文蛤MERETRIX MERETRIX LINNAEUS工厂化人工育苗试验

文蛤的人工催产、浮游幼虫培育和稚贝水泥池培养试验结果表明：（1）用阴干与流水结合的方法刺激亲贝能获得理想俏产效果。（2）在水温28．0～29．1℃,比重1．0160—1．0187,pH值8．2－8．4条件下,用亚心形扁藻作文蛤D幼的开口饵料和壳顶幼虫饵料,生长快（日增长高达24．5μm）、成活率高（72．3％）、浮游期短（仅5－6天）。（3）文蛤眼点功出水泥池无砂底附苗试验获得成功,且单位面积附苗量高达433．3万颗／m2。（4）室内水泥池铺砂培养文蛤稚贝,前期生长快,但当壳长达300μm后,稚贝分泌一种粘液,生长和成活受到影响。建议定期翻池洗苗,当壳长达500μm后尽早将苗移至池塘内砂滩培养。     

方斑东风螺人工育苗试验

2003年3月31日至8月31日，在水温25．0～30．0℃，盐度28．3～35．1，pH8．1～8．5时，在广东省湛江雷州市进行了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验，培育出壳高6～10mm幼螺300多万只。结果表明。投喂新鲜海鱼、蟹类、虾类，短时间阴干、流水刺激或流水培育可以诱导方斑东风螺亲螺交配产卵；幼虫培育密度以2．0～2．5万个／m^3为宜，幼虫培育期间投喂多种天然混合饵料，可以提高幼虫成活率，缩短幼虫浮游时间，提前变态；及时投放附着砂，有利于幼虫顺利变态；壳高5～10mm幼螺培育密度保持在1500个／m^2左右，每10～15d清洗一次附着砂，可加速幼螺的生长，提高幼螺成活率，有效防止病害的发生。     

光合细菌在海湾扇贝工厂化育苗生产中的应用研究

1999年2月6日－4月10日,在青岛市崂山区海水育苗场80m3水体育苗池中,进行了几株光合细菌混合菌液作为海湾扇贝（Argopectonirradians）幼体及稚贝培育期水质净化剂及辅助饵料育苗生产试验,取得了显著效果。浮游幼体生长速度提高了18．3％,浮游期成活率提高20．3％,幼本提前30个小时出现眼点,稚贝变态率提高14．5％,产量提高94％。     

大竹蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

以大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)为材料,选择一定规格且处于繁殖期的亲贝采用铺砂蓄养培育,以阴干流水刺激法获得精卵,合理控制密度培育幼虫,前期6~8/mL,后期1~2/mL.育苗管理方面,严把饵料质量关,投喂新鲜无污染的饵料,科学换水与充气,使育苗生产顺利进行.不同密度下洗卵与不洗卵的孵化比较试验、无底质采苗和铺砂附着基投放的采苗等试验的结果为:在洗卵的条件下,孵化密度为30/mL时,孵化率可达80%;无底质采苗变态率较铺砂采苗高,但生长速度慢于铺砂采苗。     

盐度对文蛤孵化及幼体存活和生长的影响

国内外学者就盐度对文蛤幼体生长发育的影响有过一些报道,但仅局限于浮游幼虫期,而对受精卵孵化和稚贝期进行全面系统的试验研究,目前尚未见报道。本文分别以人工获得的文蛤受精卵、人工培育的浮游幼体和变态稚贝为试验材料,探索盐度对文蛤不同发育阶段生存、生长的影响规律,为人工育苗及稚贝中间育成提供参考。１　　材料和方法１．１　材料亲贝取自辽宁省盘锦市盘山县双台子河口中潮区砂岗,为３～４龄蛤。经阴干和流水刺激排放精卵,取适量受精卵为孵化期试验材料,其余受精卵在２５℃水温下经人工孵化、选育后,在４０ｍ~３水泥池…     

华贵栉孔扇贝生产性育苗高产试验

华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys nobilis的亲贝由人工种苗养成,采用阴干、紫外光照射、温差刺激等综合方法刺激亲贝,获得了诱导产卵的好效果。幼虫以叉鞭金藻为饵料,生长发育正常,变态附着率达73.5—96.5％,出池苗的成苗率约21％,最高产量为20.6×10~4个/m~3,经海区中27d的种苗中间培养,商品种苗的保苗率为20％左右。幼虫和池内幼苗的生长表现出初期慢、中期快、后期生长速度下降的趋势。海区的幼苗生长则呈现出随着个体增大而生长加快的趋势。     

熊本牡蛎室内人工育苗技术研究

本文以熊本牡蛎为材料,在高温季节,通过强化亲贝营养和26℃以上高温促熟培育,使熊本牡蛎亲贝快速成熟,利用阴干流水刺激方法诱导产卵,并进行了不同盐度下受精卵孵化实验;通过合理控制幼虫密度、投喂新鲜无污染的单胞藻、及时分级筛选等系列技术措施,克服了熊本牡蛎育苗成功率低的技术难题;开展了栉孔扇贝壳、长牡蛎壳和栉江珧壳三种附着基的采苗试验,结果显示牡蛎壳是理想的附着基,可使稚贝的附着变态率达到60%以上,促进稚贝的生长和成活,提高稚贝产量,壳长2mm以上的稚贝单位水体出苗量超过10×10~4粒/m~3。     

提高日本对虾人工育苗成活率的研究

通过日本对虾Penaeusjaponicus人工育苗中饵料配给、水质处理和控制,以及幼体病害防治的单因子和多因子正交试验及大面积生产验证,对提高日本对虾人工育苗成活率的几项关键措施进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）在Z期,添加螺旋藻Spiralsp.粉10g·（1．0×106尾·d）-1、光合细菌2ml·（m3·d）-1和Z3期添加卤虫Artemia无节幼体1-2个·ml-1,使Z1－M1期幼体的成活率提高10％-15％;（2）用36％甲醛0．065－0．13mmol·dm-3和光合细菌2ml·（m3·d）－1处理并改良育苗水质,以及在N期1次性加水75％,至M3期加满,P1-5期换水6％－10％,P6-10期换水15％－20％,用此方法控制育苗水质,作用显著;（3）用间投联用0．5g·（m3·d）－1抗菌素的方法预防幼体细菌病效果良好;（4）在10个总水体为543m3的育苗池中,共育出P8-10期的虾苗3．026×107尾,单位平均出苗量为5．5×104尾·m－3,N-P8-10期的成活率最高达65％,平均为54．6％。     

小刀蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

本文研究了小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)室内人工育苗技术。在繁殖季节选择壳长7.5cm亲贝,采用铺泥沙蓄养培育,以阴干+维生素浸泡刺激法获得精、卵,幼虫培育中人工控制幼虫密度,D形幼虫到壳顶幼虫前期为5~6个/mL,壳顶幼虫后期为1~2个/mL。进行了不同运输方式和不同底质亲贝蓄养比较试验、不同底质附着基采苗方法试验以及稚贝无底质上升流培育和不同盐度培育试验。研究表明,采用铺细沙加冰的运输方法亲贝成活率最高,干露9h成活率可达90%;以纯海泥底质蓄养的亲贝肥满度和成活率最高;无底质采苗和铺泥采苗对幼虫变态率的影响没有差异;无底质采苗的稚贝,其生长速度明显慢于铺泥采苗;小刀蛏稚贝不宜用上升流进行培育,宜采用铺泥培育的方法;盐度为15时,稚贝培养效果最好,生长速度快、成活率高,盐度为35时培养效果最差。采用上述技术,成功培育出3mm以上的商品苗2000万粒,育苗效果显著。     

利用四倍体与二倍体杂交规模化培育全三倍体太平洋牡蛎苗种

利用引进美国的四倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)雄贝与我国的二倍体雌贝杂交，规模化培育全三倍体牡蛎苗种。杂交组的平均受精率为48．27％，对照组为80．53％，杂交组较低的受精率可能与四倍体雄贝的精子活力及精子数量有关。杂交组的孵化率、幼虫成活率和变态率分别为81．10％，42．3％和1．82％，对照组分别为79．96％，37．0％和1.80％。杂交组共培育出稚贝1200万粒。不同时期取样的流式细胞仪分析结果表明，杂交组的三倍体率为100％。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.