东亚夏季风强度的多尺度统计预测模型

东亚夏季风强度的变化与中国雨带和旱涝分布密切相关。为了做好东亚夏季风强度的短期气候预测,采用小波分析、Lanczos滤波器、交叉检验等方法,研究了东亚夏季风强度的多尺度变化特征,在年际与年代际尺度上分别寻找了它在前冬海温场、200 hPa纬向风场上的前兆信号,并利用最优子集回归建立了东亚夏季风强度的多尺度统计物理预测模型。结果表明:东亚夏季风强度存在准4年、准13年和准43年的周期振荡。年际尺度上,前冬赤道东太平洋(10°N~10°S,160°W~80°W)海温与东亚夏季风强度有最强的显著负相关,且它与东亚夏季风强度在200 hPa纬向风场上的前兆信号有较强的负相关;年代际尺度上,南半球60°S与35°S附近200 hPa纬向风之差与东亚夏季风强度有最强的显著正相关,且它与东亚夏季风强度在热带印度洋、低纬度东南太平洋、低纬度南大西洋的海温及亚洲副热带200 hPa纬向风等前兆信号有强的正相关。通过探讨这两个前兆因子对东亚夏季风强度的预测意义,揭示了他们影响东亚夏季风强度年际和年代际变化的可能物理过程。所建立的东亚夏季风强度多尺度最优子集回归预测模型,不仅对东亚夏季风强度的年际变化具有较好的预测能力,而且对异常极值年份也具有一定的预测能力。     

Dynamic Effects of the South Asian High on the Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau

In this study, the TOMS/SBUV (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer/Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer) data and SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) II data were employed to calculate the monthly total zonal ozone deviations over the Tibetan Plateau and the 150?C50-hPa zonal ozone variations. The results show that there is a significant correlation between the two, with a correlation coefficient of 0.977. From 150 to 50 hPa, the ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau (OVTP) becomes the strongest based on the SAGE II data, and the South Asian high (SAH) is the most active according to the 40-yr reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA40), so a correlation between the SAH and the OVTP may exist. The WACCM3 (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 3) simulation results show that both SAH and OVTP could still present within 150?C50 hPa with reduced strength even when the height of the Tibetan Plateau was cut down to 1500 m. It is also shown that the seasonal variation of SAH would result in a matched seasonal variation of the OVTP, which suggests a meaningful effect of SAH on the OVTP. Meanwhile, it is found that the atmospheric circulation would impose different effects on the OVTP, depending on the SAH??s evolution stages and movement directions. At 150?C50 hPa, as the SAH approaches the plateau, the SAH zonal (meridional) transport would make the OVTP deeper (shallower), while the vertical transport of ozone produces a deeper (shallower) OVTP at the lower (higher) level; the combined dynamic effects lead to a weakened OVTP. When the SAH stabilizes over the plateau, the zonal (meridional) transport results in a shallower (deeper) OVTP while the vertical transport would create a deeper (shallower) OVTP at the middle (bottom and top) levels; the combined dynamic effects produce a deeper OVTP. As the SAH retreats from the plateau, the OVTP becomes deeper (shallower) under the zonal (meridional) effect or shallower under the vertical effect; the combined dynamic effects contribute to a deeper (shallower) OVTP at the middle (bottom and top) levels. The SAH would have a weak effect on the OVTP over the plateau when positioned over the tropical Pacific.     

SENSITIVITY OF THE WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING MODEL TO RADIATION SCHEMES IN CHINA

Results of one-year simulations using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, with the use of different radiation schemes (RRTM, RRTMG, CAM, New Goddard and Goddard), are evaluated for China. The observations used in the model assessment include station data from the China Meteorological Administration, 14 flux field sites arranged in a coordinated observation network, and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data. Specifically, based on a Taylor diagram, the temperature differences between the radiation schemes are small, and the best annual mean spatial pattern and average value for China as a whole is produced by RRTMG. For the rainfall and net radiation annual mean simulation, the New Goddard and CAM schemes present better results than the RRTMG scheme. With respect to low cloud cover, all the schemes have similar reproduction without high cover on east of Tibet Plateau. Overall, the New Goddard and CAM schemes are suitable for longtime simulation without nesting and nudging options.     

An Introduction to the Coupled Model FGOALS1.1-s and Its Performance in East Asia

The spectral version 1.1 of the Flexible Global Ocean-atmosphere-land System (FGOALS1.1-s) model was developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophys- ical Fluid Dynamics at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). This paper reports the major modifications to the physical parameterization package in its atmospheric component, including the radia- tion scheme, convection scheme, and cloud scheme. Furthermore, the simulation of the East Asian Summer Mon...     

Atmospheric Circulation Changes in Response to an Observed Stratospheric Zonal Ozone Anomaly

Abstract

In a sensitivity study, the influence of an observed stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly on the atmospheric circulation was investigated using the Fifth Generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) which is a general circulation model. The model was run from 1960 to 1999 (40 years) with a mean seasonal cycle of zonally symmetric ozone. In order to isolate the induced dynamical influence of the observed zonally asymmetric part of the three-dimensional stratospheric ozone, a second run was performed for the boreal extratropics using prescribed monthly means from the 40-year reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40). The main findings are the interdecadal westward shift of the polar vortex at about 65°N and a significant increase in the number of stratospheric sudden warmings during the 1980–99 period. Under the action of zonally asymmetric ozone a decrease in the Arctic Oscillation was identified between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s. The lag correlation between the mean Arctic Oscillation at the surface and the daily stratospheric northern annular mode increased in mid-winter. Furthermore, we examined the influence of the stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly on Rossby wave breaking in the upper troposphere and found a significant westward shift of poleward Rossby wave breaking events over western Europe in the winter. By this we show that the stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly has a strong influence on the tropospheric circulation as a result of enhanced dynamical coupling processes.     

Simulation of stratospheric ozone in global forecast model using linear photochemistry parameterization

The two types of ozone, the simulation with interactive (prognostic) ozone using linear photochemistry parameterization (LPP) (INTR) and the simulation with non-interactive ozone using ozone climatology (CLIM), were used in the global forecast model. These two types of ozone were compared with ozone observations from the Aura Microwave Lim Sounder (MLS) and ozonesondes from 16-30 September 2008. The INTR is sensitive to LPP schemes while less sensitive to the time average of initial ozone data. Among three LPP schemes, CARIOLLE, COPCAT, and LINOZ, the COPCAT produces ozone profiles with least differences from MLS and ozonesondes. CLIM overestimates MLS at 200-20 hPa while INTR with COPCAT scheme underestimates MLS ozone above 5 hPa. Over the Antarctic in the lower stratosphere CLIM overestimates MLS and ozonesondes whereas INTR underestimates MLS but overestimates the ozonesonde data. Thus, COPCAT agrees better with ozonesonde data than any other LPP schemes and CLIM. Changing the ozone distribution from CLIM to INTR affects temperature profiles mainly through the modification of differential radiative fluxes. The correlations between ozone, differential radiative fluxes, and temperature are distinguished by altitude (or pressure levels). The correlations are strong or moderate between 3-1000 hPa (lower atmosphere) and weak above 3 hPa (upper atmosphere). This study demonstrates that the simulation of ozone using an appropriate LPP scheme is excellent in overcoming the drawbacks of using climatological ozone profiles that poorly agree with observations in extreme ozone hole events.     

太阳准周期变化对北半球夏季平流层加热率的影响

采用1979—2013年6—8月欧洲中期数值预报中心ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料和2004—2010年6—8月美国国家大气和海洋管理局太阳光谱辐照度资料,利用北京气候中心大气辐射模式,计算了北半球平流层夏季臭氧加热率(Ozone Heating Rate,OHR)和净加热率(Net Heating Rate,NHR),分析了太阳准11 a变化中太阳活动强年与弱年纬向平均OHR(NHR)的差异,并讨论了差异形成的原因。结果表明:太阳活动强年比弱年的紫外辐射明显要强,导致OHR、NHR整层增强,且随高度增加而增加;臭氧浓度在平流层下层较小,在平流层上层较大,该变化导致OHR、NHR有类似的变化型,且稍向高处偏移;OHR、NHR在平流层上层的变化,由紫外辐射和臭氧共同作用,其他地区均为臭氧起主要作用。     

东亚夏季风异常活动的多模态特征:不同再分析资料的比较分析

利用1979～2002年ERA-40、ERA interim、JRA-25和NCEP-DOE AMIP-Ⅱ(简称为NCEP-2)再分析资料,采用扩展经验正交分解(EEOF)、相关分析等方法,对比分析了不同资料所揭示的东亚夏季风异常活动的多模态特征,在此基础上探讨了东亚夏季风异常活动各模态对应的大气环流异常分布型及其与中国夏季降水的可能联系。结果表明:(1)四套再分析资料所揭示的东亚夏季风异常活动均存在三种差异显著的空间模态,且各套资料对东亚夏季风异常活动空间多模态特征具有很好的一致性,仅NCEP-2的结果与其他资料略有差异。(2)第一模态体现了夏季风年际异常在中国南方和北方的反相变化,并具有显著的3～6年和准8年周期;与正(负)时间系数相对应,850 hPa风场、500 hPa高度场、SLP均显示东亚沿岸存在从西北太平洋经过日本以南到达鄂霍次克海的“-+-”(“+-+”)经向三极型结构;相应的降水变化在长江中下游为显著的负(正)异常,而在我国东北东部、东南沿海及云南西部则为正(负)异常。(3)第二模态反映了夏季风活动主导模态的一致性变化且在1993年左右发生年代际转折,并呈现准12年周期的强弱交替分布。当对应的时间系数为正(负)时,850 hPa风场在环贝加尔湖地区受强大的异常反气旋(气旋)控制;500 hPa高度场上,中高纬地区表现为异常的纬向波列结构,具体表现为起源于欧洲大陆西部经西西伯利亚平原向东南方向延伸至东北亚地区的“+-+”(“-+-”)的波列;SLP在我国大陆主要为正(负)异常,东亚夏季风整体减弱(加强);对应的夏季降水异常场呈现“南涝北旱”(“南旱北涝”)的分布形势。(4)第三模态表明了夏季风异常活动的东西反相变化,且有12～16年的准周期变化。对应正(负)的时间系数,115°E 以东地区盛行异常偏南(北)风,而115°E 以西地区主要盛行异常偏北(南)风;500 hPa高度场、SLP均显示出东亚沿岸地区、鄂霍次克海至日本以南洋面的“-+”(“+-”)波列以及欧亚大陆北部的准纬向遥相关波列;夏季降水在我国大部分地区偏多(偏少),显著变化主要位于黄淮及附近地区。     

海温异常对东亚夏季风强度先兆信号的影响

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料、NOAA海温资料、CMAP格点降水资料和中国气象站降水资料,通过合成、相关和回归分析等方法研究了1979—2012年东亚夏季风强度与其先兆信号的关系,并分析了热带海温异常的可能影响。研究表明:东亚夏季风先兆指数反映了2月200 hPa纬向风距平的主要模态特征 (EOF1),前冬热带中东太平洋海温偏低 (高),2月亚洲地区西风急流位置偏北 (偏南),东亚夏季风先兆指数偏强 (弱)。前期热带海温异常对东亚夏季风强度有明显影响,前冬热带中东太平洋海温偏低 (高) 有利于东亚夏季风偏强 (弱)。2月亚洲中纬度地区纬向风异常特征在春季不能持续,先兆信号与东亚夏季风强度的联系主要源自热带海洋。     

Evaluating the Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau in CMIP6 Models

Total column ozone (TCO) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is lower than that over other regions at the same latitude, particularly in summer. This feature is known as the “TP ozone valley”. This study evaluates long-term changes in TCO and the ozone valley over the TP from 1984 to 2100 using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The TP ozone valley consists of two low centers, one is located in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), and the other is in the middle and upper stratosphere. Overall, the CMIP6 models simulate the low ozone center in the UTLS well and capture the spatial characteristics and seasonal cycle of the TP ozone valley, with spatial correlation coefficients between the modeled TCO and the Multi Sensor Reanalysis version 2 (MSR2) TCO observations greater than 0.8 for all CMIP6 models. Further analysis reveals that models which use fully coupled and online stratospheric chemistry schemes simulate the anticorrelation between the 150 hPa geopotential height and zonal anomaly of TCO over the TP better than models without interactive chemistry schemes. This suggests that coupled chemical-radiative-dynamical processes play a key role in the simulation of the TP ozone valley. Most CMIP6 models underestimate the low center in the middle and upper stratosphere when compared with the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. However, the bias in the middle and upper stratospheric ozone simulations has a marginal effect on the simulation of the TP ozone valley. Most CMIP6 models predict the TP ozone valley in summer will deepen in the future.     

中尺度区域模式层顶高度对高空风场数值模拟的影响分析

本文基于中尺度区域模式WRF,开展模式层顶高度变化对高空气象要素,特别是高空风场数值模拟影响的研究。通过设计模式顶高45、5 hPa两个试验,同化来源于NOAA-15、NOAA-18、NOAA-19和METOP-2的AMSU-A辐射计高通道数据,表明提高模式层顶能够使卫星更多的高通道样本数量进入同化系统,达到减小背景场误差,同时减小高于层顶通道辐射能量对低层通道影响的目的,一定程度上改进了同化效果,从而改善高空气象要素,特别是风场的模拟效果,与观测值的均方根误差减小了约0.4~0.5 m·s^-1。     

On the relationship between cloud–radiation interaction, atmospheric stability and Atlantic tropical cyclones in a variable-resolution climate model

We compare two 28-year simulations performed with two versions of the Global Environmental Multiscale model run in variable-resolution mode. The two versions differ only by small differences in their radiation scheme. The most significant modification introduced is a reduction in the ice effective radius, which is observed to increase absorption of upwelling infrared radiation and increase temperature in the upper troposphere. The resulting change in vertical lapse rate is then observed to drive a resolution-dependent response of convection, which in turn modifies the zonal circulation and induces significant changes in simulated Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. The resulting change in vertical lapse rate and its implication in the context of anthropogenic climate change are discussed.     

Evaluating the performance of a WRF physics ensemble over South-East Australia

When using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modelling system it is necessary to choose between many parametrisations for each physics option. This study examines the performance of various physics scheme combinations on the simulation of a series of rainfall events near the south-east coast of Australia known as East Coast Lows. A thirty-six member multi-physics ensemble was created such that each member had a unique set of physics parametrisations. No single ensemble member was found to perform best for all events, variables and metrics. This is reflected in the fact that different climate variables are found to be sensitive to different physical parametrisations. While a standardised super-metric can be used to identify best performers, a step-wise decision approach described here, allows explicit recognition of the “robustness” of choosing one parameterisation over another, allowing the identification of a group of “equally robustly” performing physics combinations. These results suggest that the Mellor-Yamada-Janjic planetary boundary layer scheme and the Betts-Miller-Janjic cumulus scheme can be chosen with some robustness. Possibly with greater confidence, the results also suggest that the Yonsei University planetary boundary layer scheme, Kain-Fritsch cumulus scheme and RRTMG radiation scheme should not be used in combination in this region. Results further indicate that the selection of physics scheme options has larger impact on model performance during the more intensive rainfall events.     

A numerical study on the effect of an extratropical cyclone on the evolution of a midlatitude front

The extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) Haima (2004) was simulated to understand the impact of TC on midlatitude frontal systems. Two experiments were conducted using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. In the control run (CTL), a vortex was extracted from the 24-hour pre-run output and then inserted into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global final (FNL) analysis as an initial condition, while TC circulation was removed from the initial conditions in the sensitivity run (NOTC). Comparisons of the experiments demonstrate that the midlatitude front has a wider meridional extent in the NOTC run than that in the CTL run. Furthermore, the CTL run produces convection suppression to the southern side of the front due to strong cold advection related to the TC circulation. The easterly flow north of the TC not only decelerates the eastward displacement of the front and contracts its zonal scale but also transports more moisture westward and lifts the air along equivalent potential temperature surfaces ahead of the front. As a result, the ascending motion and diabatic heating are enhanced in the northeastern edge of the front, and the anticyclonic outflow in the upper-level is intensified. The increased pressure gradient and divergent flow aloft strengthen the upper-level jet and distort the trough axis in a northwest-southeast orientation. The thermal contrast between the two systems and the dynamic contribution related to the TC circulation can facilitate scalar and rotational frontogenesis to modulate the frontal structure.     

全球谱模式不同垂直分层对数值预报影响的敏感性试验

本文用σ-坐标原始方程全球谱模式,对1979年1月23日和6月14日两个个例,采用3种不同的垂直分层方案,进行了敏感性试验.通过对高度场均方根误差的分析,发现15层模式对北半球冬季预报效果的改进最明显.当其降低模式最高层高度和减少垂直分辨率时,预报误差首先从模式上层出现,然后影响到对流层中、下层.并指出南、北半球,冬、夏季不同层次上的预报对模式垂直分层的敏感性存在有差异,对南、北半球,冬、夏季的预报可采用不同的垂直分层模式. 南、北半球,冬、夏季预报敏感性差异的产生同行星尺度波动的水平感热通量的垂直分布、行星尺度波动能量的垂直输送特征有关.     

青藏高原和北美夏季臭氧谷垂直结构和形成机制的比较

利用MLS卫星资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,比较了青藏高原和北美夏季臭氧谷的垂直结构和形成机制。结果如下:青藏高原夏季臭氧谷在垂直方向上存在两个低值中心,一个中心位于对流层顶附近,强度约为-15 DU,形成原因主要为水平幅散,另一个中心位于上平流层,强度约为-1 DU,形成原因可能为光化学反应参与的氯自由基的催化损耗。北美夏季臭氧谷仅存在一个低值中心,位于对流层顶附近,该中心强度约为-5 DU,其形成的主要原因是水平辐散。     

青藏高原冬季1月绕流的变化特征及其对中国气候的影响

利用1979～2019年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国地面基本气象要素日值数据集（V3.0）的气温和降水资料,首先定义了客观表征冬季青藏高原南北两支绕流变化的指数,然后分析了其不同的变化特征,并采用相关分析、合成分析等方法初步研究了青藏高原南北两支绕流异常变化对中国气温和降水的影响机制。主要结果有:（1）青藏高原冬季北支绕流和南支绕流之间呈显著的负相关;北支（南支）绕流强、南支（北支）绕流弱时,对流层中低纬度地区从高原西部到我国东部沿岸为一个大范围的异常反气旋式（气旋式）环流系统,500 hPa高原的中部为一个异常反气旋（气旋）环流中心。（2）青藏高原冬季南北两支绕流的变化对中国冬季天气气候有显著影响。当青藏高原北支绕流强（弱）时,中国除东北是气温偏低（高）、降水偏多（少）外,河套、青藏高原及长江以南则是气温偏高（低）、降水偏少（多）;当南支绕流强（弱）时,中国气温普遍偏低（高）,东北及新疆北部是降水偏少（多）,南方大部分地区是降水偏多（少）。（3）分析高原绕流异常变化对中国天气气候的影响机制表明:当青藏高原北支绕流强、南支绕流弱时,中国东部35°N以北的对流层中都是异常西北风,35°N以南都是异常东北风,受高原异常纬向绕流影响,对流层大气为明显的“正压结构”;相应的对流层底层从南到北为一致的异常西南风,850 hPa以上35°N的之间为反气旋式切变和下沉运动异常,300 hPa以下异常偏暖,这些条件加强了下沉增温,导致中国东部气温偏高、降水偏少。当青藏高原南支绕流强、北支绕流弱时,对流层中的纬向风异常则为明显的“斜压特征”,异常西风呈现为从对流层低层到高层、低纬度到高纬度的倾斜的带状特征,其下方自华南近地面到华北200 hPa的“三角形”状异常东风,配合相应的经向风异常和华南到华北的异常上升运动,低层为“三角形”状的异常冷气团向南切入到中国南海,中上层为异常偏暖的西南气流在冷气团上自南向北爬升到中高纬度地区,导致中国大范围的气温异常偏低、降水偏多。     

贵州“2011.6”两次暴雨数值模拟研究

应用湿位涡理论,利用贵州84个县市地面气象观测站及1473个乡镇自动站逐时降水观测资料、ECMWF提供的0.25°×0.25°再分析格点资料及非静力中尺度模式WRF提供的数值模拟结果,对贵州省2011年6月17日08:00~18日20:00(简称“过程Ⅰ”)和6月22日08:00~23日20:00(简称“过程Ⅱ”)两次典型暴雨过程的θ_se和湿位涡进行诊断分析和数值模拟。结果表明:“过程Ⅰ”受一股冷空气影响,“过程Ⅱ”受两股冷空气影响。“过程Ⅰ”辐合中心位于27°N、107°E上空800hPa处,辐散中心位于27°N、107°E上空550hPa处。“过程Ⅱ”辐合中心位于27°N、107°E上空800hPa处,辐散中心位于28°N、107°E上空750hPa处。“过程Ⅰ”,贵州上空700hPa至近地面的MPV1正值中心和MPV2负值中心的分布与大暴雨落区(兴仁-晴隆-安顺和金沙-湄潭-务川)基本一致,“过程Ⅱ”MPV1的两个正值中心和MPV2强负值中心与大暴雨落区(毕节、六枝)吻合。两次暴雨天气过程中的贵州上空MPV1值明显比MPV2值偏大。WRF模式模拟的水汽辐合中心强度比实况偏强,模拟的“过程Ⅰ”辐合区比实况偏小,模拟的“过程Ⅱ”辐合区比实况偏大。WRF模式模拟“过程Ⅰ”的贵州上空MPV1正值区中心值比实况偏小,模拟“过程Ⅱ”的贵州上空MPV1正值区中心值比实况偏大,但模拟的正值中心与强降水中心基本一致。WRF模式对两次暴雨过程MPV2负值中心的模拟均表现为不太准确。WRF模式模拟影响贵州的冷空气比实况偏强,模拟的特大暴雨中心值比实况偏大,但“过程Ⅰ”模拟的特大暴雨中心位置比实况偏南10km,“过程Ⅱ”模拟的特大暴雨中心位置比实况偏南7km,可供贵州β中尺度暴雨预报参考。      

夏季亚洲对流层中上层温度年际变率的预测水平评估及其在我国东部降水预测中的应用

夏季亚洲对流层温度异常与中国东部夏季降水紧密相关并可能作为降水的有效预报因子。基于欧盟ENSEMBLES计划的季节预测试验耦合模式每年5月1日开始的回报试验，分析了其对1960～2005年夏季亚洲对流层中上层温度（以200～500 hPa厚度替代，简称对流层温度）年际变率的预测结果，发现模式集合平均对夏季亚洲对流层温度年际变率具有较高的预报技巧，可以合理回报其前两个EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）主导模态（EOF1、EOF2），只是未能回报出EOF2高纬度的温度异常，模式集合平均预测的第一模态主成分（PC1）和第二模态主成分（PC2）与再分析资料的时间相关系数分别达到0.63和0.77。再分析资料中前两个EOF模态分别由ENSO（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation）发展年印度夏季降水异常所激发的丝绸之路遥相关波列和ENSO衰减年西北太平洋夏季降水异常对应的太平洋—日本遥相关波列导致。ENSEMBLES计划可以合理预测出相应的海温异常及遥相关波列，进而合理预测出前两个EOF模态。对流层温度PC1和PC2分别表征了欧亚大陆与周围海洋之间的纬向和经向热力对比异常，模式对由PC1的预报技巧远高于前人定义的纬向热力对比的东亚夏季风指数，对前人定义的经向热力对比指数的预测技巧与PC2相当。将PC1和前人定义的经向热力对比指数作为预报因子，建立了中国夏季降水的动力—统计降尺度预测模型，交叉检验的结果表明该预报模型显著提高了东北和长江流域上游夏季降水的预报技巧。本文提出的亚洲对流层温度年际变率的EOF1及PC1，既能较好表征纬向热力对比与中国东部夏季降水显著相关，又能被模式合理预测，可以作为我国中高纬度地区，特别是东北地区降水的重要预测因子之一。     

Impacts of Coastal SST Variability on the East Asian Summer Monsoon

The impacts of the seasonal and interannual SST variability in the East Asia coastal regions （EACRSST） on the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） have been examined using a regional climate model （PδRCM9） in this paper. The simulation results show that the correlation between the EACRSST and the EASM is strengthened after the mid-1970s and also the variability of the EACRSST forcing becomes much more important to the EASM interannual variability after the mid-1970s. The impacts of the EACRSST on the summer precipitation over each sub-region in the EASM region become weak gradually from south to north, and the temporal evolution features of the summer precipitation differences over North and Northeast China agree well with those of the index of EASM （IEASM） differences.
The mechanism analyses show that different EACRSST forcings result in the differences of sensible and latent heat flux exchanges at the air-sea interface, which alter the heating rate of the atmosphere. The heating rate differences induce low level air temperature differences over East Asia, resulting in the differences of the land-sea thermal contrast （LSTC） which lead to 850 hPa geopotential height changes. When the 850 hPa geopotential height increases over the East Asian continent and decreases over the coast of East China and the adjacent oceans during the weakening period of weakens consequently. On the contrary, the EASM enhances during the strengthening period of the LSTC.