三都澳油品泊位溢油风险对大黄鱼保护区影响的预测分析

为探讨福建宁德三都澳油品泊位码头溢油事故对大黄鱼保护区影响的发生途经、影响过程及影响方式,通过二维“油粒子”海域溢油风险评价模型,预测3#油品泊位码头前沿操作性泄漏和船舶航道泄漏在几种不利环境组合条件下的溢油风险影响行为,分析其溢油事故风险对大黄鱼保护区的影响后果.通过预测分析表明,3#油品泊位码头溢油事故对大黄鱼保护区海洋生态环境将产生极大不利影响,尤其是在大黄鱼保护区内发生溢油事故,将产生严重影响.因此,须对溢油事故采取防范措施和应急预案处理.     

厦门湾海上溢油风险的评估与分析

本文使用数理统计与概率的相关知识,并且根据厦门湾近几年进出船舶的统计资料,估算了未来几年中厦门湾海域船舶突发性溢油事故发生的概率．结果表明,厦门湾未来几年的溢油发生概率为0．27次／a．然后运用数值模拟方法对假设的突发溢油事故中溢油的扩展进行预测分析并结合建立的欧拉潮流场对油膜的漂移路径进行研究,分别从高潮、低潮、涨急、落急四个时刻开始计算溢油路径,结果显示油膜影响范围可从海沧南部延伸至浯村屿东部,根据模拟结果可对突发溢油的风险进行评估．     

海上船舶碰撞溢油风险网格化评估

为进一步提升船舶碰撞溢油风险评估在空间层面的精确性,基于船舶AIS数据和地理信息网格划分技术,本文提出了一种船舶碰撞溢油风险网格化评估模型。选择北部湾海域作为计算案例,详细介绍了基于GIS的网格划分方法,利用AIS数据和海域功能区划,分别开展了事故概率指数、事故规模指数和区域环境敏感指数的计算,并综合3种指数计算得到了船舶碰撞溢油风险指数。该计算方法可直观地展示目标海域中的高风险区域,便于船舶航行中对其进行针对性关注,对维护航运安全具有一定的促进作用。     

溢油环境风险综合评价

文章基于危化品风险源、涉海敏感目标和船舶交通密度3种影响因素综合评价溢油环境风险状况。首先从空间分布和数量特征的视角,提取宁波市海域环境风险影响因子,建立海域环境风险评价方法和指标体系,然后依托GIS空间信息平台实现对宁波近岸海域环境风险空间布局的综合评价。结果表明,宁波慈溪市西北部和镇海区潜在的溢油环境风险极高,对石油泄漏的敏感程度也相对较高,进而表明该区域应列为重点风险管控对象;北仑区和奉化区东南部沿海区域和象山港东部海域,其溢油环境风险为一般水平,说明该区域应列为一般风险管控对象,其潜在的溢油环境风险属于中等敏感程度;而象山县东部及东南部、宁海县南部区域,该海域的潜在环境风险极低,其对溢油敏感程度较低。评价结果可为宁波市海洋环境风险防控及应急响应措施、海域空间资源利用配置等提供科学依据和有效借鉴。     

胶州湾随机动力条件下的船舶溢油污染概率研究

海上船舶溢油,大多持续时间较短,事故发生后,溢油输移扩散受海洋水动力场和风场的影响很大.因此,研究溢油对海洋环境的影响,从概率统计的角度研究更具有实际意义.本文以船舶交通事故概率较高的胶州湾为研究海域,依据青岛港海域水上交通事故空间分布统计数据,在基于油粒子追踪法建立胶州湾溢油漂移扩散模型的基础上,考虑随机风场和流场的组合动力条件,统计溢油抵达岸线和敏感保护目标的概率.结果表明,事故高发区溢油,胶州湾岸线污染概率较大的为大港、黄岛油港、团岛至大麦岛联线,海洋保护目标中青岛文昌鱼海洋保护区和青岛海滨风景旅游休闲娱乐区受污染的概率较大,分别达到40%和50%.     

渤海海域船舶溢油事故风险评价

作为繁忙的海上运输通道,渤海海域历史上发生过多次溢油事故。文章通过分析渤海区域1973-2009年船舶溢油事故的统计数据,初步估算了该区域各级别船舶溢油事故的发生概率;通过建立风险矩阵的方法对船舶溢油进行了风险评估。根据国际石油行业环境保护协会(IPIECA)提供的数据,分析了船舶载重与潜在溢油量之间的关系,假定在最坏的情况,计算出30万t油轮发生溢油后的潜在溢油量为78,794t。结果表明,该种大型事故一旦发生,将带来严重的后果,相关部门必须对此做好准备。     

渤海海域多源遥感溢油风险评价与长序监测

渤海海域溢油事件频发,所以进行海洋溢油风险时空特征分析,对于开展卫星遥感溢油精确监测具有重要意义.作者采用多源高分辨率卫星遥感数据,提取渤海海域船舶及石油平台两类主要溢油风险源分布状况,结合2015—2020年间渤海海域海上溢油卫星遥感监测结果,分析多种传感器下不同类型溢油的成像特征,通过溢油风险源核密度分析方法,获得...     

海洋溢油风险分区防范研究

随着海洋经济的迅猛发展,突发性的海洋溢油污染事故日趋频繁,已经成为危害人类健康,破坏海洋生态环境的重要因素,科学合理的风险防范在一定程度上可以减小溢油污染事故的风险以及造成的损失。在介绍海洋溢油风险系统理论的基础上,提出海洋溢油风险的防范体系。文章以大连市近岸海域为例,开展海洋溢油风险分区,在分区的基础上提出不同分区的溢油风险防范对策,尽可能地降低风险以及造成的损失。     

黄河口湿地潜在溢油污染生态风险评估

黄河口有着我国典型的新生湿地生态系统,生态环境非常脆弱,极易受到陆源和海洋污染事故的影响。本文针对黄河口附近海上油田的开发和运输带来的潜在溢油风险,结合溢油污染概率模型以及河口的生态脆弱性,对黄河口湿地潜在溢油污染风险进行评估。在河口水动力模拟的基础上,采用随机情景模拟法选取300种风和潮流组合作为溢油模拟的强迫条件,分别模拟溢油后72 h和720 h的污染结果,并统计黄河口湿地受溢油污染影响的最大概率和最短时间,采用环境敏感指数表征湿地对溢油污染的敏感程度、危害后果指数量化表征其危害程度及风险矩阵量化风险高低。结果表明黄河口国家公园受潜在溢油污染概率较大,危害后果指数值为29,处于较高危害等级,属于中风险区;河口岸线受潜在溢油污染概率较小,危害后果指数值均小于1,溢油危害后果低,属于低风险区。     

基于随机情景模拟的船舶溢油危害后果量化评价——以台湾海峡北部水域为例

为克服典型情景模拟法的缺陷,综合考虑船舶溢油发生的随机性、海洋水动力和风场的不确定性以及环境资源的敏感性,提出基于随机情景模拟的船舶溢油危害后果定量评价方法。通过随机情景模拟和网格化统计得到敏感区的溢油污染概率和最快到达时间,结合环境敏感指数和溢油量等参数计算综合溢油危害指数,并将其作为溢油危害后果定量评价指标。结果表明:台湾海峡北部水域不同季节发生船舶溢油的危害后果大小依次为夏季(27.8)秋季(25.5)春季(21.1)冬季(16.2),夏季溢油事故对牛山岛保护区的污染概率和危害后果相对最大(P=60%,Ck=41.2),达到较高级别;其他季节东甲列岛保护区的溢油污染概率和危害指数均为最高。随机情景模拟能够弥补事故情景,为评价船舶溢油危害后果风险提供一种新方法。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.