Long-term dynamic bearing capacity of shallow foundations on a contractive cohesive soil

The calculation of the long-term dynamic bearing capacity arises from the need to consider the generation of maximum pore-water pressure developed from a cyclic load. Under suitable conditions, a long-term equilibrium situation would be reached, when pore-water pressures stabilized. However, excess pore-water pressure generation can lead to cyclic softening. Consequently, it is necessary to define both the cohesion and the internal friction angle to calculate the dynamic bearing capacity of a foundation in the long term, being necessary to incorporate the influence of the self-weight of soil and therefore the width of the foundation. The present work is based on an analysis of the results of cyclic simple shear tests on soil samples from the port of El Prat in Barcelona. From these experimental data, a pore-water pressure generation formulation was obtained that was implemented in FLAC2D finite difference software. A methodology was developed for the calculation of the maximum cyclic load that a footing can resist before the occurrence of the cyclic softening. The type of soil studied is a contractive cohesive soil, which generates positive pore-water pressures. As a numerical result, design charts have been developed for long-term dynamic bearing capacity calculation and the charts were validated with the application of a real case study.

     

Bearing capacity of strip footings on <Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>–<Emphasis Type="Italic">φ</Emphasis> soils with square voids

The presence of underground voids has an adverse influence on the performance of shallow foundations. In this study, the bearing capacity and failure mechanism of footings placed on cohesive-frictional soils with voids are evaluated using discontinuity layout optimization. By introducing a reduction coefficient, a set of design charts that can be directly applied to the classical bearing capacity formulation is presented. The results indicate that the undrained bearing capacity with voids is sensitive to soil weight and cohesion, as both the bearing capacity and stability issues exist in the problem. The failure mechanism is directly related to a variety of soil properties, the locations of single voids, and the horizontal distance between two voids. The presence of voids has a more dominant effect on c–φ soils compared to that on undrained soil. An interpretation of the critical and adverse locations for single-void and dual-void cases with various soil strengths is presented.     

原位载荷试验确定复合地基承载力方法研究

原位载荷试验是确定复合地基竖向承载力最可靠的方法。许多工程实例表明,当载荷试验加载不充分,无法通过极限荷载判断地基承载力特征值时,应根据《建筑地基处理技术规范》方法确定复合地基承载力特征值,但该值有时会偏小,这样的结果会导致设计人员采用的复合地基承载力特征值偏低,设计过分保守,由此造成技术投入加大,工程造价增加的不良结果。通过某工程同场地、同条件的一组素混凝土桩复合地基原位载荷试验数据与一组天然地基原位载荷试验数据对比,研究原位载荷试验测定复合地基承载力特征值方法的不足,讨论产生缺陷的原因。补充完善了《规范》通过载荷试验确定复合地基承载力确定方法,以期更好地促进复合地基技术及原位载荷试验的推广应用。     

A procedure for the design and analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes

Summary A procedure for the stability analysis and design of geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes over a firm foundation is described. Firstly the unreinforced slope is analysed, and for this a circular failure method is used which allows a surcharge load to be taken into account. Any method of slip circle analysis could be used to identify the coordinates of the centre of the slip circle, its radius and the minimum factor of safety. In this study, both internal and external stability analysis of the reinforced slope is presented. Internal stability deals with the resistance to pullout failure within the reinforced soil zone resulting from the soil/reinforcement interaction. The external stability is considered by an extension of the bilinear wedge method which allows a slip plane to propagate horizontally along a reinforcing sheet. The results for total tensile force, internal and external stability are presented in the form of charts.For given properties of soil and slope geometry, the required strength of the geosynthetic and the length of reinforcement at the top and bottom of the slope can be determined using these charts. The results are compared with the published design charts by Schmertmannet al. (1987).     

Cone Penetration Test Based Direct Methods for Evaluating Static Axial Capacity of Single Piles

The direct cone penetration test (CPT) based pile design methods use the measured penetrometer readings by scaling relationships or algorithms in a single-step process to enable the assessment of pile capacity components of shaft and base resistance (f _p and q _b, respectively) for evaluation of full-size pilings. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of published works that focus on direct CPT evaluation of static axial pile capacity. The review is presented in a chronological order to explicate the evolution over the past six decades of an in situ test based solution for this soil-structure interaction problem. The objective of this study is an attempt to assemble maximum published methods proposed as a result of past investigations in one resource to afford researchers and practitioners with convenient access to the respective design equations and charts. In addition to an all-inclusive summary table and the design charts, a compilation of significant findings and discussions thereof are presented. Furthermore, potential future research directions are indicated, with special emphasis on the optimal use of the modern multi-channel hybrid geophysical-geotechnical seismic CPT to evaluate the complete axial pile load–displacement response.     

Bayesian assessment of site‐specific performance of geotechnical design charts with unknown model uncertainty

Soil properties are indispensable input parameters in geotechnical design and analysis. In engineering practice, particularly for projects with relatively small or medium sizes, soil properties are often not measured directly, but estimated from geotechnical design charts using results of some commonly used laboratory or in situ tests. For example, effective friction angle ?′ of soil is frequently estimated using standard penetration test (SPT) N values and design charts relating SPT N values to ?′. Note that directly measured ?′ data are generally not available when (and probably why) the use of design charts is needed. Because design charts are usually developed from past observation data, on either empirical or semi‐theoretical basis, uncertainty is unavoidably involved in the design charts. This situation leads to two important questions in engineering practice: 1 how good or reliable are the soil properties estimated in a specific site when using the design charts? (or how to measure the performance of the design charts in a specific site?); and 2 how to incorporate rationally the model uncertainty when estimating soil properties using the design charts? This paper aims to address these two questions by developing a Bayesian statistical approach. In this paper, the second question is firstly addressed (i.e., soil properties are probabilistically characterized by rationally incorporating the model uncertainty in the design chart). Then, based on the characterization results obtained, an index is proposed to evaluate the site‐specific performance of design charts (i.e., to address the first question). Equations are derived for the proposed approach, and the proposed approach is illustrated using both real and simulated SPT data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑桩端刺入沉降的桩土自平衡式复合地基设计

复合地基的本质是增强体与地基土通过变形协调共同承担上覆荷载。褥垫层的设置起到了协调桩土变形的作用,但褥垫层工作性状及变形特性尚不明确,其厚度设计仍然参考规范依靠经验判断,往往不能充分发挥地基土的承载作用。目前复合地基设计通常采用褥垫层调节桩土变形,而忽略了桩端刺入沉降协调桩土变形来发挥地基土的承载作用,为了利用桩端刺入沉降协调桩土变形,充分发挥桩间土承载的作用,减薄褥垫层或不设褥垫层并减小设计桩长,以期降低地基处理费用,实现桩土共同承担荷载的目的,建立了通过控制桩端刺入沉降协调桩土变形的自平衡式复合地基设计方法。通过与褥垫层方法对比以及工程实例计算,结果表明,该方法可更好地发挥桩土承载作用,为复合地基优化设计提供参考。     

嵌岩灌注桩承载力设计浅析

本文通过不同地层中嵌岩桩的特点,讨论了嵌岩灌注桩的荷载传递特点和设计应用中的问题,对嵌岩灌注桩嵌岩长径比与嵌岩桩侧摩阻力、端承力、单桩极限承载力之间的关系以及嵌岩深度等问题进行了必要的探讨。     

吸力式沉箱基础极限拉拔承载力的数值分析

作为新型的深水海洋基础型式,吸力式沉箱基础被广泛地用于系泊深水海洋设施中,从而承受巨大的倾斜上拔荷载。在上拔荷载水平分量与竖向分量的共同作用下,吸力式沉箱的承载特性及其工作性能评价是海洋工程设计与建设中的关键技术问题之一。然而现有的理论分析与试验研究并不能满足工程实践的需要,因此,对吸力式沉箱基础的极限承载力分析建立了有限元数值计算方法。当沉箱基础在快速拔出过程中,正常固结黏土处于完全不排水状态,沉箱基础发生整体破坏时表现出反向地基承载力失稳模式,此时沉箱基础所发挥的极限承载能力往往最大。为此,在数值计算中直接假定沉箱基础及其周围土体处于完全不排水状态,针对不同的沉箱长径比,分别确定了在竖向上拔荷载和水平拉拔的单独作用下沉箱基础极限承载力。对比发现：竖向上拔极限承载力有限元解能够较好地与理论计算结果相符合,而水平极限承载力解与理论计算结果存在一定的差异。     

沙漠地区风积沙地基输电线路装配式基础真型试验研究

沙漠风积沙地基输电线路杆塔基础设计是当前我国电网建设中的关键研究课题之一。沙漠风积沙属于特殊土地基,这种地基上的输电线路装配式基础缺少相关设计依据。针对沙漠风积沙地基输电线路基础工程的特点,进行了输电线路装配式基础的真型试验,得到了上拔与水平荷载、下压与水平荷载联合作用下的承载变形特性、基础构件的应变特性、基础底板与风积沙地基之间的接触压力变化规律。根据测试结果,确定了沙漠地区风积沙地基装配式基础的地基承载力和上拔角取值,得到了基础稳定的最不利工况,有助于提高基础设计的可靠性和合理性。试验结果为沙漠地区台远-塔中220 kV输电线路基础工程的设计提供了依据。     

Reliability-based design of spread footings on clays reinforced with aggregate piers

ABSTRACT

The economical and safe design of footings supported on aggregate-pier-reinforced clay could benefit from the implementation of a reliability-based approach that incorporates the different sources of uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to quantify the probability distribution of the ultimate bearing capacity for practical design scenarios. A reliability analysis is then conducted to propose design charts that yield the required factor of safety as a function of the major input parameters. The novelty in the proposed methodology is the incorporation of a lower bound shear strength that is based on the remoulded undrained shear strength in the reliability analysis.     

原位载荷试验在优化土质地基基础设计中的作用

城市土质地基越来越多,但对土质地基承载力的正确认识还不够,合理地利用土质地基既安全又经济。通过几个建筑工程设计变更实例,强调了原位承载力试验的必要性,论述了土质地基承载力特征值取值合理性问题,分析了目前在对土质地基勘察设计中存在的问题。     

有限元法在基坑土钉支护极限高度中的应用

利用有限元方法对基坑土钉支护的极限高度问题进行了研究,分析了影响基坑土钉支护极限高度的主要因素。研究结果表明：基坑土钉支护存在着极限高度,极限高度的求解与地基极限承载力问题有着密切联系,从而利用地基极限承载力的有限元求解思路求得了基坑土钉支护的极限高度;研究了基坑土钉支护参数对极限高度的影响,得出极限高度与各个基坑土钉支护主要参数之间的部分变化规律,并在匀质土体的情况下与土塑性力学中的上下限定理得出的理论解进行了比较,经工程实例验证,结果比较吻合,为基坑土钉支护极限高度的确定提供了一种新的思路。     

基于GRLWEAP的桩基可打入性影响因素研究

桩基的可打入性分析对桩的设计十分重要。实际工程中精确的可打入性分析可以避免由于未能将桩打入设计入土深度而导致的截桩和桩头损坏等事故,也能避免在桩的贯入深度已经超过设计贯入深度时仍不能满足设计承载力的情况发生。为精确桩基的可打入性分析,研究了影响桩基可打入性的多种敏感因素,采用正交实验法设计了32组试验,由GRLWEAP软件完成试验,得出打桩分析结果。结合渤海某油田平台工程实例得出桩基可打入性影响因素敏感度规律,即桩基可打入性影响因素敏感度由大到小依次是打桩能量、桩径、地质条件、桩长、垫层厚度、桩壁厚、停锤时间、停锤位置、桩段数量。     

柔性桩复合地基的系统可靠性分析方法研究

运用系统可靠度理论,根据柔性桩复合地基分别按承载力设计和变形控制设计的不同计算方法,将复合地基整体系统分为复合地基承载力子系统、变形子系统、差异变形子系统,分别进行可靠性分析,并计算整体系统失效概率。提出了复合地基的系统可靠性分析方法,为复合地基的优化设计提供了一种思路。     

试论岩土工程勘察报告的编写工作

岩土工程勘察报告是建筑地基基础设计和施工的重要依据。在保证外业和实验资料准确 可靠的基础上,文字报告和有关图表应按合理的程序编制。要重视现场编录、原位测试和实验资 料检查校核,使之相互吻合,相互印证。要根据岩土地质时代、成因类型、岩土性质、状态、岩 石风化程度和物理力学特征合理进行地基岩土分层。报告要充分搜集利用相关的工程地质资 料,做到内容齐全,论据充足,重点突出,正确评价建筑场地条件,地基岩土条件和特殊问题, 为工程设计和施工提供合理适用的建议。     

深厚软土地基上充灌袋围埝下沉计算研究

采用大型充灌袋在深厚软土地基上建造围埝具有节约材料、降低造价、方便施工等优势,因此,在围海造陆中得到了广泛地应用。软弱地基由于承载力不足,且常处于流塑状态,故充灌袋围埝建造时会挤出淤泥而沉入软土中。随着下沉深度增加,围埝两侧的边载也随之增加,围埝基底也逐渐落在承载力较高的土层上,当围埝的重量与地基承载力相等时,围埝停止下沉,达到极限平衡状态。确定围埝达到设计标高时的下沉深度和充灌袋的用量是充灌袋围埝设计的核心问题。利用土体极限平衡理论并考虑隆起淤泥对承载力的影响,推导出充灌袋围埝挤淤深度的计算公式,并通过挤淤的模型试验和现场工程的监测数据来验证公式的合理性和适用性。此研究成果可供充灌袋围埝挤淤深度的设计及相关工程以参考。     

Practical second‐order reliability analysis applied to foundation engineering

A practical and efficient approach of implementing second‐order reliability method (SORM) is presented and illustrated for cases related to foundation engineering involving explicit and implicit limit state functions. The proposed SORM procedure is based on an approximating paraboloid fitted to the limit state surface in the neighborhood of the design point and can be easily carried out in a spreadsheet. Complex mathematical operations are relegated to relatively simple user‐created functions. The failure probability is calculated automatically based on the reliability index and principal curvatures of the limit state surface using established closed‐form SORM formulas. Four common foundation engineering examples are analyzed using the proposed method and discussed: immediate settlement of a flexible rectangular foundation, bearing capacity of a shallow footing, axial capacity of a vertical single pile, and deflection of a pile under lateral load. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations are made. In the case of the laterally loaded pile, the friction angle of the soil is represented as a one‐dimensional random field, and pile deflections are computed based on finite element analysis on a stand‐alone computer package. The implicit limit state function is approximated via the response surface method using two quadratic models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深层搅拌桩复合地基的优化设计

在满足承载力控制和沉降量控制要求的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法分析最优桩长和桩间距,完成了深层搅拌桩复合地基的优化设计,以达到满足建设需求的同时最大限度地节省建设费用的目的。根据深层搅拌桩复合地基的特点,讨论了复合地基承载力特征值的计算方法,分析了沉降量的构成,对沉降计算方法进行了探讨,并选用单位元法和分层总和法来评价复合地基加固区和下卧层的压缩性。结合深层搅拌桩复合地基的设计要素、承载力、荷载压力、沉降量等指标和具体数值参数,通过设置最优桩长和桩间距来求取满足承载力要求的最小总桩长,并通过编程实现了优化过程。通过程序计算,得到了一组满足地基承载力要求的桩长、基础底面积、置换率的最优数据组合,实现了对深层搅拌桩复合地基的优化设计。     

地基承载力的双控确定方法

分析了目前规范确定承载力的方法,认为其不足之处是没有对应明确的安全系数和沉降变形值,实际应用中存在硬土或低压缩性地基的承载力偏保守,而软土或高压缩性地基以及大尺寸基础的承载力会因沉降变形过大而存在风险。建议地基的承载力应由岩土的强度参数和变形参数对具体的基础进行地基的强度和变形计算,按强度和变形双控的原则确定其最大地基承载力,可以获得地基承载力明确的安全系数和沉降值,获得更为科学合理的地基承载力,能更充分地利用地基的承载力进行地基设计,同时安全也更具有保障性,有较好的工程应用价值。建议现场压板载荷试验用于反算地基土的强度和变形参数,而不是用于直接确定承载力,现场压板试验没有进行到极限状态时建议用最大试验载荷值确定土的强度参数,土的变形参数则对试验曲线采用双曲线拟合确定。文中还建议了简易的双控确定方法,便于应用,通过案例对方法予以说明。