我国南方冬季低温雨雪冰冻事件的大气扰动信号分析

利用中国549个站点的温度和降水资料确定了1960～2008年发生在我国南方冬季的23次低温雨雪冰冻事件。对全球大气变量再分析资料做物理分解得到天气尺度扰动分量用于这些事件的早期信号分析。结果表明,在低温事件发生时,南方地区上空300 hPa对应有最大负高度扰动,850 hPa有负温度扰动。这些扰动的传播特性可以作为低温事件发生的早期信号。在低温雨雪站日数大于10的11次事件中,它们的扰动信号平均可提前11.2天追踪到。     

天气和气候的可预报性

从理论和实际角度描述了天气和气候可预报性的认识过程.天气和气候的可预报性,特别是10～30天预报依赖于空间和时间尺度,预报包含了可预报分量和混沌分量.可预报性研究的最大挑战,来自气象极端事件的可预报性问题.     

台风“摩羯”路径转折预报和诊断分析

台风“摩羯”在2018年8月14日凌晨从安徽北部转向进入山东,业务预报模式对路径转折的预报存在较大偏差。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报和ECMWF第五代大气再分析资料ERA5对“摩羯”路径转折进行预报和诊断分析。结果表明：台风路径转折受到大尺度引导气流和台风本身结构共同影响。ECMWF的大部分集合成员没有预报出台风路径转折,主要是因为预报的西太平洋副热带高压（简称“西太副高”）位置比实况偏西。在模式前期预报中,西太副高偏西的特征比台风实际转折时间早30 h,在业务预报中可以通过西太副高位置的订正对台风路径进行向东订正。在台风路径转折前,整层大气高能区和200 hPa辐散大值区分布与转折趋势一致,对台风路径转折预报具有指示意义。台风路径转折发生在整层大气高能区中心轴线和300 hPa强增温中心轴线方向变化约18 h后。轴线方向的变化对转折时间预报具有指示意义。尺度分析结果显示,上述物理量的风暴尺度分量对台风路径转折具有指示意义。     

大气变量物理分解法在极端温度事件前期信号提取中的应用

观测的高空大气位势高度和温度可以应用物理分解的思路估算出纬圈平均的对称气候态、非对称气候态、纬圈平均的瞬变对称扰动和非对称扰动等四个分量。本文用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分解出的非对称高度扰动和温度扰动可以作为发生在华北的2005年6月区域热浪和12月区域低温事件的早期信号。结果得到:地面区域极端气温事件是对流层和平流层大气扰动在地面的表现。这次热浪最强日对流层上部(250 hPa)正的高度扰动和对流层低层(850 hPa)正的温度扰动是在7d前从欧洲传播而来的,而这次低温最强日对流层上部(300 hPa)负的高度扰动和对流层低层(850 hPa)负的温度扰动也是在13 d前从欧洲传播而来的。物理分解后的瞬变扰动天气图是地面热浪和低温事件预报的一种可用工具。     

珠江流域4～9月降水空间分布特征和类型

利用美国CAPS的非静力高分辨率区域预报模式ARPS(先进区域预报系统)对0414号台风"云娜"进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明ARPS较好地模拟台风"云娜"的移动路径及台风大暴雨.并着重讨论新一代天气雷达资料对台风"云娜"数值模拟的影响,通过对雷达资料同化进模式与没有雷达资料同化进模式对比模拟的试验结果分析表明:雷达资料进模式,对中高层的风场调整,改进对台风细微结构特征描述,加大近台风中心南侧的西风分量和近台风中心西侧的北风分量,从而改进云娜台风登陆后西行移动路径预报;对扰动温度、雨水混合率、云水混合率及水汽混合率场等调整,改善模式初始场台风中高层成雨条件,对台风降水预报,尤其暴雨的落区、降水分布及其随时间变化的预报有较大改进.     

雷达资料对0414号台风“云娜”数值预报的改进

利用美国CAPS的非静力高分辨率区域预报模式ARPS（先进区域预报系统）对0414号台风“云娜”进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明ARPS较好地模拟台风“云娜”的移动路径及台风大暴雨。并着重讨论新—代天气雷达资料对台风“云娜”数值模拟的影响,通过对雷达资料同化进模式与没有雷达资料同化进模式对比模拟的试验结果分析表明：雷达资料进模式,对中高层的风场调整,改进对台风细微结构特征描述,加大近台风中心南侧的西风分量和近台风中心西侧的北风分量,从而改进云娜台风登陆后西行移动路径预报;对扰动温度、雨水混合率、云水混合率及水汽混合率场等调整,改善模式初始场台风中高层成雨条件,对台风降水预报,尤其暴雨的落区、降水分布及其随时间变化的预报有较大改进。     

近地面大气电场数据EMD方法分析

将经验模态分解(EMD)方法应用于2009年夏季近地面大气电场资料的分析,分解出雷暴和晴天天气大气电场的不同时间尺度变化分量,并提取两类天气状态下的大气电场振荡特征进行对比.结果表明:EMD方法适合应用于近地面大气电场资料的分析,雷暴天气大气电场以晴天天气大气电场作为背景场,包含了周期振荡平稳的晴天天气成分;晴天天气大气电场能量集中于长周期振荡分量,而雷暴电场能量主要是集中于短周期振荡分量.发生雷暴前,IMF(本征模态函数)1分量的中心频率会出现明显跳跃或其对应幅度明显增大的现象.利用这些特征对随机选出的38次过程进行预报效果检验,得到预警的探测概率为84.2％.     

1980～2017年厦门地区小时尺度极端降水特征分析

利用1980～2017年厦门逐小时降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析厦门地区极端降水事件的气候特征,并初步讨论其成因。研究结果表明:1）极端降水事件的年发生频率呈现减少的趋势,厦门岛的减少趋势要比内陆更为显著。2）小时尺度的极端降水事件在较小尺度空间内无论是发生频率还是强度都存在明显的区域性差异,内陆地区在发生频率和强度上均高于厦门岛,但强度的平均值一致。3）造成极端降水事件的天气系统有4类,分别是热带气旋型、冷式切变型、西南风气流型和低槽冷锋型。随着城市抗灾能力的提升,对极端降水预报的要求也不断提高,基于小时值的结论可以为未来厦门地区极端降水事件的预报提供参考基础,进而提升预报的有效性和针对性。     

贵州省2020年5月极端性高温事件研究

2020年5月贵州省出现极端高温天气事件,本文利用贵州省84个气象观测站日平均气温和最高气温资料、美国气象环境预报中心的逐日再分析高度场资料以及美国海洋大气管理局的日平均海表面温度（SST）资料,利用超前滞后相关等方法对贵州省2020年5月“极端性高温事件”进行研究。得出如下结论：（1）2020年5月贵州省约有29%的站点极端日最高气温超过了1981年以来的历史极值,约58%的站点突破1981年以来5月同期历史极值,西太平洋副热带高压显示为异常西扩加强的态势,同时伴随南亚高压东伸增强,两个高压在不同高度上的配合导致深厚高压的异常出现,是此次贵州极端性高温事件发生的重要因素。（2） 2020年5月在欧亚大陆中高纬对流层上层有明显的Rossby波列结构,有利于贵州极端性高温事件出现。（3）热带西大西洋SST在月尺度内异常阶段性增暖,可作为贵州省极端性高温天气发生的重要前期信号,并且增暖过程比高温事件提前约14天,具有一定的前期指示意义。     

小型台风桑美特征及其强度突变诊断

利用NCEP再分析资料、MICAPS实时资料、数值预报产品资料、卫星雷达和自动站监测资料,对0608超强小型台风桑美的特征和强度突变过程进行分析,探讨小型台风的特征和强度突变的原因和诊断思路。分析结果表明:小型台风在高度场和气压场分析中容易被忽视,但涡度场分析对小型台风强度突变有指示意义,正涡度平流、高层辐散和低层辐合、有利热力及水汽条件有利于桑美强度发生突变。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.