Shaft and base resistance of non-displacement piles in sand

This paper presents the results of three-dimensional, finite element analyses performed with an advanced, two-surface-plasticity, constitutive sand model to investigate the response of non-displacement piles to axial loading. The analysis domain is carefully meshed such that the formation and evolution of shear bands next to the pile shaft and near the pile base can be properly captured. Analyses considering various soil profiles and pile geometries show that the mobilized lateral earth pressure coefficient K along the pile shaft increases with increasing relative density and decreasing initial confining stress. The ultimate unit base resistance is independent of pile diameter, increasing with increasing relative density and increasing initial confining stress at the pile base. Based on the analysis results, design equations are proposed to estimate the limit shaft resistance and ultimate base resistance of non-displacement piles in sandy soil. In proposing these relationships, the pile slenderness ratio is considered. The effect of layer proximity to the base of the pile or pile base embedment in a layer is also considered.     

桩-土界面特性对砂土地基中抗拔桩承载特性影响的模型试验研究

针对砂土地基中不同L/d的抗拔桩进行了模型试验,模型桩采用了3种不同界面,结合界面剪切试验探讨了桩-土界面特性对抗拔桩荷载-位移曲线、极限承载力及残余承载力的影响,得到了以下几点结论：模型桩长径比L/d不同时,每种界面抗拔桩荷载-位移曲线是类似的,光滑钢桩上拔力达极限承载力后保持不变,粗糙界面模型桩上拔力达极限承载力后降低,直至达残余承载力;抗拔桩达极限承载力时的静止土压力系数K受桩-土界面粗糙程度的影响,界面越粗糙,K值越大;界面越粗糙,抗拔桩残余承载力与极限承载力的比值越小,该比值随L/d的变化较小;对于粗糙界面抗拔桩,残余承载力与极限承载力的差别一部分是由于桩-土界面摩擦角的降低引起的,另一部分是抗拔桩达到极限承载力后作用在桩表面上的水平土压力降低引起的。     

Skin friction features of drilled CIP piles in sand from pile segment analysis

Numerical pile segment analysis is conducted in this study with an advanced soil model to investigate the skin friction behaviour of a drilled Cast‐In‐Place (CIP) pile installed in sand. Although the interface between the sand and pile is considered rough, thin elements adjacent to the pile are used to include effects of localized shear. Unit weights of fluid concrete and accompanied changes in stress are considered as the effects of pile installation. Changes in effective stresses are the most prominent effect due to pile installation with a change in direction of the major principal stress from the vertical to the radial direction. Shear behaviour of the sand at the interface during the early shear stage is related to the contractive tendency of the sand at small strain levels. Changes in the stress field around the pile with little changes in volumetric strain take place during the early shear stage. Stress redistributions during the early shear stage depend on the direction of the major principal stress before shear. Results of the pile segment analyses for drilled CIP piles show good agreement with design methods. Parametric studies are used to characterize the effects of sand density and pile diameter on the skin friction behaviour of drilled CIP piles. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple critical state interface model and its application in prediction of shaft resistance of non-displacement piles in sand

A simple semi-hyperbolic state-dependent constitutive model for sand-structure interfaces is proposed. The model formulation is consistent with critical state soil mechanics since void ratio evolves continuously with shear strain from initial state towards asymptotic critical state at extremely large shear strains. The model takes into account influence of normal stiffness on volume change and stress path. The proposed interface model is implemented in a pile segment analysis scheme for simulation of shaft resistance mobilization in non-displacement piles. Results reveal that the proposed pile segment analysis can well predict shaft resistance of model piles embedded in different sands.     

嵌岩桩嵌岩段侧阻和端阻综合系数研究

现行行业标准《建筑桩基技术规范》（JGJ94－2008）[1]采用嵌岩段侧阻和端阻综合系数?r与基岩单轴抗压强度frk来计算嵌岩桩嵌岩段的总承载力。该方法较简单且工程意义明确,便于工程设计使用。然而规范中综合系数的取值存在一定的局限性。采用ABAQUS通用有限元软件对武汉绿地中心等4个背景工程共20余根现场试桩试验成果进行了数值拟合,取得了较合理的岩（土）参数取值;利用前述参数,建立不同岩性条件下的嵌岩桩数值计算模型,对综合系数进行了计算分析,并建立其与基岩岩性、嵌岩深径比的关系,提出了综合系数建议取值表。相比于规范取值方法,该方法对不同岩石强度分类和嵌岩深径比两个维度上进行了扩充与细化。通过背景工程嵌岩桩试桩承载力的验算表明,采用综合系数比按规范计算的综合系数更接近试桩实测结果。     

Analysis of shaft resistance of jacked piles in sands

In recent years, pile jacking has become a viable alternative installation method for displacement piles. Pile jacking produces minimal noise, vibration and air pollution during installation. In addition, it is possible, at the end of jacking, to have a good estimate of the ultimate static capacity of the pile. In this paper, the shaft resistance of piles jacked into sand is studied using one‐dimensional finite element analysis. The finite element simulations, using a two‐surface plasticity model, demonstrate the effects of relative density and confinement on the unit shaft resistance of piles jacked in sand. The impact of the number of jacking strokes on the unit shaft capacity is also assessed. Based on the numerical results, we developed equations for shaft resistance quantifying the effects of relative density, initial confinement and number of jacking strokes. Predictions using these equations are compared with data obtained from centrifuge tests and field tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂土中边坡附近单桩水平抗力的模型试验研究

针对平地p-y曲线对临近边坡桩基的不适用性,开展了砂土中边坡存在对单桩水平抗力影响的室内物理模型试验。依据边坡坡角及边坡到单桩距离的不同,共进行了11次3组试验。采用分段3次多项式对实测桩身应变分布进行拟合,以推算桩身变形和桩侧抗力,有效克服了数据拟合点的奇异。对比无边坡时的试验p-y曲线、美国API规范曲线和双曲线模型,确认了平地p-y曲线的计算表达式。其次获得了边坡条件下的单桩荷载-位移曲线,揭示了边坡坡角和边坡到桩的距离对水平受荷单桩桩身弯矩分布的影响规律。根据试验结果采用折减系数修正浅层桩侧极限抗力,并引入边坡对桩侧初始刚度的削弱表达式,得到边坡条件下水平受荷单桩浅层区域双曲线p-y曲线表达式。最后通过与离心试验结果对比,验证了给出的p-y曲线考虑边坡影响时的合理性。     

砂土中抗拔桩与抗压桩模型试验研究

为研究单桩在抗拔与抗压条件下承载能力、桩身轴力以及侧摩阻力分布规律的不同,进行了砂土中长径比大于40的抗拔桩与抗压桩室内模型试验,通过桩身内设置电阻应变片,测得各级荷载下桩身不同深度的应变。分析表明,抗拔桩不论是位移还是位移增长速率,都远远超过抗压桩。因此,抗拔桩设计时应综合考虑桩顶上拔量来确定抗拔承载力。抗拔桩与抗压桩的桩身轴力分布具有相似的特性,试验所得抗拔总侧摩阻力折减系数?=0.56。抗拔桩与抗压桩侧摩阻力都是从上部开始发挥并向下传递,随着荷载的增加,上部侧摩阻力变化很小,桩身中下部侧摩阻力迅速增长。抗拔桩桩端部侧摩阻力表现出弱化效应,抗压桩则表现出强化效应。     

砂土中螺纹桩承载特性的模型试验研究

通过室内模型试验,研究砂土中螺纹桩的竖向承载特性,比较分析螺纹桩与普通直桩承载性能的差异以及螺距对螺纹桩承载力的影响。静载荷试验后进行一系列土工试验,研究桩周土的物理力学性质。试验结果表明,在相同条件下螺纹桩的极限承载力约是普通直桩极限承载能力的1～4倍,极限状态下的平均桩侧阻力是普通直桩的3~4倍;在一定范围内,随着螺距的减小,螺纹桩的桩侧阻力可以得到有效的发挥,极限承载能力和控制沉降的能力逐渐增强。     

Thermal analysis of energy piles in sand

The present work investigates the behaviour of geothermal energy piles in sand subjected to thermal loading and the resulting soil-structure interaction, numerically using the finite element software Abaqus and user-defined material subroutines for soil. The stress-strain response of sand has been simulated using CASM constitutive model based on critical-state soil mechanics. Detailed parametric sensitivity studies have been carried out to understand the effects of different end conditions of the pile, relative densities of the soil, coefficients of lateral earth pressure of the ground, lengths and diameters of the pile, thermal loads, coefficients of friction at the pile-soil interface, critical-state friction angles of soil, thermal conductivity of soil, specific heat of soil and thermal conductivity of the pile on the stress response of soil, deformation of the pile and soil, and strains in the pile. The results show that negative shear stress is generated in the soil at the pile-soil interface. In the pile with both ends restrained the lateral earth pressure coefficient in soil increases due to high radial strain generation. Moreover, the lateral earth pressure coefficient in soil increases with the increase in the thermal load, the coefficient of friction at the pile-soil interface and the critical-state friction angle of the soil.     

适用倾斜滑面的刚性抗滑桩最小嵌固深度计算方法

为计算确定桩前滑面倾斜情况下加固边坡的抗滑桩最小嵌固深度,基于倾斜地面条件的抗滑桩计算地基系数法,确定嵌固段桩侧土层压力,同时采用塑性极限分析方法,推导与滑面倾角密切相关的嵌固段土层极限抗力,并根据桩侧地层最大压力不超过其极限抗力的条件,建立了抗滑桩最小嵌固深度计算方法,并确定了其与滑面倾角的关系。实例分析表明,抗滑桩最小嵌固深度随滑面倾角呈非线性增大,在倾角为10°～30°范围内变化显著;嵌固段地层黏聚力、内摩擦角和重度对抗滑桩最小嵌固深度均有明显影响,且呈负相关关系;本文方法所得桩体最小嵌固深度比传统考虑桩前滑面倾斜影响的方法约小18%。     

桩（墙）单位侧摩阻力与轴向应变关系的解析解及其应用

根据弹性力学原理,提出了模型筒桩（闭合墙）的简化力学模型。采用半逆解法先求出桩左右侧受均布摩阻力、桩顶受均布荷载两种情况下的应力分量,根据叠加原理得出桩两侧均受相同摩阻力、桩顶受均布荷载情况下的应力分量。据此推导了普通桩基的轴力和侧摩阻力计算式,分析结果表明,该计算式与传统计算方法是一致的。当桩壁两侧受不同大小的侧摩阻力、桩顶受均布荷载时,仍采用叠加原理求得各应力分量,进而求得桩表面处的轴向应变与单位侧摩阻力关系的解析解。通过矩形闭合墙基础模型试验实例,对该解析解的应用方法加以说明。该解析解的求出,为竖向载荷试验中模型筒桩（闭合墙）所量测的内外侧应变进行数据处理提供了理论依据,进而为基础-土相互作用研究提供了真实、准确的试验结果。     

砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的计算

桩侧极限摩阻力是砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的主要组成部分,作为计算桩侧极限摩阻力的关键参数--土侧压力系数K的取值合理与否直接影响到单桩抗拔极限承载力计算的准确度。首先,基于密砂和松砂中的桩在上拔破坏时桩侧土压力分别呈被动和主动状态,同时考虑桩侧摩阻力和桩身表面粗糙度的影响,分别推导了不同相对密实度砂土中的土侧压力系数。然后,利用所得到的土侧压力系数并考虑桩侧单位摩阻力发挥的临界深度,按沿桩-土界面发生圆柱状剪切破坏模式建立了砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的计算方法。最后,利用该方法对已有的抗拔桩试验结果进行分析和比较,结果表明计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

超长灌注桩桩身压缩综合系数反分析

基于超长桩现场试验和数值模拟资料,通过反分析得出了桩身压缩的综合系数,进而对综合系数与其他参数的关系曲线特点、综合系数的影响因素、综合系数的回归预测等进行了研究。结果表明：（1）极限状态下超长灌注桩的综合系数的变化范围为0.278 5～0.988,规范法中取定值0.5或1.0的做法是不合理的。（2）综合系数总体上随桩顶荷载、桩身压缩、桩身总位移、桩身刚体位移的增大而增大,但关系曲线型式存在多样化。（3）超长桩综合系数与长径比的相关关系不明显,但总体来说,综合系数随长径比的增加而降低。对超长嵌岩桩,不同场地桩的综合系数与长径比相关关系较好;对超长非嵌岩,不同场地桩的综合系数与长径比相关关系不明显,但对某场地5根桩,综合系数与长径比的指数相关关系达到0.990 1。（4）总的来说,持力层与上覆土层弹性模量比小的桩的综合系数-桩顶荷载曲线在弹性模量比大的上方。（5）建立的6个场地多根桩的综合系数与桩顶荷载关系的回归曲线的相关系数平均为0.977 6,可为该场地及类似场地桩的桩身压缩综合系数的预测和计算提供参考。     

A review of research on the shaft resistance of rock-socketed piles

Acta Geotechnica - Shaft resistance generally dominates at the service loads of rock-socketed piles and therefore is always a topic of large research interest. This paper reviews the research...     

锚杆对双排桩结构变形和受力影响分析

采用适用于敏感环境下基坑数值分析的硬化类弹塑性本构模型,针对锚杆对双排桩变形和受力的影响进行数值模拟。分析表明：锚固角度的增加能有效减小双排桩的最大水平位移和后排桩的桩身控制弯矩,但减小幅度随锚固角度增大而减小;在实际设计中,在周边环境允许的条件下,应尽可能增加锚杆与后排桩的夹角。锚固力的增加对双排桩结构的变形控制作用明显,能显著降低桩身最大水平位移,减小幅度也随锚固力的增加而减小;锚固力较大时会增大桩的控制弯矩,使桩的截面或配筋增加;在实际设计中,锚固力不应过大,可随信息化施工对基坑变形进行主动控制。     

抗拔桩设计中应注意的问题

该文介绍了抗拔桩的设计方法,并结合实例指出抗拔桩设计应注意的一些问题.     

A Winkler model approach for vertically and laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for the analysis of single piles and pile groups subjected to vertical and lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The load transfer parameter of a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement influence factor obtained from Mindlin's solution for an elastic continuum analysis, without using the conventional form of the load transfer parameter adopting the maximum radius of the influence of the pile proposed by Randolph and Wroth. The modulus of the subgrade reaction along the pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's equation for an elastic continuum analysis to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation for each layer. Using the modulus of the subgrade reaction represented by the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution for the lateral load, the relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force for a single pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The comparison of the results calculated by the present method for single piles and pile groups in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the more rigorous finite element and boundary element methods. It is found that the present procedure gives a good prediction on the behavior of piles in nonhomogeneous soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂土中水平受荷桩非线性分析

对水平受荷桩的非线性分析,多采用p-y曲线法。现行p-y曲线模型很多,曲线形式和选用的参数各不相同。分析各桩土参数对现有p-y曲线的影响,并选择合理的标准化参数将各p-y曲线归一化,采用双曲线模型拟合归一化曲线。总结目前对地基反力模量和土体极限抗力的研究,并考虑桩径、施工等因素的影响,选择合理的双曲线模型参数。通过实例对比分析,证明了双曲线模型以及参数选取的有效性和适用性。双曲线模型形式简洁,符合理想土体的应力-应变关系,并能近似拟合现有的砂土p-y曲线,可广泛用于工程中砂土水平受荷桩基的非线性分析     

The effect of sidewall roughness on the shaft resistance of rock-socketed piles

Piles socketed into rock are increasingly used to support loads from large-span bridges and heavy buildings. Peak side resistance is typically related to unconfined compressive strength, sidewall roughness and rock mass quality. This paper presents the results of tests on piles socketed in a weak, artificial rock made of sand, cement, gypsum powder and water. The test results are compared with methods of estimation in which the roughness of the pile–rock interface is modeled explicitly by assuming sinusoidal undulations along the interface. The testing program includes 10 model piles. Some of these piles have nonzero base resistance; others are unsupported at the base. The results indicate that both the degree of roughness of the socket sidewall and the base stiffness are of major importance to the load response of rock-socketed piles. The ultimate unit side resistance was observed to increase substantially with both increasing sidewall roughness and increasing base stiffness, but there is an upper limit to socket roughness beyond which very little increase in side resistance can be obtained. Most of the available correlations used to predict the ultimate side resistance of rock-socketed piles produced conservative estimates for the test piles in this study.