走滑—拉分盆地构造特征及盆地成因模式探讨：以中非多赛奥盆地为例

立足于中非剪切带的构造演化，文章分析了中非剪切带对多赛奥盆地形成与演化的控制作用，明确了多赛奥盆地的 构造演化阶段，并从盆地结构和构造样式分析入手，探讨了多赛奥盆地的成因机制。研究表明，受中非剪切带“强—弱” 两期走滑作用控制，多赛奥盆地经历了扭张期、压扭期、拗陷期三期的构造演化阶段，扭张期为盆地的主要形成期，压扭 期为盆地构造定型期。在晚白垩世压扭期，盆地东、西部遭受不同程度的压扭作用，形成东部主坳区和西部压扭区，东部 主坳区遭受后期压扭作用较弱，表现为不对称的双断结构特征，而西部压扭区遭受强烈的后期压扭作用，地层发生弯曲变 形，Borogop II断裂发生正反转作用，形成大型正花状构造区。受早期扭张作用和后期压扭作用双重控制，多赛奥盆地发育 两类五种构造样式。右阶右旋作用机制形成的扭张作用控制了多赛奥和塞拉迈特走滑—拉分盆地的形成。     

东海盆地的地质特征和构造演化

东海盆地属孤后前陆盆地。它的形成应力机制，在中新世末期以前受拉张应力场控制，由西向东依次拉开西部凹陷带和东部凹陷带，形成张性构造。在中新世末期的龙井运动以后，构造应力则主要表现为挤压和剪切性质，凹了争带收敛，出现挤压剪切构造，形成大型的叠瓦构造带和冲断褶皱带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地志丹群中的沙漠相

鄂尔多斯盆地是华北板块西部一个大型沉积盆地。自晚石炭世以来,即由海盆转化为陆盆,是经历了“两个世代”的沉积盆地。从现代构造地质学来看,该盆地的沉积-构造演化历史及其与周边构造带的关系还有一些有意义的研究课题,另就该盆地在内陆盆地发展阶段中,也有不少沉积古地理问题引起研究者的注意和兴趣。本文报导的早白垩世     

鄂尔多斯盆地某铀矿床后生蚀变特征

正1 大地构造位置鄂尔多斯盆地所处大地构造位置位于华北地台的西部(张抗等,1989),是一个多旋回叠合型盆地,是中国现存的最为稳定、完整的构造单元。盆地南北缘分别受近东西向展布的祁连—秦岭构造带及阴山构造带边部深大断裂的控制,而太行-吕梁山及贺兰山南北向构造带分别构成了盆地东西边界,形成南北向展布的矩型盆地。该铀矿床位于盆地的北东部。2 矿床后生蚀变特征     

晚中生代—新生代构造体制转换与鄂尔多斯盆地改造

鄂尔多斯盆地是叠加在华北古生代克拉通台地之上的中生代大型陆内盆地。晚中生代—新生代是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的改造阶段,区域构造体制经历了重大转换,在盆地周缘形成不同方向和不同样式的构造带。其中发生在中、晚侏罗世时期的燕山运动主幕,对鄂尔多斯盆地的定型和发展具有划时代意义,这期构造变动导致鄂尔多斯盆地周缘挤压逆冲构造带的形成。早白垩世时期,对区域构造应力体制转换的响应,鄂尔多斯盆地处于弱引张构造环境,引张构造变形主要集中在盆地西南缘地带,六盘山古地堑发育。新生代时期,构造变形主要发生在鄂尔多斯盆地周缘,形成一系列地堑盆地。晚中新世或上新世以来的新构造运动时期,受到青藏高原快速隆升和向东构造挤出作用的影响,鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘六盘山褶皱带快速崛起,而在盆地的其他周边地带则发生引张变形和地块差异性升降。最后,笔者论述了不同构造应力体制下盆地的改造作用,讨论了鄂尔多斯盆地研究中的一些基础地质构造问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘逆冲带南北差异的形成机制

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘逆冲带是我国重要的陆内逆冲推覆构造带 ,其形成与发展 ,对了解我国西部与东部之间的构造转换 ,有着重要的意义 ,同时也是研究青藏高原向东扩展的有利地区。通过对该构造带几个问题的讨论 ,认为该构造带南段与北段的形成机理是不同的 ,鄂尔多斯盆地在当时有一定程度的逆时针旋转。南段主要是祁连山—北秦岭造山带向北东方向挤压的结果 ,贺兰山南部的北西向构造也属于该段 ,因此其形状为一向北东突出的弧形 ;而北段是由于旋转的盆地与发生构造挤出的阿拉善块体相互作用的结果。并对一些问题提出了一些看法     

走滑—拉分盆地构造特征及盆地成因模式探讨: 以中非多赛奥盆地为例

立足于中非剪切带的构造演化,文章分析了中非剪切带对多赛奥盆地形成与演化的控制作用,明确了多赛奥盆地的 构造演化阶段,并从盆地结构和构造样式分析入手,探讨了多赛奥盆地的成因机制。研究表明,受中非剪切带“强—弱” 两期走滑作用控制,多赛奥盆地经历了扭张期、压扭期、拗陷期三期的构造演化阶段,扭张期为盆地的主要形成期,压扭 期为盆地构造定型期。在晚白垩世压扭期,盆地东、西部遭受不同程度的压扭作用,形成东部主坳区和西部压扭区,东部 主坳区遭受后期压扭作用较弱,表现为不对称的双断结构特征,而西部压扭区遭受强烈的后期压扭作用,地层发生弯曲变 形,Borogop II断裂发生正反转作用,形成大型正花状构造区。受早期扭张作用和后期压扭作用双重控制,多赛奥盆地发育 两类五种构造样式。右阶右旋作用机制形成的扭张作用控制了多赛奥和塞拉迈特走滑—拉分盆地的形成。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪西界分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西界,特别是其早—中侏罗世盆地西界,由于不同期次、不同性质的构造相互叠加而模糊不清,究竟是在贺兰山以西还是现在银川盆地以东的问题,至今尚无共识,极大地影响着矿产资源的评价和找矿战略的部署。本文在前人工作的基础上,通过针对性的野外工作,分析和筛分了不同时期的古构造,探讨了晚侏罗世和早—中侏罗世盆地的西界。文章认为,鄂尔多斯盆地西部巨大的近南北向挤压构造形成于晚侏罗世,而东西向的挤压构造则出现于晚三叠世。两期方向截然不同的挤压构造相互叠加,构成了鄂尔多斯盆地西部复杂的叠加构造和不规则的盆地西界。晚期挤压构造较为清晰,表现为近南北向的逆冲推覆构造带和纵贯盆地南北的"古脊梁",使盆地西界退缩到桌子山东麓断裂、横山堡—磁窑堡断褶带以及马儿庄冲断裂和崆峒山断裂以东。早期挤压构造受后期构造的叠加改造,断断续续,时隐时现。近东西向挤压构造受古亚洲域的影响,是印支运动的产物,近南北向挤压构造转受滨太平洋域的作用,是燕山运动的表现。在古亚洲域向太平洋域转换过程中的早—中侏罗世,鄂尔多斯盆地西部出现了近东西向的拉张伸展,在盆地内部表现为近东西向隆起凹陷的古地形,使盆地西缘波状弯曲,而非平直,"银川古隆起"和"汝箕沟—鄂...     

鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世构造属性探讨

有关鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世的构造属性问题,前人的观点大多认为该时期为(类)前陆盆地,笔者对此提出置疑,主要有3个方面的依据:首先,对西缘汝箕沟、石沟驿和崆峒山地区晚三叠世延长组的3套粗碎屑沉积进行了重新认识。汝箕沟延长组确实为边缘相沉积,但其附近层位板内玄武岩的出现,表明该区晚三叠世为拉张环境下的沉积。最新研究表明,石沟驿地区延长组沉积厚度并不大,不超过1500m。崆峒山砾岩沉积可能受西南部的秦祁造山带影响所致,不能作为盆地西部沉积的代表。其次,通过编制晚三叠世延长组地层等厚图及一系列东西向地层剖面对比,发现该时期以往认为的盆地西部从南至北的巨厚沉降带并不存在。最后,通过地震剖面、平衡剖面和裂变径迹测试数据分析,指出西部现今存在的横山堡后冲构造带和马家滩大型逆冲推覆构造带并未形成于晚三叠世,其最早形成于晚侏罗世。故鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世构造属性并非为前陆盆地,而是残延克拉通内叠合盆地的组成部分。该认识对盆地西部的油气勘探具有重要意义。     

中亚及中国西部侏罗纪沉积盆地的构造特征

侏罗纪是中亚和中国西部地区沉积盆地主要形成时期,这表现在两个方面:(1)先期存在的盆地在此阶段沉积范围持续扩大;(2)形成了许多新的侏罗纪沉积盆地.本文通过对劳亚大陆南部侏罗纪特提斯北带构造特征、诸盆地早-中侏罗世岩相古地理和构造样式的分析,表明中国西部与中亚地区在侏罗纪时虽然都处于新特提斯北部被动大陆边缘,但由于受帕米尔弧向北推挤的影响,以及昆仑构造带与塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂和阿尔金大型走滑断裂的存在,这两个地区的侏罗纪盆地具有完全不同的构造起因.以塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂为界,西南侧中亚地区的侏罗纪沉积盆地主要是由新特提斯北部大陆边缘的被动伸展形成;东北侧中国西部的侏罗纪沉积盆地则主要发育于区域性挤压构造背景之下,形成的主要机制是重力陷落.此外,沿塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂还存在几个侏罗纪的走滑拉分盆地.中国西部与中亚地区侏罗纪盆地的不同成因特征对盆地的比较研究和寻找侏罗系烃源岩都具有重要意义.     

中生代鄂尔多斯盆地陆源碎屑成分及其构造属性

运用区域沉积-构造背景分析与陆源碎屑成分判别构造环境相结合的综合研究方法,在对鄂尔多斯盆地沉积-构造特征及其演化历史研究的基础上,采用Dickinson等陆源碎屑成分与构造环境关系判别标准和图版,统计分析了鄂尔多斯盆地中生代陆源碎屑成分特征及其与盆地构造属性的关系。结果表明,中生代鄂尔多斯盆地具有前陆盆地的性质,但又不同于典型的前陆盆地,称之为类前陆盆地似乎更能反映盆地的实际。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中南段构造特征与演化

利用平衡地质剖面技术和2D Move软件对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中南段骨架地震剖面进行了精细解释。重新厘定9条一级断裂,确定4个一级构造单元,依据地质结构与构造样式的不同,将西缘中南段划分为5个段。构造变形自西向东依次减弱,南北向中部马家滩段以薄皮构造为主,其余段以厚皮构造为主;西缘中南段不同地区最短收缩量不同,甜水堡段最短收缩量达50.62%,其构造变形主要发生于侏罗纪末期,最终定型于新生代。可见,西缘中南段具有“东西分带、南北分段”的典型特点,构造圈闭与油气聚集关系密切。     

Observations on the processes of sedimentary basin formation at the margins of Southern Africa

Three variants of Atlantic-type continental margin border Southern Africa. On the west is a rifted margin with a rift phase no more than 50 m.y. in length (180–130 m.y. ago). Sedimentary basin formation was by upbuilding of a sediment terrace during the rift phase and the 30 m.y. following, with outbuilding of the terrace dominant during the Cainozoic. Little downwarping of the oceanic crust occurred but the continent—ocean transition zone appears to be wide.To the south of South Africa is an extensive sheared margin. Basin formation began here in mid-Triassic times with intermontane deposition. Local increase in lower crustal density appears to have accompanied subsidence. Truncation of the basins occurred 130–2100 m.y. ago and in places detrital influx was trapped behind a marginal fracture ridge. No continental rise sedimentary apron and characteristic deep structure were formed in these places. A ‘welding’ of the continental edge appears to have taken place.East of 30° E a complex continental margin with a protracted rift phase exists. From Triassic to Cretaceous times sedimentary basin formation was controlled by an E-W tensional stress regime resulting in N-S horsts and grabens. This was accompanied by vol-canicity and crustal thinning. Other stress systems may have prevailed during continental break-up in the Cretaceous while today the region is seismically active and the tensional stress assumed to be E-W. Following break-up sedimentary basins in Natal Valley and Mozambique Channel encroached southwards.     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代沉积岩源区构造背景及物源分析

鄂尔多斯盆地周缘物源均来自上地壳,以长英质岩石为主,主要为太古宇、元古宇的各类变火山-沉积岩组成的古老变质岩系,同时具有一定量的花岗岩和碱性玄武岩的混合,但物源成分及南北源区构造背景有所差异。在常量元素及稀土元素组成上,盆地南北物源区的沉积岩在地区及层位之间存在差异,且该变化符合大洋岛弧→大陆岛弧→活动大陆边缘→被动大陆边缘常量元素、稀土元素以及负Eu异常的变化趋势。常量元素变化分析表明盆地北部物源主要来自板块俯冲碰撞地带,与被动大陆边缘环境和活动大陆边缘环境相关,少数为与活动大陆边缘相关的岛弧构造环境有关,到晚古生代中晚期才逐渐与被动大陆边缘环境和活动大陆边缘环境相关。稀土元素对比分析表明,盆地北部物源与太古宙、元古宙的花岗片麻岩、闪长片麻岩、二长花岗岩、变余岩屑砂岩及千枚岩具有亲源性;而盆地南部早—中二叠世长期受被动大陆边缘物源影响,具有高SiO2,低Na2O的特征,这与太古宙—元古宙的太华群、秦岭群、宽坪群等岩系的高SiO2含量,K2O/Na2O>1的特征一致,到晚古生代后期,逐渐与活动大陆边缘物源相关。北秦岭晚古生代山间盆地具有快速混杂堆积的沉积特点,属于盆地外缘,并与鄂尔多斯盆地呈连续过渡的状况,物源上具有继承关系;盆地晚古生代沉积岩中Gd含量及(Gd/Yb)N比值具有随时间迁移的特征,分析表明北部物源区在太原期处于构造快速活动期,而南部物源从山西期才开始进入快速活动期,这与区域构造演化背景一致,即北部物源区抬升要早于南部。     

Latest Triassic to Early Jurassic Thrusting and Exhumation in the Southern Ordos Basin,North China: Evidence from LA‐ICP‐MS‐based Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology

The contractional structures in the southern Ordos Basin recorded critical evidence for the interaction between Ordos Basin and Qinling Orogenic Collage. In this study, we performed apatite fission track(AFT) thermochronology to unravel the timing of thrusting and exhumation for the Laolongshan-Shengrenqiao Fault(LSF) in the southern Ordos Basin. The AFT ages from opposite sides of the LSF reveal a significant latest Triassic to Early Jurassic time-temperature discontinuity across this structure. Thermal modeling reveals at the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic, a ~50°C difference in temperature between opposite sides of the LSF currently exposed at the surface. This discontinuity is best interpreted by an episode of thrusting and exhumation of the LSF with ~1.7 km of net vertical displacement during the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic. These results, when combined with earlier thermochronological studies, stratigraphic contact relationship and tectono-sedimentary evolution, suggest that the southern Ordos Basin experienced coeval intense tectonic contraction and developed a north-vergent fold-and-thrust belt. Moreover, the southern Ordos Basin experienced a multi-stage differential exhumation during Mesozoic, including the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic and Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous thrust-driven exhumation as well as the Late Cretaceous overall exhumation. Specifically, the two thrust-driven exhumation events were related to tectonic stress propagation derived from the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic continued compression from Qinling Orogenic Collage and the Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous intracontinental orogeny of Qinling Orogenic Collage, respectively. By contrast, the Late Cretaceous overall exhumation event was related to the collision of an exotic terrain with the eastern margin of continental China at ~100 Ma.     

中朝地台的中奥陶统—下石炭统及其古地理和构造含意

华北地台是我国最大的早前寒武纪克拉通,一般认为其演化史中一个显著的特征是早奥陶世末到中石炭世初存在着巨大的沉积间断,但是近来的研究表明,地台外缘仍发育着上述间断期间的地层,从而可据此揭示出该时期地台的地史经历、大陆边缘的位置和性质,早古生代期间地台内部主要受南部被动大陆边缘的影响,海水源自古秦岭洋,朝鲜半岛上的所谓“临津江带”不宜与秦岭造山带对比,鄂尔多斯盆地西缘大陆边缘的确定,提示早古生代时阿拉善地块可能不属于中朝地台,周边大陆边缘的存在表明中朝地台是一个完整的陆块,不象是与杨子陆块来自统一的“中国地台”。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石沟驿地区晚三叠世沉积构造环境及其地质意义

对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘晚三叠世大地构造环境和区域应力场与石沟驿地区上三叠统沉积速率、碎屑组分和盆地充填样式等构造环境判别的综合分析,认为晚三叠世石沟驿地区为逆冲挤压构造环境,冲断带挤压挠曲作用形成前陆前渊拗陷,物源区为再旋回活动的褶皱冲断带.与典型前陆盆地相比,位于冲断带前缘的鄂尔多斯盆地为具石沟驿等前渊拗陷的类前陆盆地.晚三叠世石沟驿地区逆冲挤压和六盘山地区整体隆升的构造背景揭示,牛首山一罗山一带的西缘逆冲带构成晚三叠世鄂尔多斯原型盆地的西南部边界,石沟驿地区上三叠统是盆地延长组边缘相沉积.上述认识有助于扩大鄂尔多斯西缘中生界和古生界的油气勘探远景.     

Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of the Upper Triassic mudstones in the southern Ordos Basin,Central China

Oil‐source correlation studies have demonstrated that the crude oils in the Ordos Basin were mainly derived from organic‐rich lacustrine mudstones of the Yanchang Formation. The sedimentology, petrology and organic geochemistry of these mudstones have been studied intensively, but their trace and rare earth element (REE) characteristics have received little attention. In this paper, we present trace and rare earth element data of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation mudstones in the southern Ordos Basin to constrain the palaeoenvironment, provenance and depositional setting. Our results show that the REE and trace element concentrations of the Yanchang Formation mudstones are higher than those of the upper continental crust (UCC). The Sr contents and Sr/Ba and Y/Ho ratios of these mudstones indicate the absence of a marine transgression during the sedimentation of the Upper Triassic mudstones. The depositional environment of the Upper Triassic mudstones was slightly oxic as evidenced by the values of Eu/Eu*, Ce/Ce*, Ce_anom, δU, U/Th, V/Cr and Ni/Co. The UCC‐normalized distribution pattern of REEs, spider diagrams, the ratios of related elements, the bivariate diagrams of Th/Sc–Zr/Sc and La/Th–Hf and the ternary plots of La–Th–Sc and Th–Sc–Zr/10 signify that the provenances of the Chang9–7 mudstones were mainly derived from a continental island arc, whereas the provenances of the Chang6–3 mudstones were mainly derived from a mixture of continental island arc and active continental margin, and the latter contain less recycled materials. Combined with the previous studies of detrital zircon dating and petrography of the Yanchang Formation sandstones in the southern Ordos basin, we propose that the Qinling orogenic belt served as one of the primary source regions occurring between the Chang7 and Chang6 periods, corresponding to the initial uplift of the west Qinling Mountains due to the collision between the Yangtze and North China blocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Middle-Late Jurassic sedimentary mélange formation related to ophiolite obduction in the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic Mountain Range

The Middle-Late Jurassic mountain building process in the Western Tethyan realm was triggered by west- to northwestward-directed ophiolite obduction onto the wider Adriatic shelf. This southeastern to eastern Adriatic shelf was the former passive continental margin of the Neo-Tethys, which started to open in the Middle Triassic. Its western parts closed from around the Early/Middle Jurassic boundary with the onset of east-dipping intra-oceanic subduction. Ongoing contraction led to ophiolite obduction onto the former continental margin since the Bajocian. Trench-like basins formed concomitantly within the evolving thin-skinned orogen in a lower plate situation. Deep-water basins formed in sequence with the northwest-/westward propagating nappe fronts, which served as source areas of the basin fills. Basin deposition was characterized by coarsening-upward cycles, i.e. sedimentary mélanges as synorogenic sediments. The basin fills became sheared successively by ongoing contractional tectonics with features of typical mélanges. Analyses of ancient Neo-Tethys mélanges along the Eastern Mediterranean mountain ranges allow both, a facies reconstruction of the outer western passive margin of the Neo-Tethys and conclusions on the processes and timing of Jurassic orogenesis. Comparison of mélanges identical in age and component spectrum in different mountain belts figured out one Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Western Tethyan realm, instead of multi-ocean and multi-continent scenarios.     

构造复原技术在前陆冲断带岩相古地理重建中的应用——以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘晚古生代为例

前陆复杂构造区因构造变形强烈,地层缺失严重,“断相”、“古隆起”假象等因素,导致了前陆区岩相古地理制图具多解性。以鄂尔多斯西缘二叠系山西组和下石盒子组岩相古地理恢复为例,提出古构造复原、物源区分析是重建岩相古地理的重要环节,指出:西缘北部早中石炭世为走滑拉张断陷;二叠纪沉积时存在3大物源区;中生代的冲断推覆造成地层缩短率20%~47%。恢复后的岩相古地理图在沉积体系展布、砂体分布等方面和恢复前相比,有明显差异,对指导西缘地区上古生界天然气勘探有意义。