadened and showed good agreements with urban expansion. Temperature statistics of main land cover types showed that built-up and bare land had higher surface temperatures than natural land covers, implying the warming effect caused by the urbanization with natural landscape being replaced by urban areas. In addition, the spatial detail distributions of surface temperature were compared with the distribution of land cover by means of GIS buffer analysis. Results show remarkable show good correspondence between heat island variations with urban area expansions.     

Time series evaluation of landscape dynamics using annual Landsat imagery and spatial statistical modeling: Evidence from the Phoenix metropolitan region

Urbanization is a natural and social process involving simultaneous changes to the Earth’s land systems, energy flow, demographics, and the economy. Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization is increasingly important for policy formulation, decision making, and natural resource management. A combination of satellite remote sensing and patch-based models has been widely adopted to characterize landscape changes at various spatial and temporal scales. Nevertheless, the validity of this type of framework in identifying long-term changes, especially subtle or gradual land modifications is seriously challenged. In this paper, we integrate annual image time series, continuous spatial indices, and non-parametric trend analysis into a spatiotemporal study of landscape dynamics over the Phoenix metropolitan area from 1991 to 2010. We harness local indicators of spatial dependence and modified Mann-Kendall test to describe the monotonic trends in the quantity and spatial arrangement of two important land use land cover types: vegetation and built-up areas. Results suggest that declines in vegetation and increases in built-up areas are the two prevalent types of changes across the region. Vegetation increases mostly occur at the outskirts where new residential areas are developed from natural desert. A sizable proportion of vegetation declines and built-up increases are seen in the central and southeast part. Extensive land conversion from agricultural fields into urban land use is one important driver of vegetation declines. The xeriscaping practice also contributes to part of vegetation loss and an increasingly heterogeneous landscape. The quantitative framework proposed in this study provides a pathway to effective landscape mapping and change monitoring from a spatial statistical perspective.     

成都平原中等城市的热岛效应动态特征对比研究

城市热岛效应是当前城市气候与城市生态环境的研究热点。研究使用Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像获取城市建成区信息和反演亮度温度,进而评价成都平原6个中等城市的热岛强度、热岛发育程度以及空间动态演变特征。研究发现,在"评价初期→评价中期→评价末期"过程中,成都平原6个中等城市的热岛强度前期增强、后期减弱;城市旧城区的热岛规模普遍减小,这说明,旧城区热环境有所改善,而城市扩展区的热岛规模普遍增大,是因城市扩展明显改变了地表自然环境,导致热岛效应出现,这与城市化进程的内在规律基本一致。绵阳等城市的研究成果表明,即使城市规模扩大,只要城市规划科学合理,并注重城市生态环境的保护,城市热岛效应也能得到有效缓解。     

基于土地利用的三维景观格局指数变化分析

由于传统二维景观格局指数未考虑地形特征对景观格局指数的影响,为进一步研究地形结构对景观格局指数的影响,以重庆主城区为研究对象,利用ENVI5.2、ArcGIS10.5、Fragstats4.2平台,对重庆主城区不同城市化阶段的Landsat影像数据进行土地利用变化和三维景观格局分析.结果表明,2008-2018年研究区...     

The Relationship of Urban Expansion,Landscape Patterns and Ecological Processes in Denizli,Turkey

Perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage and attrition in ecosystems take place due to urbanization. In this study, where and when temporal and spatial heterogeneity occurs is tried to be explained by taking human intervention in landscape pattern and processes in and around the city of Denizli into account and how this heterogeneity affects habitat conditions within the scope of landscape ecology. Landscape pattern metrics were estimated in order to reveal the change in habitats and present the properties of the landscape. 30 pattern indicators on class and pattern levels, which are important to show human–environment interaction, were analyzed in order to indicate the features of the landscape such as area, side, shape and dispersion. To this end, LANDSAT TM/7–ETM/8-OLI satellite images of 1987 and 2013 were classified for laying the foundations of the analysis. Analyses showed that between 1987 and 2013, complicated shape features, increase in edge habitats, de-growth in core areas and eventually fragmentation in landscape have been dominant. Heterogenic structure in landscape has increased. This points not to the self-functioning of the landscape, but to the domination of human intervention over the landscape. Particularly, due to urban growth and sprawl, fragmentation, isolation and habitat loss in croplands have increased. This study sets forth the usefulness of remote sensing, GIS and landscape metrics in understanding how urban dynamics and ecosystems change in developing urban politics.     

漯河市近40年土地利用及景观格局变化特征研究

本文以河南省漯河市为例,以遥感解译的漯河市近40年来土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS叠置分析、土地利用转移矩阵等空间分析方法,结合景观格局指标,研究其改革开放以来土地利用及景观格局变化特征,为优化土地资源配置及科学的城市规划提供依据。结果表明:(1)1980年至2015年间漯河城镇用地面积呈显著增加趋势,扩张主要占用耕地;(2)林地和农村居民点用地总体呈增加趋势,2000年来其他建设用地面积迅速增加;(3)漯河市各景观类型总体呈平衡发展态势,耕地优势度有所下降,建设用地优势度不断上升;(4)人口增长与经济发展、交通条件改善及政府政策变动是影响漯河市土地利用变化和景观格局演变的主要因素。     

Analysing urban dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images in the case of a mountain area,Sinaia (Romania)

The purpose of this study is to produce an analysis of the urban expansion in the case of a mountain resort in the Romanian Carpathians through the integration of different cartographic and ancillary material in the remote sensing imagery processing. The spatial pattern analysis of the changes underwent by the urban landscape was based on multi-temporal information sources, covering 28 years, which highlighted the major turning points in landscape evolution, meaning industrial development under the communist production planning and residential expansion in recent years. To fully exploit the combination of satellite image processing in IDRISI, the manual image classification and database interrogation in ArcGis, we used a uniform grid, representing a set of vector data for each year available from the Landsat image archive. The image comparison was completed by using appropriate quantitative techniques. In conclusion the urban landscape evolution was linked to the socio-economic context. At a historic scale the main phenomenon identified is the concentration of mass tourism facilities, located in contiguity to a protected area, a situation reflected in the constant fragmentation of surfaces covered with vegetation at the urban fringe. In the digital earth science, the interplay between mountain ecosystems and human activities encompasses a key role in the management of viable mountain landscapes.     

城市热岛空间格局及其变化的图形信息特征分析

热岛效应是城市化进程中产生的特有环境问题。基于Landsat TM/ETM+（1989、2001、2007、2013年）遥感影像完成哈尔滨地面亮温定量反演、标准化和等级划分等处理,并分析城市热岛空间分布特征和时空演变规律。基于地学信息图谱理论,定量分析24 a间热岛效应图谱信息变化特征,探究城市热岛格局的时空演变进程和形成机制,揭示城市化进程与热岛效应之间的响应关系。结果表明,随着哈尔滨城市化进程加速,4级热岛效应呈递增趋势,面积比例分别为4.36%、5.69%、6.29%和7.12%,主要分布在道外区和铁路沿线地带;植被和水体区域的地面温度较低,其边缘温度更低;反复变化型面积最大,后期变化型面积最小,面积比例分别为33.30%和7.30%。地学信息图谱分析可为城市热岛效应随城市化演变趋势提供准确、丰富的信息,对全面分析城市热岛的形成和发展具有重要的意义。     

地理模拟优化系统(GeoSOS)及其在地理国情分析中的应用

第一次全国地理国情普查工作已基本完成,需要对所获取的地理国情监测数据进行空间统计分析,以得到地理国情的时空分布模式、演变规律及发展趋势,形成地理国情信息和知识。地理国情监测生成的基础数据源,可用于土地资源集约利用、城乡及城市群协调发展、生态环境保护等问题的空间智能决策分析,但目前有效的模拟分析工具还比较缺乏。笔者提出的地理模拟优化系统(GeoSOS)理论框架,耦合了地理过程模拟预测和空间优化,为上述研究提供了有利的理论支持和实用工具。为进一步方便与GIS进行无缝的链接,本文提出了基于ArcGIS插件的GeoSOS以方便进行高效的地理模拟分析。并以快速城市化地区的城市扩张与生态保护研究为例,通过在地理国情信息分析中的应用,得到了一些重要的发现。模拟结果显示,按照现在的发展趋势,广东省优化开发区域在2020年其土地开发强度将超出规定的约束指标,并发现各区域均存在大量城乡建设用地占用生态保护压力等级高和较高地块的现象,而基于土地开发强度和生态保护双重约束的城镇化扩张能够在满足约束指标的同时获得更紧凑的景观格局。表明GeoSOS及其ArcGIS插件可以成为地理国情信息分析的有利工具,并给出了今后需解决的问题和发展方向。     

海上丝绸之路超大城市空间扩展遥感监测与分析

以海上丝绸之路沿线的11个超大城市为例,基于长时间序列的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI和HJ-1卫星CCD数据,利用基于面向对象的支持向量机SVM(Support Vector Machine)分类方法提取20世纪70年代到2015年的城市不透水层,并结合景观格局指数—最大斑块指数LPI(Largest Patch Index)、斑块密度PD(Patch Density)和欧几里得最邻近距离ENN(Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance)分析了超大城市的发展模式。研究结果表明:基于面向对象的SVM分类方法能够高效提取城市不透水层;平均总精度高于87.9%,平均Kappa系数高于0.87;过去40余年,各超大城市的面积扩张了4—13倍,中国和印度的超大城市扩张最快,广州、上海超过12倍;各城市以"中心—边缘"或"沿海—内陆"的方向扩张,表现为"扩散—聚集—再扩散"的扩张模式;总体来看,沿线的城市化进程仍处于上升期。本研究为建设"21世纪海上丝绸之路"提供了科学依据,对当地生态环境保护和新型城镇化建设具有重要意义。     

2000-2016年中国地级以上城市高精度城区边界遥感提取及时空扩展分析

城区边界和城区面积是城镇化的重要表征和扩展分析的基础。然而城区边界存在概念和提取标准不统一、精度较低、可比性较差等问题。为此,提出了基于高分辨率影像和地理信息资料辅助的城区半自动化提取方法,充分利用高分辨率影像上的城市景观特征、先验地理信息知识和一系列标准规则,以得到精度高、一致性强的数据。以中国337个地级以上城市为研究区,采用该方法得到了2000年、2005年、2010年、2016年4期城区边界成果,并开展了城区时空扩展及用地效率等相关分析。结果表明:①16年间城区扩展迅速,城区主要集中分布在东部和中部,东西部地区差异大;②城市用地效率与城镇化发展水平显著相关,城区扩展以外延型为主;③大多城市城区扩展超前于人口增长,少量城市城区扩展滞后于人口增长;④城区扩展以占用耕地为主。     

京津冀城市群1990—2015年城区时空扩展监测与分析

城区作为城镇化表征的重要指标,在城镇化时空扩展分析中有着重要的意义。然而,目前城区边界存在相关概念混杂导致对其认识缺乏统一、划定标准和数据来源缺乏一致性、遥感监测所用影像分辨率较低、以建设用地（不透水面）替代城区等问题。针对上述问题,参考住房和城乡建设部的建成区概念和城区地域分布范围,充分挖掘高分辨率遥感影像展现的城市景观和形态等空间可视化特征,从城市实际建设完成情况出发,本文提出了基于高分辨率影像和地理信息资料辅助的城区半自动化提取方法。获取了京津冀城市群153个县级以上城市的1990、2002、2015年的遥感影像、多元地理信息参考资料,开展了该区域的城区边界提取,并从时空扩展过程、城区空间形态及结构变化、城区扩展协调性、城区扩展占用土地类型4个方面对京津冀城市群1/4世纪的城镇化过程进行了统计分析。提出的技术方法和监测分析结果对于城镇化发展监测和城市规划实施评估具有重要的参考价值。     

泉州市城市扩展的遥感监测及其城市化核分析

以泉州市为研究区,采用仿归一化植被指数(NDBI)和监督分类法对1989年和2000年的TM/ETM⁺图像进行城市空间信息提取,分析了城市空间扩展的趋势,探索出泉州市是以乡镇企业为城市化核来进行城市化过程的     

一种基于地理探测器的城镇扩展影响机理分析法

城市化是全球范围内普遍存在的重要现象,尤其发展中国家和地区正经历着快速城市化的过程。快速城市化导致了城市地区的大规模扩张,从而加重了土地资源的压力,带来了一系列的环境和社会问题。定量分析城镇扩展的空间驱动力能更好地辅助城市规划与管理。本文提出了一种量化城镇扩展的指数——城镇扩展密度,并通过地理探测器方法分析了1990—2000年北京市城镇扩展的时空特征及形成机理。研究表明:北京市城镇扩展沿交通干线呈线性扩张,其城镇扩展受到社会经济和地理的共同影响和制约作用,城镇固定资产投资对城镇扩展影响力最大,区域条件次之。这些发现可以为城镇扩展模拟和预测提供更好的改进空间。     

多时相Landsat影像的平原河网区不透水面信息提取方法与应用

不透水面是衡量城市生态环境的重要指标,针对平原河网区不透水面与水体、裸土等地物较难区分的问题,以苏北里下河平原快速城镇化区为研究对象,利用多时相Landsat影像为数据源,基于像元光谱特征及其季节性变化分析,构建了基于时序NDWI、NDVI和NDBI的决策树模型,并利用GIS空间分析技术对不透水面的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：多时相光谱信息可有效改善水体、裸土和稀疏植被等像元与不透水面的混分,2005年和2016年的不透水面分类总体精度和Kappa系数均在0.85以上,合理反映了不透水面以向东和向南扩张为主的趋势特征,年均扩张速度约为6.7 km²。研究成果为该区城镇化下的生态环境效应研究提供数据基础,同时可为其他平原河网区不透水面信息提供借鉴和参考。