Experimental study of poromechanical behavior of saturated claystone under triaxial compression

This paper presents experimental results of drained and undrained triaxial compression tests of saturated Meuse–Haute/Marne claystone. The emphasis is to study the evolution of pore pressure with growth of microcracks and the effect of pore pressure on mechanical behavior. Basic mechanical responses are first investigated through drained triaxial compression tests, showing nonlinear stress strain relations, volumetric dilatancy and pressure sensitivity. In undrained triaxial compression tests, the pore pressure exhibits a transition from increase to decrease due to the transition from volumetric compressibility to dilatancy caused by the growth of microcracks. The failure surfaces, determined by total stress and Terzaghi’s effective stress under undrained condition, are compared with the one under drained condition.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the high‐pressure behavior of concrete

The results of an experimental study aimed at characterizing the behavior of concrete for high confining pressures (up to 500 MPa) are reported. The main characteristics of the response under deviatoric conditions are quasi‐linearity in the elastic regime, stress‐path dependency, and gradual change from compressibility to dilatancy under increasing deviatoric stress. By performing the cyclic triaxial compression tests with several load–creep–unload and reload cycles, the time influence on the overall behavior was detected. Further, whether the main features of the observed behavior can be described within the framework of elastic/viscoplasticity theory was investigated. For this purpose, Cristescu's (Rock Rheology. Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands, 1989) approach was used. It was shown that the proposed elastic/viscoplastic model captures the main features of concrete behavior at high pressures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of the characteristics of rock salt exposed to loading and unloading of confining pressures

Rock mechanical behaviors and deformation characteristics are associated with stress history and loading path. Unloading conditions occur during the formation of a salt cavity as a result of washing techniques. Such conditions require an improved understanding of the mechanical and deformation behaviors of rock salt. In our study, rock salt dilatancy behaviors under triaxial unloading confining pressure tests were analyzed and compared with those from conventional uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The volume deformation of rock salt under unloading was more than under triaxial loading, but less than under uniaxial loading (with the same deviatoric stress). Generally, under the same axial compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate decreased as the confining compression increased, and under the same confining compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate increased as the axial compression increased. The dilatancy boundary of the unloading confining pressure test began with unloading. This is different from the dilatancy of the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The accelerated dilatancy point boundary stress value was affected by confining and axial compressions. The specimens entered into a creep state after unloading. The associated creep rate depends on the deviatoric stress and confining compression values at the end of the unloading process. Based on unloading theory and the experimental data, we propose a constitutive model of rock salt damage. Our model reflects the dilatancy progression at constant axial stress and reduced lateral confinement.     

基于南水模型的钙质砂应力−应变关系模拟

钙质砂是一种海洋生物成因的特殊岩土材料,具有颗粒性状不规则、易破碎的特点,表现出与石英砂不同的力学性质。为模拟钙质砂在不同应力水平下的应力?应变关系,首先分析南水模型的不足：即无法描述应力不变情况下应变无限增长的特点和不能描述钙质砂的剪胀性;然后通过在切线模量中引入应力比与峰值应力比的比值,合理考虑了颗粒破碎的影响;提出了切线模量和切线体积比与应力比间的函数关系式,使得改进后的模型能较好地描述应变?体变关系。同时,将孔隙压力系数引入到孔隙压力表达式中,较好地模拟了三轴不排水剪切试验结果。与现有的模型相比,改进后的模型表达式简单易懂,参数获取更为方便。     

Modelling and simulation of load transfer in reinforced soils: Part 1

Results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples performed by different investigators have shown that soil dilatancy and extensibility of the reinforcements have a significant effect on the generated tension forces in the inclusions. An appropriate soil--reinforcement load transfer model, integrating the effect of soil dilatancy and reinforcement extensibility is therefore needed to adequately predict forces in the inclusions under expected working loads. This paper present a load transfer model assuming an elastoplastic strain hardening behaviour for the soil and an elastic--perfectly plastic behaviour for the reinforcement. This model is used to analyse the response of the reinforced soil material under triaxial compression loading. A companion paper present the application of this model for numerical simulations of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. The model allows an evaluation of the effect of various parameters such as mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface, on the development of resisting tensile stresses in the reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the behaviour of the reinforced soil material. An attempt is also made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical predictions with available experimental results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples. This model can be used for analysis and design of reinforced soil walls with different types of tension resisting inclusions to predict tension forces under expected working loads.     

Numerical analysis of the response of reinforced soils to direct shearing: Part 2

A soil-reinforcement load transfer model was developed by the authors¹ to simulate the response of the reinforced soil material to triaxial compression and direct shearing. This paper presents the application of the proposed model for the numerical analysis of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of the mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility (elastic modulus) of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface on the response of the reinforced soil material to direct shearing. An attempt is made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical test simulations with experimental results reported by Jewell,² and Gray and Ohashi.³ Comparisons of predicted and experimental results illustrate that the model can provide adequate simulations of the response of the reinforced soil material to shearing. In particular, it allows an evaluation of the effect of soil dilatancy (or contractancy), and extensibility of the reinforcement on tension forces generated in inclusions during shearing.     

石灰改良膨胀土的应力-应变-强度特征与本构描述

为探讨石灰改良膨胀土的变形特征与破坏机制,以压实度为95 %的荆门石灰改良膨胀土为研究对象,开展了单轴、侧限、三轴压缩应力状态下的力学性质试验。试验结果表明：即使湿化饱和后石灰土也具有较高的刚度与强度;单轴压缩状态下,无论饱和还是非饱和状态,石灰土的破坏都为典型的脆性破坏;三轴压缩状态下石灰土破坏前剪缩,同时伴随应变强化,即将破坏时开始剪胀,随后表现为应变软化;围压对石灰土的脆性破坏与破坏后的剪胀有一定的抑制作用,但即使在200 kPa围压下,试样仍发生脆性破坏。在辨明石灰土应力、变形机制的基础上,选用Duncan模型描述其脆性破坏前表现出的压硬性、剪缩性与应变强化特性,标定了相应模型参数,通过数值模拟与平行试验的对比验证了模型的适用性与参数的可靠性。     

碎屑砂岩三轴压缩下强度和变形特性试验研究

基于碎屑岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差、呈孔隙式胶结接触等特点,对碎屑砂岩首先开展了物理特性试验分析,认为其微、细观结构复杂、内部破坏严重,矿物成分为石英、长石、绢云母等,化学成分以SiO2为主,属微透水、小孔隙率砂岩,且渗水化学侵蚀并不显著。其次,开展了静水压力、单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验,研究了碎屑砂岩的强度和变形破坏特性。最后,初步探索了物理特性与强度变形特性的关系。结果表明,静水压力为2.6 MPa时,岩样内部微缺陷压密完成;单轴压缩曲线呈明显6阶段特征,峰值应力达0.98 MPa,属脆-延性破坏;三轴压缩条件下,岩样呈压缩为主的延性扩容破坏,轴向压缩和环向体积扩容达6%和4%;曲线无明显破坏荷载,呈现非线性、塑性硬化、存在屈服平台和体积由压缩向扩容过渡等特性。且体积扩容破损应力与屈服应力基本相同,扩容转折点随围压增加而增大,围压可增强岩样抵抗变形破坏的能力。试验结果旨在为岩石工程稳定分析及本构模型构建提供可靠的依据。     

岩盐弹塑性损伤耦合模型研究

岩盐力学模型是进行能源岩盐储存工程稳定性分析的基础,而损伤和塑性机制并存且相互耦合是岩盐力学行为的基本特点。采用云应岩盐,进行了多组围压条件下的三轴压缩试验,分析了不同围压下岩盐的变形特征。在试验分析的基础上,提出了一种能够描述岩盐特性的弹塑性损伤耦合的模型,该模型描述了岩盐损伤的演化和塑性变形的耦合关系,并引入了一种非关联的塑性流动法则来描述岩盐从塑性体积压缩到膨胀的转化。采用该模型对在三轴压缩下的岩盐应力-应变关系进行了模拟分析,并与试验数据进行了对比,结果表明该模型能够较好地描述岩盐的主要力学和变形特性。     

Bounding surface‐based modeling of compacted silty sand exhibiting suction dependent postpeak strain softening

This article focuses on modeling the strain hardening‐softening response of statically compacted silty sand as observed from a comprehensive series of suction‐controlled, consolidated‐drained triaxial tests accomplished in a fully automated, double‐walled triaxial test system via the axis‐translation technique. The constitutive model used in this work is based on the theory of Bounding Surface (BS) plasticity and is formulated within a critical state framework. The essential BS model parameters are calibrated using the full set of triaxial test results and then used for predictions of compacted silty sand response at matric suction states varying from 50 to 750 kPa. Complementary simulations using the Barcelona Basic Model have also been included, alongside BS model predictions, in order to get further enlightening insights into some of the main limitations and challenges facing both frameworks within the context of the experimental evidence resulting from the present research effort. In general, irrespective of the value of matric suction applied, the Barcelona Basic Model performs relatively well in predicting response at peak and critical state failure under low net confining pressure while the Bounding Surface Model performs relatively well under high net confining pressures.     

基于大三轴试验的粗粒土剪胀性研究

采用大三轴剪切仪对3种不同相对密度的双江口心墙坝覆盖层料进行固结排水剪切试验,重点研究粗粒土的剪胀特性,分析粗粒土的剪胀性与围压、相对密度之间的关系,并检验修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程、Rowe剪胀方程对粗粒土的适用性。结果表明,粗粒土在低围压下表现出明显的剪胀趋势,随着围压的增加,逐渐由剪胀向剪缩过渡;随着密度的增大,粗粒土的剪胀性明显增强;相变应力比是粗粒土剪胀强弱的一个重要影响因素,其随密度的增加而增加,随围压的增大则呈线性减小趋势;粗粒土的剪胀性与相对密度、围压关系密切,根据试验数据得出最大剪胀率 与相对密度 、围压 之间的关系式;修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程不能反映粗粒土的剪胀性;Rowe剪胀方程在一定程度上能反映粗粒土的剪胀性,但高围压下在压缩阶段低估了其压缩性,而在剪胀阶段则高估了其剪胀性。     

南京砂强度特征与静态液化现象分析

在松散、中密和密实状态下,以南京粉细砂三轴固结不排水试验结果为基础,进行了强度、变形与静态液化特征的分析。松散南京砂强度特性表现出典型的应变软化,当轴向变形小于1 %时强度达到最大值,而后急剧降低;在50,100 kPa围压时发生了静态液化。但随着固结压力的增大,静态液化消失。与南京砂具有相同土骨架的松散纯净砂却在低围压下未出现静态液化,其形成机制是：粉粒的存在未使土体孔隙比发生较大变化,却引起更大的体缩性;中密和密实南京粉细砂表现出加工硬化的强度特征,临界应力状态线倾角高达55°,具有较高的抗静态液化能力。     

基于损伤控制方法的大理岩非线性剪胀特性试验研究

剪胀角是描述岩石体积膨胀扩容的常用参数,在非关联流动法则中,连续介质理论通常假设剪胀角为0;在关联流动法则中,其值恒定且等于内摩擦角。岩石三轴压缩全过程体应变曲线表明,其体积剪胀性依赖于围压和塑性参量,破坏过程中不仅其特征强度随围压和塑性参量呈非线性变化,而且剪胀特性也表现出非线性特征。基于塑性力学理论,针对锦屏大理岩损伤控制的全过程三轴加、卸载试验,采用双参数非线性函数拟合方法建立了能同时考虑围压效应和塑性参量的非线性剪胀角模型。结果表明,对于大理岩、中硬岩,在破坏过程中扩容行为强烈依赖围压和岩石塑性参量,均表现出先快速增加至峰值后,随着塑性变形增加逐渐减小的非线性演化规律。提出的双参数非线性剪胀角模型很好地描述了岩石破坏过程中的体积扩容特性,其结果对于研究地下工程围岩应力变化诱发的围岩剪胀破坏机制、体积扩容膨胀区范围预测和围岩支护的合理设计均具有一定的理论和工程应用价值。     

考虑颗粒破碎的冻结砂土非线性本构模型研究

颗粒破碎是粒状材料在高应力状态下的一种基本现象。为了研究冻结砂土中颗粒破碎对应力应变关系的影响,将冻结砂土视为复合颗粒材料,忽略冰的压融,考虑内摩擦角随应力状态的变化,构建一个适用于冻结砂土的考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型。构建过程分为三步,首先是基于三轴剪切前后颗粒分析对冻结砂土颗粒破碎模式和产生机理进行探讨;其次是基于考虑颗粒破碎的能量平衡方程,对冻土在三轴剪切试验过程中的颗粒破碎耗能进行分析,结果表明颗粒破碎耗能随轴向应变呈双曲线变化趋势;最后应用考虑颗粒破碎的剪胀方程修正沈珠江三参数非线性模型中的体积切线模量ν_t,得到一个考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型,模型参数可以通过单轴压缩试验和常规三轴试验确定。将原模型和修正后模型的计算结果与控制温度为-6℃,围压为1 MPa、4 MPa、6 MPa、8 MPa和10 MPa时冻结砂土的试验结果进行对比,结果表明该模型能够较好的模拟冻结砂土从低围压到高围压的应变软化特征与剪胀特征。      

盐岩在围压卸荷作用下的扩容特征研究

通过试验模拟盐岩储气库建腔期腔体围岩围压动态降低过程,开展单轴压缩和三轴卸荷扩容试验,并分析温度对盐岩试件卸荷扩容特征的影响。试验结果表明：由于都是应力增加的过程,卸荷试验的扩容特征与常规单轴试验相比,在扩容阶段划分上具有一些共同点,都存在体积压缩段、稳定扩容段和加速扩容段。卸荷试验和单轴试验的压缩极限基本相同。但由于加载方式不同,卸荷试验的稳定扩容段在整体扩容中所占比例更小,扩容速率和扩容幅度也较单轴试验小。在相同的偏应力作用下,卸荷试验产生更大的扩容。温度升高能够促进盐岩的扩容,表现为加速扩容点前移、初始稳定扩容段缩短、加速扩容段变长、扩容速度加快、扩容幅度增大等。     

高应力卸荷条件下砂岩扩容特征及其剪胀角函数

为研究高应力水平条件下岩石卸荷扩容特性及其剪胀角变化规律,开展了若干不同初始围压水平的三轴峰前卸围压试验,同时进行了相应围压水平的常规三轴压缩试验。基于试验成果分析了卸荷应力路径对砂岩扩容的影响效应,总结了卸荷应力路径下剪胀角变化规律,进而提出了基于卸荷应力路径的剪胀角函数,并给出了其数值实现方法,最后通过对三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟,验证了所提出的剪涨角函数的可行性与合理性。研究表明：（1）加载路径时,不同围压水平下峰前扩容体积应变值相差不大,而卸荷应力路径时,随着围压水平的增加,峰前扩容体积应变从最小值3.15×10?3增加到最大值9.65×10?3,卸荷路径下的峰前扩容体积应变约为加载路径的1.1～4.0倍;（2）卸荷应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变基本为0或接近于0,而加载应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变均为负值;（3）卸荷应力路径条件下峰前扩容体积应变在总扩容体积应变中所占比例显著大于加载路径;（4）两种应力路径下,剪胀角随塑性剪切应变增加均经历了先增加后减小的过程,并且低围压工况下偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角均大于高围压工况;（5）与加载路径相比,卸荷路径下的剪胀角更快达到剪胀角最大值,并且其偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角更大;（6）基于砂岩三轴卸荷试验成果,采用线性拟合方法得出了以围压和峰后塑性剪切应变增量为自变量的剪胀角函数,基于该函数与应变软化本构模型的砂岩三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明该函数能较好地描述三轴峰前卸围压条件下砂岩的扩容特性。以上结论可为深部地下工程变形预测、稳定性分析与支护设计提供理论基础。     

A mesoscopic model for the behaviour of concrete under high confinement

When impact loaded, concrete is submitted to high triaxial stresses. The experimental response of concrete under quasi‐static triaxial compression is studied using a triaxial press capable of applying a mean pressure greater than 1 GPa on cylindrical samples measuring 7 cm in diameter and 14 cm high. A numerical analysis of these previous experiments is performed herein at a mesoscopic scale. Concrete is modelled as a biphasic material consisting of a mortar (cement paste and fine aggregates) and roughly spherical aggregates (with a diameter exceeding 2 mm) whose characteristics are applied on a regular cubic finite element mesh. A damage‐plasticity model is then used to model the behaviour of mortar. An identification of model parameters on mortar samples and the subsequent comparison between numerical and experimental tests will be presented for hydrostatic and triaxial compression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands: Part I – sand behaviour

This paper evaluates the performance of a generalized effective stress soil model for predicting the rate independent behaviour of freshly deposited sands, while a companion paper describes model capabilities for clays and silts. Most material parameters can be obtained from standard laboratory data, including hydrostatic or one‐dimensional compression, drained and undrained triaxial shear testing. A compilation of data on compression behaviour allows for estimation of compression parameters when this type of data is not available. Extensive comparisons of model predictions with measured data from undrained triaxial shear tests shows that the model gives excellent predictions of the transition from dilative to contractive shear response as the confining pressure and/or the initial formation void ratio increases. A parametric study of drained response shows that the model describes realistically the variation of peak friction angle and dilation rate as a function of confining pressure and density when compared with an empirical correlation valid for many sands. The proposed formulation predicts a unique critical state locus for both drained and undrained triaxial testing which is non‐linear over the entire range of stresses and is in excellent agreement with recent experimental data. Overall, the model provides excellent predictions of the stress–strain–strength relationships over a wide range of confining pressures and formation densities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

堆石料的剪胀特性与广义塑性本构模型

以三轴试验成果为基础,考虑颗粒破碎引起堆石料剪胀比与应力比之间的非线性关系,提出了能够反映堆石料低围压剪胀、高围压剪缩特性的剪胀方程。在广义塑性理论框架内构造堆石料的塑性流动方向向量和加载方向向量,引入依赖于密实度与平均应力的压缩参数,构造随平均应力、剪应力比和密实度变化的塑性模量,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型。阐述了该模型10个参数的确定方法,并通过模拟不同围压和不同应力路径下堆石料的三轴压缩试验资料验证了模型与参数的合理性。     

水泥土芯样强度变形特性及本构关系试验研究

为了研究现场施工工艺下水泥土的强度及变形特性,对水泥搅拌桩钻孔芯样进行了无侧限抗压强度试验与三轴试验,分析了水泥掺量与围压对水泥土芯样强度、变形特性的影响规律。结果表明：随着水泥掺量的提高,水泥土芯样的强度明显增强,变形模量显著增大,但其破坏应变变小,脆性增大;水泥掺量超过18%的水泥土芯样其应力-应变关系表现为软化型,随着围压的提高,其强度增强,破坏应变增大,脆性降低,且应力-应变关系曲线有可能发生转型;不同围压下的水泥土芯样三轴试验先为体缩,后变化为体胀,发生剪胀的应变较破坏应变略小,是由剪切面上颗粒错动引起的,在颗粒错动达到一定程度后抗剪强度才发挥到峰值;水泥土的结构屈服应力比较大,在围压的作用下其胶结结构未发生破损,强度包线满足摩尔-库仑线性强度规律;根据水泥土的强度变形特征,应力-应变全曲线分弹性、塑性、软化3个阶段,可采用Popovics模型对其进行模拟,与试验结果较为吻合。