青海柴达木地区野生胡杨叶的形态解剖学研究

采用常规石蜡切片法,对青海柴达木地区野生胡杨叶的形态和解剖结构进行了观察和分析,探讨野生胡杨在解剖学方面适应干旱的机理。结果表明,该地区的野生胡杨叶具有明显的旱生结构特点。具体表现为:叶片厚,不等面叶;上下均由两层细胞构成复表皮,具有较厚的表皮细胞外壁与角质层;气孔下陷;具有不整齐的维管束鞘细胞,主脉韧皮纤维发达,含较多的粘液细胞;栅栏组织发达,细胞小,排列紧密;叶肉细胞含有两种结晶体——棱晶和簇晶。     

芦苇形态结构对黄河三角洲不同生境的响应

植物的形态结构总是与环境相适应。采用光学显微技术和环境扫描电镜技术对黄河三角洲新生湿地河口区和内陆区两种生境下芦苇(Phragmites australis)根解剖结构、叶片解剖和超微结构进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,芦苇叶片和根的形态结构与生态环境有关;两种生境下,芦苇叶片上表皮均有明显泡状细胞群分布,芦苇上下表皮均有气孔分布,且下陷;在河口区,芦苇叶片维管束鞘细胞近上表皮处有较大程度延伸,下表皮处常延伸至近表皮,呈开放状态,叶片表面常有蜡质覆盖;在内陆区,芦苇叶片维管束鞘细胞较大,有的为两层;此外,河口区芦苇根的中皮层细胞分化为明显的通气组织,内皮层凯氏带明显,而内陆区芦苇根的中皮层细胞排列规则,呈辐射状。芦苇在适应不同生境时其形态结构所发生的变化是不同的。叶片维管束鞘细胞的延伸、表皮被蜡质和根中通气组织、凯氏带等结构是芦苇适应河口区盐胁迫的结果;而叶片维管束鞘细胞增大、细胞层数增加和根的中皮层细胞辐射状排列是芦苇适应干旱胁迫的结果。     

鄂尔多斯半日花居群间营养器官的解剖学研究

对鄂尔多斯半日花不同居群间营养器官进行解剖学比较和分析,发现它们都具明显的旱生植物特征。但是由于其生境不同,叶表现为宽叶与细叶两种类型生长于沟边坡下较湿润环境的植株的叶较宽,一般不反卷,称其为宽叶型;生长于干燥阳坡上较干旱环境的植株的叶较窄,常反卷为针形,称其为细叶型。宽叶型的叶比细叶型的叶宽、长、厚,但角质层比细叶型薄,表皮毛比细叶型少,外切向壁不加厚,叶肉有栅栏组织和海绵组织的区别,上表皮气孔不下陷,由大型薄壁细胞形成维管束鞘。细叶型的叶上表皮气孔强烈下陷,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织的区别,由木质化或栓质化细胞形成维管束鞘。同时,将鄂尔多斯半日花与其他几种旱生、中生植物叶的解剖特征进行了比较,其解剖学特征基本同其他几种旱生植物。     

中国荒漠C4木本植物和土壤无机固碳研究回顾与展望

碳是贯穿自然和社会的首要元素之一,碳循环是自然和社会系统的重要纽带。陆地生态系统的自然固碳途径有2种,一种是植物碳同化,另一种是土壤碳同化,人们一直关注植物的有机固碳,对于土壤的无机固碳重视不够。本文回顾了中国荒漠区固碳能力强的C₄木本植物和土壤无机固碳研究进展。通过解剖结构观察、δ¹³C值和气体交换特征全面分析得出,荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）为典型的C₄木本植物,梭梭同化枝有大量的含晶细胞,沙拐枣同化枝有大量的黏液细胞。干旱区荒漠的非生物固碳能力至今缺乏合理解释。通过对戈壁、沙漠和壤质荒漠土壤无机碳密度和碳储量分析,提出了土壤碳同化（soil carbon assimilation）概念,并给出了土壤碳同化途径的3个阶段,解释了土壤无机固碳这一现象;与植物碳同化比较,土壤碳同化是荒漠固碳的主要途径。最后,展望了荒漠C₄木本植物和土壤碳同化的研究方向及对中国2060年前实现碳中和目标的可能贡献。     

3个地理种群蒙古沙拐枣同化枝解剖结构及抗旱性比较

按自然降水梯度沿河西走廊从东到西选择3个地理种群蒙古沙拐枣为研究对象,采用常规石蜡切片方法和光学显微镜观察的方法对同化枝解剖结构进行比较分析。测定了同化枝直径、细胞角质化外壁厚等15个抗旱性结构指标,并进行方差分析和相关性分析以及主成分分析,采用隶属函数对不同种群抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：研究的同化枝都具有典型的旱生结构,这是植物长期适应干旱环境的结果;其中14个指标在各种群间的差异极显著;筛选出了4项具有代表性的旱性结构指标——细胞角质化外壁厚、气室径向长、皮下纤维簇数/直径以及小维管束个数/直径。对蒙古沙拐枣抗旱性进行综合评价得出,3个地理种群随着水分条件的降低其抗旱性增强,抗旱性大小顺序为酒泉>张掖>武威。     

基于叶片微形态结构评价10种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物的抗旱特征

以中国西北荒漠地区的10种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物的叶片为对象,通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观察,选择叶片厚度、气孔密度、绒毛盖度、角质层厚度等10项叶片结构指标对叶肉细胞解剖结构和表皮微形态结构进行了研究,探究10种锦鸡儿对干旱环境的适应特征,并用层次聚类分析法进行分类和模糊数学隶属函数值法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明:10种锦鸡儿在长期适应各自生境的过程中,叶片表面微形态结构和叶肉细胞结构均表现出明显的适应特征。10种锦鸡儿属植物的叶片形态结构适应特征聚为3类,第1类主要特征是气孔、叶片厚度和表皮细胞厚度大,绒毛盖度和叶片组织结构紧密度小;第2类是绒毛盖度较大,栅栏组织厚度和叶片组织结构紧密度小;第3类是栅栏组织厚度和叶片组织结构紧密度大,气孔、角质层厚度、叶片厚度和表皮细胞厚度小。根据隶属函数值,10种锦鸡儿属植物的抗旱性由大到小排列的顺序为卷叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>短脚锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿>中间锦鸡儿>红花锦鸡儿>鬼箭锦鸡儿>刺叶锦鸡儿。     

香菇草匍匐茎及叶结构对不同水湿生境的生态适应性

香菇草Hydrocotylevulgaris原产北美和欧洲,作为水景植物引入我国并在长江以南地区广泛应用,目前局部地区已出现入侵态势。为探讨香菇草的入侵机制,设置水生、湿生、旱生水分梯度,采用形态解剖学方法研究了香菇草匍匐茎、叶解剖结构对水分变化的适应。结果表明:随着生境水分含量的降低,香菇草叶片表皮气孔缩小,气孔指数增加,上、下表皮细胞厚度和栅栏组织厚度增加,海绵组织和叶片厚度减小,不同生境下香菇草叶可塑性指数强弱依次为:水生型旱生型湿生型。匍匐茎直径、髓直径和薄壁组织厚度随着水分含量的降低先增大后减小,气孔长度减小,维管束和导管数量逐渐增加,匍匐茎可塑性指数强弱依次为:水生型湿生型旱生型。3种生境下香菇草匍匐茎和叶可塑性指数总平均值大小排序为:水生型旱生型湿生型。香菇草匍匐茎和叶片的解剖结构变化显示其对水生及干旱环境具有良好的适应性,其结构变化趋势取决于环境的水分条件。     

神农架大九湖湿地维管束植物多样性及区系研究

植物多样性及其区系组成研究是反映区域生态系统结构及其生态状况的重要手段之一。以神农架大九湖湿地为研究对象,分析了其植物物种组成、优势植物种群及植物区系。结果表明:大九湖湿地维管束植物共52科140属201种,其中种子植物47科134属194种,外来入侵植物4科7属7种。草本植物群落类型主要以湿生植物群落为主,有苔草(Carex)群落、白车轴草(Trifolium repens)群落和地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis)群落等,占群落总数的59.60%。优势植物种有地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis)、阿齐苔草(Carex argyi)、灯心草(Juncus effusus)等,是组成该区域湿地植物群落的主要物种。植物区系主要有12个分布类型及4个变型,以温带分布为主,并含有一定的热带地理成分。     

地下水埋深对胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶片形态结构和水力导度的影响

植物光合器官形态解剖结构对叶片水力导度(Kleaf)有一定指示作用。对塔里木河下游4个地下水埋深下胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶片形态解剖结构和叶片最大水力导度(Kleaf-max)分析结果显示:(1)胡杨叶片具有明显的旱生结构特点。叶片较厚,等叶面,复表皮,栅栏组织发达,排列紧密,叶肉细胞中含有两种结晶体——棱晶和簇晶,叶脉密集,气孔下陷。(2)随着地下水埋深的增大,胡杨叶片厚度(LT)、表层厚度(ET)、栅栏组织厚度(PT)、栅海比(栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度,PT/ST)、叶脉密度(LVD)、主脉导管直径(MVD)、气孔密度(SD)、Kleaf-max都出现显著增加趋势,气孔面积(SA)则呈显著减小趋势,表明胡杨叶片在受到水分胁迫下通过改变形态解剖结构和水分传输效率来适应干旱。(3)胡杨叶片Kleaf-max值与LT、ET、PT、PT/ST、LVD、MVD、SD有着极显著的正相关关系(P0.01),与SA存在极显著的负相关关系(P0.01),这表明胡杨叶片具有的形态解剖结构特征,是其叶片水力传导能力变化的基础。     

沙米淀粉的结构及理化特性研究进展

苋科藜亚科植物沙蓬（Agriophyllum squarrosum）是一种未来作物。沙蓬种子俗称沙米,含有丰富的蛋白质、必需氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质。淀粉占沙米粒重的43.85%以上。沙米淀粉颗粒为球形,表面光滑,平均粒径约1μm,晶体结构为A型。沙米原生淀粉糊化黏度和糊化焓较高,热稳定性较好。湿热和超声处理后的沙米淀粉颗粒变粗糙,仍能保持A型晶型,糊化温度变高,热焓值降低,慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉含量增加。沙米淀粉的结构和理化特性、功能属性及改性后的变化特征是沙米在食品及其他行业中综合开发利用的理论依据。     

西部中国沙棘叶片稳定碳同位素组成的空间特征及其气候意义

分析了西部中国沙棘（Hippophate rhamnoides sinensis）叶片稳定碳同位素组成特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,中国沙棘叶片δ13C值在-30.40‰~-24.91‰之间变化,平均值约为-27.62‰,属于C3植物。随纬度和经度的升高,中国沙棘叶片δ13C值明显升高,而随海拔的升高而降低,具有明显的空间分布特征。中国沙棘叶片δ13C值与温度没有明显的关系,随蒸发量和日照时间的升高而升高,随降水量的升高有降低趋势,具有明显的气候意义。表明中国沙棘具有较高的水分利用效率,水分是控制中国沙棘δ13C值变化或生长的主导因子。     

Stable carbon isotope ratios in lake and swamp sediments as a proxy for prehistoric forest clearance and crop cultivation in the Neotropics

Close correspondence between stable carbon isotope ratios ( ¹³ C), pollen, and charcoal profiles in sediment cores from Laguna Zoncho and Machita swamp, Costa Rica, shows that prehistoric forest clearance and crop cultivation can be detected in the stable carbon isotope ratios of total organic carbon ( ¹3C _TOC ). Analyses of δ 13C _TOC complement evidence from pollen, charcoal, and phytoliths and provide a proxy that is sensitive to the intensity and/or proximity to core sites of prehistoric forest clearance and agriculture in watersheds. Stable carbon isotope analyses are particularly useful in situations in which other evidence of forest clearance and agriculture is limited.     

Isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in desert fauna: investigations into the effects of diet, physiology, and seasonality

Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of bone apatite were measured in 14 endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates native to the Chihuahuan Desert and collected in June and July of 1999 and 2000. The δ⁸O values of most reptiles were very high, up to 44‰ (standard mean ocean water (SMOW), some of the highestδ¹⁸ O values ever measured for an animal. The δ¹⁸O values of rodents and birds were lower (32±5‰ vSMOW), and the earless lizard Holbrookia maculata were the lowest of all species analysed (25‰). Omnivorous grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus) had lower δ¹⁸O values than granivorous rodents. Results from oxygen analysis likely reflect variation in diet and body water flux differences between endotherms and ectotherms. Carbon isotope analysis revealed a dramatic shift in diet from C₃ plants in 1999 to C₄ plants in 2000 in most rodents and birds. Kangaroo rats and reptiles did not change, having a constantδ¹³ C value indicative of a C₃-based diet in both years. This suggests reliance on winter annual plant seed caches for kangaroo rats, but not other rodents. The carbon isotope data can be explained in terms of seasonal differences within and between years in the timing and intensity of the seasonal rainfall events, and the productivity of summer and winter annual plants. This study illustrates that stable isotope analysis is a powerful method for tracking dietary change and feeding behavior in desert vertebrates.     

四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组雷三、雷四段盐岩沉积环境与成因研究

四川盆地雷口坡组大量钻井资料揭示中三叠统雷口坡组主要成盐期分别为雷三2期和雷四2期。岩性组合特征、沉积环境研究表明,在川中的平昌—南充—遂宁一带发育雷三2期浓缩盐膏质蒸发泻湖微相,在川中-川西地区的南部—盐亭—成都—邛崃地区发育雷四2期盐膏湖盆微相。两期盐岩差异主要表现是,雷三2期时,盆地处于频繁的海进、海退过程中,沉积环境变化较快,成盐环境相对开放,盐盆往往多次蒸发浓缩、补给、淡化,海水表现出接近或者达到盐岩沉积浓度,其间往往夹杂石膏和云质团块沉积。雷四2期时,四川盆地处于持续的海退蒸发期,蒸发量远远大于补给量,海水以蒸发浓缩为主,海水表现为超过石盐沉积浓度,沉积石盐中夹杂卤石,局部地区钾含量极高。     

210Pb ex示踪法技术原理及其在土壤侵蚀中的应用

土壤侵蚀是全球性的环境问题之一,严重威胁到资源、环境和社会经济的可持续发展。应用核素示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀已成为当前该领域研究热点,它体现出了很多的优越性,并在今后研究中有着广阔的应用前景。介绍了~(210)Pb_(ex)的示踪原理,概述了~(210)Pb_(ex)在土壤侵蚀示踪研究中存在的关键性问题及其应用,并对其研究进行了展望。     

沉淀法采集天然水中14C样品的试验研究

本文叙述了沉淀法采集天然水中¹⁴C样品的方法。     

Late glacial environment and climate development in northeastern China derived from geochemical and isotopic investigations of the varved sediment record from Lake Sihailongwan (Jilin Province)

Total organic carbon (TOC) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, stable nitrogen isotope (δ¹⁵N) and stable organic carbon isotope (δ¹³C_org) ratios were continuously analysed on a high resolution sediment profile from Lake Sihailongwan (SHL), covering the time span between 16,500 and 9,500 years BP. Strong variations of the investigated proxy parameters are attributed to great climatic fluctuations during the investigated time period. Variations in organic carbon isotope ratios and the ratio of TOC/TN (C/N ratio) are discussed with respect to changing proportions of different organic matter (OM) sources to bulk sedimentary OM. Phases of high TOC content, high TN content, depleted δ¹³C_org values and high δ¹⁵N values are interpreted as times with increased productivity of lacustrine algae in relation to input of terrigenous organic matter. Two distinct phases of enriched nitrogen isotope ratios from 14,200 to 13,700 and 11,550 to 11,050 years BP point towards a reduced phytoplankton discrimination against ¹⁵N due to a diminished dissolved inorganic nitrogen pool. The combination of geochemical (TOC, TN, C/N ratio) and isotopic (δ¹³C_org, δ¹⁵N) proxy parameters points to a division of climate development into four stages. A cold and dry stage before 14,200 years BP, a warm optimum stage with high phytoplankton productivity from 14,200 to 12,450 BP, a colder and drier stage from 12,450 to 11,600 BP and a stage of climatic amelioration with high variability in TOC and TN contents after 11,600 BP. These results are discussed in relation to monsoon variability and Northern Hemisphere climate development of the late glacial.     

14C测定年代报告(一)

本文介绍了应用碳化理(Li₂C₂)法进行化学制样测定¹⁴C年代获得成功的试验.抑制鋰的升华作用是成功的关键.文中提出了改革鋰反应器冷却装置的根据和方案.试验结果是令人满意的.从CO₂到C₂H₂的转化中碳的收率高达98%(而S_tC₂法为70%左右).本文发表了40个¹⁴C年代数据,其中4个进行了互校对比,一致性很好.     

Chemical weathering and CO2 consumption in the Xijiang River basin, South China

Monthly samples of riverine water were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of major ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻), dissolved silicon, and total dissolved solids (TDS) at Wuzhou hydrological station located between the middle and lower reaches of the Xijiang River (XJR) from March 2005 to April 2006. More frequent sampling and analysis were carried out during the catastrophic flooding in June 2005. Stoichiometric analysis was applied for tracing sources of major ions and estimating CO₂ consumption from the chemical weathering of rocks. The results demonstrate that the chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks within the drainage basin is the main source of the dissolved chemical substances in the XJR. Some 81.20% of the riverine cations originated from the chemical weathering processes induced by carbonic acid, 11.32% by sulfuric acid, and the other 7.48% from the dissolution of gypsum and precipitates of sea salts within the drainage basin. The CO₂ flux consumed by the rock chemical weathering within the XJR basin is 2.37 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1, of which 0.64 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1 results from silicate rock chemical weathering, and 1.73 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1 results from carbonate rock chemical weathering. The CO₂ consumption comprises 0.38 × 10¹¹ mol during the 9-d catastrophic flooding. The CO₂ consumption from rock chemical weathering in humid subtropical zones regulates atmospheric CO₂ level and constitutes a significant part of the global carbon budget. The carbon sink potential of rock chemical weathering processes in the humid subtropical zones deserves extra attention.     

Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of different strains ofArtemia sp

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios have been determined on 41 strains ofArtemia sp. from different geographic regions around the world. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values ranged between −13.7 to−25.0 per mil and −0.7 to 21.2 per mil respectively.Artemia δ¹³C values from coastal environments are consistent with a marine origin for the food sourceArtemia from inland salt lakes have a range of carbon isotope values suggesting C₃, C₄ and CAM based organic matter could form the base of theArtemia food chain. These data indicate thatArtemia having a wide range of carbon and nitrogen isotope values are available for tropho-dynamic research studies that quantify the effect of respired CO₂ on tissue and CaCO₃ shell¹³C/¹²C ratios. Such stable isotope variation also suggests that stable isotope fingerprinting remains a viable technique for identifying specificArtemia collection sites.