极性分子型电流变液导电机理研究

极性分子型电流变液是一种新型的电流变材料.其介电颗粒上吸附极性分子,极性分子在颗粒间强局域电场作用下发生取向是产生巨电流变效应的关键.通过对Ca—Ti—O(CTO)体系极性分子型电流变液电流密度的测量发现,其导电行为遵从Poole-Frenkel效应的规律,这是极性分子型电流变液的重要特征之一.而500 ℃处理过的CTO粉体不含极性分子,所配制的电流变液无巨电流变效应,其电流密度随外电场强度近似地呈线性关系,显示出传统电流变液特性.     

双羰基氰吡咯化合物的电子吸收光谱及其溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平下研究了双羰基氰吡咯化合物在苯、甲苯、氯仿、四氢呋喃和乙醇等溶剂中的几何结构和电子结构,并在此基础上进行了垂直激发的含时密度泛函(TD-DFT)计算,得到了不同溶剂中的电子吸收光谱,考察了溶剂的极性对分子结构、前线分子轨道及电子光谱的影响。研究结果表明:分子中的芳环和吡咯环形成较大的共轭π键体系;分子结构和电子吸收光谱都不同程度地呈现溶剂效应,溶剂对分子构型的影响主要集中在吡咯环和杂原子上,N10-C17键长由1.474 0增加到1.476 3,C11-C12键长由1.498 3减小至1.495 5,键角C12-C11=O14由127.920 0减小为127.506 7;双羰基氰吡咯化合物的最大吸收波长在溶剂作用下发生红移,且吸收强度明显增加,红移的程度随溶剂极性的增加而增大。     

Cd2+与Zn2+的联合效应对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)受精率的影响

采用中心组合设计和响应曲面法在实验室条件下研究了Cd2+与Zn2+对马氏珠母贝受精率的影响。Cd2+、Zn2+的浓度范围分别为0.030—20mg/L、0.100—20mg/L。结果表明:Cd2+与Zn2+两因子对马氏珠母贝受精率的一次效应极显著(P<0.01);Cd2+与Zn2+两因子一次互作效应极显著(P<0.01)。经响应曲面法分析,随着Cd2+与Zn2+浓度的增加受精率呈下降趋势,当Zn2+浓度在最低浓度(0.100mg/L)时,受精率随着Cd2+浓度的上升而下降;当Cd2+浓度在最低浓度(0.030mg/L)时,受精率随Zn2+浓度的上升而先下降后升高。本实验建立了马氏珠母贝受精率与Cd2+、Zn2+间关系的模型方程(R2=0.996,Adj.R2=0.987,Pred.R2=0.887,P<0.01)并可用于预测Cd2+、Zn2+对马氏珠母贝受精率的影响。     

硅的间接跃迁双光子吸收系数谱

利用皮秒Nd:YAG脉冲激光器作为激发光源,测量出光子能量介于1.36 μm (0.912 eV)—1.80 μm (0.689 eV)之间的硅间接跃迁双光子吸收系数谱.尽管此波段范围内的激光光子能量小于硅间接带隙,但当激光辐照在硅基光电二极管受光面时,在二极管两电极端仍然探测到了显著的脉冲光伏信号.光伏信号峰值强度与入射光强呈二次幂函数关系,表明其是双光子吸收过程.采用pn结等效结电容充放电模型,将光伏响应信号峰值与入射光强相关联,从中提取出硅的间接跃迁双光子吸收系数,改变入射波长得到系数谱.研究表明:     

有机磷农药对坛紫菜叶状体核酸含量的影响

在实验生态条件下研究了不同浓度、不同时间甲胺磷、辛硫磷暴露对坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)核酸(RNA和DNA)含量的影响。结果表明,随着污染时间的延长,所有污染物对RNA、DNA含量的影响基本上表现为先上升后下降的时间效应关系,同一污染物浓度越大就越早出现下降。同时出现随暴露剂量的增加,RNA、DNA含量先上升后下降或全部下降的剂量～效应关系。     

基于光纤光参量放大的异步双波长全光再生技术研究

本文提出了一种新型的多波长全光再生方案,利用相位时钟光纤光参量放大,并采用相邻信道偏振正交的方法,实现对由异步信源产生的双波长信号全光再生.理论分析了参量放大中的增益饱和现象用于幅度噪声抑制,以及利用相位时钟及后续色散实现对信号定时的机理.在这个基础上,对两个独立信源产生的异步双波长10 Gbit/s信号进行再生实验,实验表明该方案有效的抑制了基于多波长3R再生系统中信道间的四波混频与交叉相位调制等非线性干扰.系统在单波长和双波长情况下分别将两路信号信噪比改善了至少6.5 dB与4.5 dB.误码率测试结     

用光纤传感器监测溶解氧

光纤氧传感器通常称为光极(Optrode).它代表了监测海洋和淡水系中溶解氧浓度的一种新技术.与传统的电流电极相比,这种传感器的优点是快速时间响应(＜1s)、信号长期稳定、耗氧量少、抗电磁噪声或由pH的变化造成的干扰、可在疏化物之中,或者在一般量级的有机物污物中显示.     

盐度驯化对虹鳟鳃、肌肉和肝脏非极性脂脂肪酸的影响

本文分析了盐度驯化前后虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鳃、肌肉和肝脏中的非极性脂脂肪酸组成。研究显示,盐度驯化前后虹鳟3种组织器官的非极性脂脂肪酸种类组成没有变化,但非极性脂脂肪酸比例组成出现了组织特异性变化。盐度驯化对虹鳟鳃的非极性脂脂肪酸组成影响不显著,但肌肉和肝脏的非极性脂中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)比例显著下降;肌肉和肝脏C18多不饱和脂肪酸(C18PUFA)、亚麻酸族不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)和亚油酸族不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFA)比例显著上升,非极性脂脂肪酸的不饱和指数(UI)和不饱和率(U/S)显著上升。本研究表明,在盐度驯化中,鳃不是虹鳟主要的能量供给器官,肌肉和肝脏可以分解非极性脂的饱和脂肪酸为虹鳟适应盐度环境供能,是主要的能源供给器官;虹鳟肝脏中C18PUFA的升高可加快内源性LC-PUFA的合成,有利于虹鳟对海水环境的适应和自身的生长发育。     

酰胺醚类化合物缓蚀行为的理论研究

应用密度泛函(DFT)理论,在M062X/6-311+G(d,p)水平下对丙烯酰胺基甲基醚(AAME)和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(N-MAM)在真空和溶剂条件下模拟其缓蚀行为。结果表明,N-MAM与AAME分子的活性位点主要分布在N、O杂原子上,同等条件下AAME分子的缓蚀性能优于N-MAM,溶剂化效应使分子的缓蚀性能比在真空条件下得到了提高。通过分子动力学模拟,AAME在真空和溶剂条件中,在Fe(110)面的吸附能分别为486.39和789.44 kJ/mol,均大于相同条件下N-MAM的吸附能(228.85和449.84 kJ/mol),表现出更优的缓蚀效果。多个N-MAM或AAME分子可通过分子间氢键作用在Fe(110)面有序自组装铺展成膜。     

2-[[(2-氨基苯基)亚胺]苯甲基]-4-氯苯酚晶体结构的量子化学研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,运用Gaussian03量子化学程序包,在B3LYP/6-31G*基组水平上对合成的化合物2-[[(2-氨基苯基)亚胺]苯甲基]-4-氯苯酚的晶体结构进行优化,计算了分子稳定构型的总能量、前线分子轨道能量、原子自然电荷布局、自然键轨道(NBO)及稳定化能等.计算结果与通过单晶X-射线衍射法测得的晶体结构的实验结果吻合.此项研究可为异双希夫碱配体及其金属配合物的合成及实际应用提供理论参考.     

海水光衰减变化与颗粒有机碳估算——以菲律宾海为例

2004年夏季在菲律宾海进行了上层水体光衰减(660 nm)剖面测量和海水取样分析,提出了海区悬浮颗粒有机碳的光学统计模型。根据大量的现场观测资料,得到了菲律宾海上层水体高分辨率颗粒有机碳断面,对颗粒有机碳分布与变化特征进行了探讨。研究表明,菲律宾海上层水体颗粒有机碳和叶绿素a的比值约为400~2000,浮游植物现存量与颗粒有机碳现存量变化趋势一致。     

2016年夏季南海海盆水体颗粒物粒径分布特征*

颗粒物粒径分布(Particle Size Distribution, PSD)代表了颗粒物浓度与颗粒物粒径之间的关系, 影响着海洋生态环境和水体光学特性等。文章基于2016年夏季航次调查的生物光学剖面数据, 研究了南海海盆海域PSD的分布特征。研究发现, 幂律函数可以较好地拟合南海海盆区域的PSD, 对数空间中的实测的PSD与模拟的PSD平均决定系数高达0.95。PSD斜率(ξ)的分布范围为[1.27, 7.65], 均值为3.93±0.56。南海海盆区域表层水体的ξ均值与全球大洋表层水体的ξ均值相近, 但高于海湾等表层水体的ξ均值。ξ能较好地表征颗粒物平均粒径D_A的大小, 两者存在明显负相关关系, 即ξ值越高, D_A越小; 反之, D_A越大。通过分析T1断面的生物光学剖面数据及总体平均的PSD剖面数据, 发现PSD剖面分布特征如下: 1)表层水体的ξ值相对较高, 且D_A值相对较低, 推测可能是由于微微型藻类为主导颗粒物所致; 2) ξ值极小值层出现在次表层叶绿素浓度极大值层(Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layer, SCML)中, 并伴随D_A极大值层的出现, 其原因可能是SCML中的大粒径浮游植物占比显著增加; 3)弱光层中的ξ值较SCML中的高, 但略低于表层的ξ值, 而D_A则位于表层与SCML的D_A之间, 这可能与浮游植物及其碎屑的絮凝、分解、沉降等过程相关。PSD特征影响着海水的固有光学特性, 分析发现: 由于SCML中的叶绿素浓度增加, 颗粒物散射系数(b_p(532))和颗粒物后向散射系数(b_bp(532))也相应呈现显著增加的趋势。弱光层中的平均b_p(532)与平均b_bp(532)最小。ξ与颗粒物衰减光谱斜率之间呈高分散性, Boss 等(2001b)的模型适合用于粗略估算区域性的ξ分布范围及均值。     

Factors affecting clarity of New Zealand lakes

Average values of inherent optical properties for the 400–700 nm waveband were estimated from quantum irradiance measurements on 27 New Zealand lakes of diverse optical character, using published nomograms. Secchi disc depths, turbidity, algal pigment, non‐volatile suspended solids, and absorption by membrane‐filtered samples at 440 nm (g 440 ) were also measured. Turbidity (NTU) correlated closely with the scattering coefficient (m^‐1) and these quantities were almost numerically equal, as found in other studies. The data were found to conform to an expression in the oceanographic literature relating Secchi disc depth to the beam attenuation and diffuse attenuation coefficients. Specific beam attenuation, scattering, and absorption coefficients were estimated from the coefficients of linear multiple regressions of the measured total coefficients on the variables: total pigment (chlorophyll a + phaeopigment), non‐volatile suspended solids, and g 440. The estimated values were in reasonable agreement with similar specific coefficients reported in the oceanographic literature. The coefficients provide a basis for predicting clarity in new impoundments or for predicting the effects of loading changes (e.g., of nutrients) on the clarity of existing lakes. The coefficients can be used for classifying lake waters into different optical types.     

Seasonal observations of surface waters in two Gulf of Maine estuary-plume systems: Relationships between watershed attributes,optical measurements and surface pCO2

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) in estuary-plume systems is related to the internal processes of net organic metabolism and physical mixing, but is also strongly influenced by biogeochemical inputs from the land and ocean. Surface layer pCO₂, stimulated fluorescence of chlorophyll (f-chl) and colored organic matter (f-com), and beam attenuation at 660 nm (c-660) were measured during three seasonal surveys of the Kennebec (ME) and Merrimack (MA) estuary-plume systems. These estuaries are both supplied by large New England Rivers and separated by less than 150 km, but significant differences were often observed in the distributions of surface pCO₂ and optical variables. High pCO₂ concentrations were generally associated with high f-com, while lower pCO₂ concentrations were associated with high f-chl and c-660. Using simple regression models, optical measurements were used to estimate chlorophyll and total organic carbon concentrations. Results suggest that labile riverine carbon is responsible for sustaining supersaturated pCO₂ conditions and that phytoplankton productivity, likely driven by inputs of riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen, is responsible for pCO₂ undersaturation. Although optical variables are often related to surface pCO₂, the results suggest that efforts to retrieve pCO₂ in complex waters using optical data may be enhanced using a site-specific, multivariate approach.     

Improvement of the axial trapping effect using azimuthally polarised trapping beam

A dual optical tweezers system, which consists of a doughnut mode optical tweezer (DMOT) with the azimuthally polarised trapping beam and a solid mode optical tweezer (SMOT) with the Gauss trapping beam was constructed to compare the axial trapping effect of DMOT and SMOT. The long-distance axial trapping of ST68 microbubbles (MBs) achieved by DMOT was more stable than that of SMOT. Moreover the axial trapping force measured using the viscous drag method, was depended on the diameter of the particle, the laser power, and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens. The measurement of the axial trapping force and the acquisition of CCD images of trapping effect confirmed that the DMOT showed excellent axial trapping ability than SMOT. A simple and effective method is developed to improve axial trapping effect using the azimuthally polarized beam as trapping beam. This is helpful for the long-distance manipulating of particles especially polarised biological objects in axial direction.     

渤海海域CALIOP 与MODIS 气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析

以渤海海域为试验区,对经过时间、空间和波段匹配的 MODIS/Aqua 550 nm 气溶胶光学厚度产品与 CALIOP 532 nm 通道反演得到的气溶胶信息在五种不同空间采样窗口(10 km ×10 km,30 km ×30 km,50 km ×50 km,70 km ×70 km 和90 km ×90 km)、三种不同时间尺度(日、月、季度)下进行了相关性拟合分析.研究发现,较小的空间采样窗口可以更准确地反映气溶胶的局部变化特征,而以季度为时间统计单元能更好地体现气溶胶的季节变化特性.实验结果表明,在10 km ×10 km 采样窗口中,春季的日数据之间相关性较高;春季和秋季的月均值之间高度相关(R 均大于0.950).从而证明,在特定时间和空间尺度下,上述两种数据之间确存在良好的相关性,为利用遥感数据反演渤海海域气溶胶光学厚度信息提供了新的途径.     

添加纳米TiO2的氯醚树脂的XPS分析

在紫外线老化前后,利用光电子能谱(XPS)研究了分别添加金红石型和锐钛型纳米TiO2的氯醚树脂。研究发现,氯醚树脂中氯、氧元素具有表面富积现象——趋肤效应,而钛和碳元素在内层聚集;添加颜料粒子越小,在表面含量越大;金红石型纳米二氧化钛紫外屏蔽性好,减缓树脂老化;而锐钛型纳米二氧化钛具有显著的光催化活性,加速树脂老化。因此,金红石型纳米二氧化钛将是一种有前途的紫外线吸收剂。     

夏季珠江口海域海水CO2分压的卫星遥感反演

基于控制因子分析的方法,本研究建立了夏季珠江口海域海水CO₂分压(pCO₂)的遥感反演模型。基于珠江水与黑潮水的两端元混合,建立了水平混合和热力学作用的量化模型,并生成了查找表。同时,建立了基于黄色物质(含碎屑)吸收系数的盐度遥感算法,实现珠江口海域表层盐度的遥感反演。利用走航pCO₂和匹配的遥感叶绿素质量浓度产品,建立了生物作用的量化模型。通过集成水平混合和生物作用,最终实现夏季珠江口海域pCO₂的遥感反演。与走航pCO₂比较表明,仅考虑水平混合和热力学作用的遥感结果会显著高估,考虑生物作用后,遥感结果无论在量值和空间变化趋势上均与实测结果相符。此外,遥感反演结果表明,夏季珠江口近岸水域为CO₂的汇区,而离岸的陆架水域则为CO₂的弱源。     

Remotely sensed seasonality in the spatial distribution of sea-surface suspended particulate matter in the southern North Sea

An algorithm is presented for estimating near-surface SPM concentrations in the turbid Case 2 waters of the southern North Sea. The single band algorithm, named POWERS, was derived by parameterising Gordon's approximation of the radiative transfer model with measurements of Belgian and Dutch inherent optical properties. The algorithm was used to calculate near-surface SPM concentration from 491 SeaWiFS datasets for 2001. It was shown to be a robust algorithm for estimating SPM in the southern North Sea. Regression of annual geometric mean SPM concentration derived from remote sensing (SPM_rs), against in situ (SPM_is) data from 19 Dutch monitoring stations was highly significant with an r² of 0.87. Further comparison and statistical testing against independent datasets for 2000 confirmed the consistency of this relationship. Moreover, time series of SPM_rs concentrations derived from the POWERS algorithm, were shown to follow the same temporal trends as individual SPM_is data recorded during 2001. Composites of annual, winter and summer SPM_rs for 2001 highlight the three dominant water masses in the southern North Sea, as well as their winter–fall and spring–summer variability. The results indicate that wind induced wave action and mixing cause high surface SPM signals in winter in regions where the water column becomes well mixed, whereas in summer stratification leads to a lower SPM surface signal. The presented algorithm gives accurate near-surface SPM concentrations and could easily be adapted for other water masses and seas.