A SeaMARC II survey of recent submarine volcanism near Easter Island

SeaMARC II side-scan sonar data reveal that a large area of seafloor north and west of Easter Island has been disrupted by recent submarine volcanism. A large volcanic area begins approximately 60 km WNW of the island and extends for over 130 km to the west. The volcanic field is characterized by high backscatter intensity in the side-scan sonar records and is elevated 400–1000 m above the N-S seafloor fabric that surrounds it. This field, the Abu Volcanic Field, covers at least 2500 km² and appears to consist of recent lava flows and small volcanoes. Backscatter intensity of the Abu Volcanic Field is similar to that of the adjacent ridge flank which is less than 0.4 Ma, suggesting a similar age for its formation. Two additional areas of high backscatter immediately north of Easter Island cover a combined area of over 300 km². The sidescan sonar records show that these features are clearly of volcanic origin and are not debris flows from the nearby island. The flows are nearly 300 m thick and are morphologically similar to subaerial pahoehoe lava shields. Their high backscatter indicates that they are also the products of relatively recent submarine volcanic activity. The presence of these large areas of recent volcanism in the vicinity of Easter Island has important implications for the various models that have been proposed to explain the origin of the Easter Seamount Chain. In addition, the similar ages of Easter Island and the Easter Microplate suggest that the presence of a hotspot near or beneath this fast-spreading portion of the East Pacific Rise about 4.5 m.y. ago may have initiated the large-scale rift propagation that created the microplate.     

大嵛山岛海域浮游植物的生态

本文鉴定了1990年5、8、11月和1991年2月采自福建大存山岛海域的48价浮游植物样品，记录浮游植物115种，其中蓝藻2种、硅藻90种、甲藻22种和金藻1种。其月平均细胞总量为89．54×104个／m3。年高峰出现于春季5月，达236．65×104个／m3，次高峰为夏季8月，达113．19×104个／m3，最低谷出现在冬季2月，仅有3．75×104个／m3。     

南日岛周围海域浮游植物的分布

南日岛1990～1991年4个季度月共鉴定浮游植物200种（包括变种、变型），隶属5门64属，硅藻种类最多，其次是甲藻；暖水性种65种，广温性种120种，温带种15种；年平均数量为263．15×104个／m3，5月最多为869．61×104个／m3，8、10月及1月依次减少。主要优势种有细齿角利藻、奇异菱形藻、中肋骨条藻、佛氏海毛藻等。文章初步分析了浮游植物与环境因子的关系。     

厦门岛周围海域浮游植物的种类组成及丰度

厦门岛周围海域浮游植物４个季度月（１９９０年２－１１月）的调查结果表明：本海区被鉴定到种的浮游植物共１４１种，其中硅藻门１２５种，是浮游植物的主要门类。在数量组成中占绝对优势的有中肋骨条藻（６２．８７％）和旋链角刺藻（１７．５７％）。中肋骨条的密集区在河港湾，旋链角刺则在沿岸；浮游植物细胞总量和种类数的季节分布，年高峰在夏季，次高峰是春季；４季合计河口区的种类最多。文中还与１９８９年西海域浮游植物     

Numerical study of the marine breeze around Mallorca Island

A study of marine breezes and their impact on the wave field around Mallorca Island was carried out by numerical simulations with the spectral wave model SWAN and three different wind fields: WRF – Weather Research and Forecasting model, HIRLAM – High Resolution Limited Area model and ECMWF – European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The main characteristics of the modelled breeze circulation and its effects on the wave field are analyzed. The modified wave field under breeze conditions and the correlations with their variability and daily short life time period are studied and discussed by analyzing the spectral balance. The results show that the accuracy of a wave forecast will depend on the quality of the wind field and its ability to simulate the sea breeze induced waves. The study period covers the summers of 2009 and 2010. In addition, to assess the performance of SWAN forced with two different winds the numerically obtained significant wave heights (Hs) are collocated against the ENVISAT-ESA's Environmental Satellite measurements (GLOBWAVE data) of Hs around the Mallorca Island.     

海洋测绘进展评述

随着数字海洋基础框架的构建,我国海洋测绘发生了历史性的变革,进入了以数字式测量为主体、以计算机技术为支撑、以3S技术为代表的新阶段。以岸基、舰船、飞机和卫星为平台的立体测量框架及综合要素探测,已成为海洋测绘的主要模式。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁的发育过程及其与气候的对应关系

涠洲岛位于热带北缘,对珊瑚生长而言其纬度相对偏高,冬季低温是制约其珊瑚生长和珊瑚礁发育的关键因素。重建涠洲岛珊瑚礁发育的过程,对于了解珊瑚对过去气候的响应以及预测珊瑚礁的发育趋势等具有重要科学意义。以涠洲岛珊瑚礁钻孔（GS-3）为材料,利用高精度铀系测年技术测定珊瑚年龄,建立涠洲岛珊瑚礁发育的年代框架;通过粒度、生物组分、矿物成分分析揭示了其物质组成。结果显示,GS-3岩芯5.57 m处的珊瑚铀系年代为3737±17 aBP（相对于公元1950年）,基于此年代计算的珊瑚礁平均发育速率为1.49 m/ka。在3737～2476、2288～1191以及325 aBP以来涠洲岛珊瑚礁快速发育,其发育速率分别为2.21、1.13及1.85 m/ka;在2476～2288、1191～325 aBP珊瑚礁缓慢发育,发育速率分别为0.64、0.48 m/ka。沉积物的生物组分主要为珊瑚、珊瑚藻和软体动物;矿物成分主要为文石和石英。基于珊瑚礁发育速率与气候背景的关系对比,得出涠洲岛珊瑚礁快速发育阶段与全新世大暖期后期、罗马暖期以及现代暖期大致对应;缓慢发育阶段与降温期、黑暗时代冷期后期、中世纪气候异常期、小冰期前期大致对应。总体来看,相对高纬度的涠洲岛珊瑚礁的发育快慢受气候冷暖所调控,暖期的气候有利于珊瑚生长和珊瑚礁发育,冷期珊瑚礁发育慢。     

西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物的环境质量评价

根据2009-2017年9个航次对西沙永兴岛附近海域共6个站位的沉积物重金属监测结果,应用数理统计法估算了该区域7种重金属元素的背景值,分析了重金属的含量及年际变化,采用单因子标准指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其重金属含量进行了评价.结果表明:研究区域沉积物重金属具有低背景值,均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,沉积物质量为...     

台湾地区的海洋政策发展及其特点

台湾地区自1993年发布南海政策纲领以来,陆续发布了一系列海洋政策性文件.文章介绍了这些海洋政策的发布背景、主要内容,并总结了当前台湾地区海洋政策的特点,以期为海洋政策研究与发展提供参考.     

福建湄洲岛周围海域浮游动物的分布

根据１９９０年５月至１９９１年１月采自湄洲岛海域的浮游动物样品,鉴定出１０种终生浮游动物和１２类阶段性浮游幼体,桡足类的种类和数量在群落中均占优势。中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、中华假磷虾、肥胖箭虫和短尾类溲状幼体为主要优势种。海龙箭虫、拟经车浅室水母、针刺真浮莹等１０种,四季都有分布,本文还描述了总生物量,总个体和主要种类的分布,并对夏季浮游动物的分布与上升流的关系,以及总生物量季节纱明显进行了讨论     

国际海道测量发展新趋势

介绍了第18届国际海道测量大会概况,通过实地见闻,简要总结和展望了国际海道测量发展的新趋势。旨在对我国海洋测绘事业的发展提供借鉴和参考。     

海洋测量平面控制基准及其转换

在简要论述建立海洋测量平面控制基准研究目的和意义的基础上，提出利用国家高精度GPS大地控制网扩展我国海洋测量平面控制基准的基本设想。在此基础上，进一步研究了不同坐标系统转换模型的理论和方法。最后，利用我国实际观测数据，按不同转换方法分别解算出了各类转换模型的待求参数，其中包括适用于全国范围的区域性转换参数和适用于我国沿岸的局部性转换参数，初步建立起了符合我国实际情况的海洋测量平面控制基准。     

东山岛周围海域各类水母的分布

本文分析了１９９０年春至１９９１年冬采自东山岛周围海域的浮游动物样本。共鉴定６０种水线，水螅水母类在种数和数量上的均占优势。拟细浅室水母，球型侧腕水母和半口壮丽水母为优势种。     

基于机载与高分遥感数据的连云港市东西连岛周边围填海分析

针对连云港市东西连岛周边海域近几年围填海的建设,使用2012年无人机影像、历史航空影像和高分一号卫星影像,应用遥感影像解译和信息提取技术,提取了2009年、2012年和2013年的围填海信息,并分别开展了2009年~2012年和2012年~2013年两个时段的围填海遥感监测与分析。结果显示:2009年~2012年间围填海面积为6.3852 km2,以围海为主,围填海主要分布在连云港港口东部区域;2012年~2013年间,均为填海,面积为0.2581 km2,主要分布在连云港港口内部。     

Hydrography and phytoplankton of waters off south-west Ireland

Distributions of physical, chemical and biological characteristics were recorded for coastal waters off south-west Ireland during the summers of 1985–1987. A number of thermal fronts were identified from both shipboard measurements and satellite imagery. Upwelling was shown to be an important process in the area and enhanced phytoplankton biomass and productivity were associated with areas of upwelling and the fronts. Phytoplankton species composition, although varying between cruises, was associated with differences in hydrographic features.     

海洋测绘信息处理新技术

着重对当前海洋测绘信息处理技术的几个研究热点进行了介绍,内容包括海陆基准的统一、海洋遥感图像的精校正、卫星测高和遥感测深技术,并对海洋测量信息处理与多元化表示作了简要的讨论。     

舟山海域风暴潮特征及数值模拟研究

选择20个对舟山海域有较大影响的历史台风案例,开展定海站实测潮位数据的分析与归纳,总结得出20个台风中风暴潮过程增水最大值为5612号台风的207.1 cm,风暴潮高潮位最大值为9711号台风的283.7 cm。同时,在三维斜压水动力模型SELFE的基础上加入台风气压场和风场模块,建立了一个采用非结构三角形网格的天文潮-风暴潮耦合模型,模拟表明定海站的斜压效应较为明显,非线性耦合作用相对较弱,但两潮耦合风暴潮增水结果仍优于风暴潮单因子增水结果,与实际增水更为接近。在此基础上,以一定间隔在5612号台风原路径南北两侧各设计了2条平行路径,分别模拟两潮耦合风暴潮增水,结果表明5612号台风参数沿其原路径偏南1个最大风速半径距离的S1路径运动时可模拟得到定海站可能最大风暴潮增水为243.9 cm。最后,在S1路径下模拟可能最大风暴潮增水分别遭遇天文高、中、低潮位时的风暴潮高潮位,结果表明天文潮高潮时可得到可能最大风暴潮高潮位约为400 cm,天文中潮时次之,而天文低潮时风暴潮高潮位最低。     

海域无缝垂直基准面表征和维持体系论证

论证了海域无缝垂直基准面的概念和体系结构,剖析了传统海洋测绘技术的垂直基准缝隙存在形式,分析了建立和维持无缝垂直基准面的技术背景,探讨了垂直基准面构建、维持和质量控制的技术方案,指出了构建和维持无缝垂直基准面是一个庞大的系统工程。     

Hydrography and circulation of the West Antarctic Peninsula Continental Shelf

The water mass structure and circulation of the continental shelf waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula are described from hydrographic observations made in March–May 1993. The observations cover an area that extends 900 km alongshore and 200 km offshore and represent the most extensive hydrographic data set currently available for this region. Waters above 100–150 m are composed of Antarctic Surface Water and its end member Winter Water. Below the permanent pycnocline is a modified version of Circumpolar Deep Water, which is a cooled and freshened version of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water. The distinctive signature of cold and salty water from the Bransfield Strait is found at some inshore locations, but there is little indication of significant exchange between Bransfield Strait and the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf. Dynamic topography at 200 m relative to 400 m indicates that the baroclinic circulation on the shelf is composed of a large, weak, cyclonic gyre, with sub-gyres at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the shelf. The total transport of the shelf gyre is 0.15 Sv, with geostrophic currents of order 0.01 m s^-1. A simple model that balances across-shelf diffusion of heat and salt from offshore Upper Circumpolar Deep Water with vertical diffusion of heat and salt across the permanent pycnocline into Winter Water is used to explain the formation of the modified Circumpolar Deep Water that is found on the shelf. Model results show that the observed thermohaline distributions across the shelf can be maintained with a coefficient of vertical diffusion of 10^-4 m² s^-1 and horizontal diffusion coefficients for heat and salt of 200 and 1200 m² s^-1, respectively. When the effects of double diffusion are included in the model, the required horizontal diffusion coefficients for heat and salt are 200 and 400 m² s^-1, respectively.     

环日本岛沿岸海平面长期变化特征与机制的研究

利用环日本岛沿岸38个验潮站连续36 a的实测水位资料,分析了环日本岛沿岸平均海平面的长期变化特征,结果表明平均海平面的异常变化在1984年前后发生较大转折,近20多年来主要呈现持续上升趋势,部分站位在1997年前后也有较明显的下降趋势,表明海平面的长期变化中存在较长周期的波动情况。通过对所有验潮站的日平均海平面序列进行平均,发现与西北太平洋SST异常变化呈正相关,相关系数为0.908;与太平洋年代际变化(PDO)指数呈负相关,相关系数为-0.6;与西北太平洋风旋度场的异常变化呈正相关,相关系数为0.402。结果表明环日本岛沿岸平均海平面的长期变化受到海水热膨胀效应、太平洋年代际变化以及风应力引起的海水堆积和流失等因素的影响。同时,发现从2000年开始西北太平洋的SST开始下降,而平均海平面仍然在持续上升,其上升原因还需作进一步研究与探讨。