Bearing capacity of shallow foundations in transversely isotropic granular media

The main focus in this work is on the assessment of bearing capacity of a shallow foundation in an inherently anisotropic particulate medium. Both the experimental and numerical investigations are carried out using a crushed limestone with elongated angular‐shaped aggregates. The experimental study involves small‐scale model tests aimed at examining the variation of bearing capacity as a function of the angle of deposition of the material. In addition, the results of a series of triaxial and direct shear tests are presented and later employed to identify the material functions/parameters. The numerical part of this work is associated with the development and implementation of a constitutive framework that describes the mechanical response of transversely isotropic frictional materials. The framework is based on the elastoplasticity and accounts for the effects of strain localization and inherent anisotropy of both the deformation and strength characteristics. The results of numerical simulations are compared withthe experimental data. A parametric study is also carried out aimed at examining the influence of various simplifications in the mathematical framework on its predictive abilities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non‐isothermal plasticity model for cyclic behaviour of soils

On the one hand, it has been observed that liquefaction‐induced shear deformation of soils accumulates in a cycle‐by‐cycle pattern. On the other hand, it is known that heating could induce plastic hardening. This study deals with the constitutive modelling of the effect that heat may have on the cyclic mechanical properties of cohesive soils, a relatively new area of interest in soil mechanics. In this paper, after a presentation of the thermo‐mechanical framework, a non‐isothermal plasticity cyclic model formulation is presented and discussed. The model calibration is described based on data from laboratory sample tests. It includes numerical simulations of triaxial shear tests at various constant temperatures. Then, the model predictions are compared with experimental results and discussed in the final section. Both drained and undrained loading conditions are considered. The proposed constitutive model shows good ability to capture the characteristic features of behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermoplasticity and strain localization in transversely isotropic materials based on anisotropic critical state plasticity

Geomaterials such as soils and rocks are inherently anisotropic and sensitive to temperature changes caused by various internal and external processes. They are also susceptible to strain localization in the form of shear bands when subjected to critical loads. We present a thermoplastic framework for modeling coupled thermomechanical response and for predicting the inception of a shear band in a transversely isotropic material using the general framework of critical state plasticity and the specific framework of an anisotropic modified Cam–Clay model. The formulation incorporates anisotropy in both elastic and plastic responses under the assumption of infinitesimal deformation. The model is first calibrated using experimental data from triaxial tests to demonstrate its capability in capturing anisotropy in the mechanical response. Subsequently, stress‐point simulations of strain localization are carried out under two different conditions, namely, isothermal localization and adiabatic localization. The adiabatic formulation investigates the effect of temperature on localization via thermomechanical coupling. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the important role of anisotropy, hardening, and thermal softening on strain localization inception and orientation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河三角洲粉土循环剪切特性的试验研究

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,对黄河三角洲埕北海域原状粉土试样进行了循环三轴和循环扭剪试验,以此探讨了原状海底粉土的动力变形与强度特性,确定了最大动剪切模量及动力变形参数随剪应变的变化规律。基于循环三轴试验结果,建立了残余孔隙水压力发展变化规律的双曲线经验模式,对动强度关于循环次数的依赖性提出了经验关系,确定了有关试验参数及其关于固结应力比的依赖性。与循环三轴试验结果相对比,认为在土工抗震设计中采用循环三轴试验结果稍偏于保守。     

粗粒料强度及变形特性的细观模拟

粗粒料是一定级配的岩石颗粒集合体,具有独特的物理力学特性。以粗粒料室内三轴固结排水试验成果为基础,基于离散元颗粒流理论,从细观角度出发,以PFC3D为工具,通过自编程及二次开发,得到按级配生成的粗粒料三轴试验数值模型。引入clump颗粒考虑颗粒形状对粗粒料强度及变形的影响,分析剪胀、颗粒形状、颗粒重排的关系。结果表明：颗粒形状是影响粗粒料强度与变形的主要因素,在其他细观参数一定的情况下,改变颗粒形状,可以显著影响粗粒料的力学行为;BPM模型的应力-应变关系只在低围压下与试验值吻合,随着围压的增大,偏差越来越大;而引入clump颗粒的PFC3D数值模型能很好地模拟粗粒料室内三轴固结排水试验的应力-应变特性,但由于BPM及clump都是刚性颗粒,没有考虑颗粒变形及破碎,造成应变剪胀偏大。     

Anisotropic damage of rock joints during cyclic loading: constitutive framework and numerical integration

This work describes a constitutive framework for modeling the behavior of rough joints under cyclic loading. Particular attention is paid to the intrinsic links between dilatancy, surface degradation, and mobilized shear strength. The framework also accounts for the important effect of shear‐induced anisotropy. The resulting approach is fully three‐dimensional and is not restricted to plane‐displacement kinematics. Both the governing formulation and an algorithm for implicit numerical integration are presented. While the proposed methods are general, we also postulate a specific model that is compared with experimental data. It employs relatively few free parameters but shows good agreement with laboratory tests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陇西黄土三轴剪切过程微观变化研究

为了解黄土三轴剪切过程中的微观变化,采用PFC3D建立黄土三轴试验模型,模拟围压分别为0、50、150、300 kPa的三轴剪切试验,并与室内试验进行对比分析。分析结果表明：PFC3D能够较好地模拟出不同围压下从开始到破坏到残余变形整个过程中应力-应变的变化规律,且位移场及接触应力场的变化规律与室内三轴试验宏观现象较一致;发现弹性模量、泊松比及峰值强度与数值模型中微观参数有着密切的联系,如法向刚度kn控制试样宏观弹性模量,kn /ks值控制泊松比,摩擦系数控制峰值强度;通过体应变-轴向应变曲线发现,随着围压的增加应变能增大,试样呈现出由体积膨胀到体积减缩的变化规律。其研究结果为进一步探究黄土的应力-应变性状及抗剪强度特性提供参考。     

钻孔剪切试验及其在黄土中的应用

钻孔剪切试验是一种通过在钻孔侧壁上进行直剪试验来测定土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的原位测试方法。阐述和总结了钻孔剪切试验的基本原理、试验和数据处理方法。为了评估钻孔剪切试验测定黄土抗剪强度指标的适用性,采用Iowa钻孔剪切试验仪实测了不同深度黄土的抗剪强度指标,并与室内三轴剪切试验（CU）和直剪试验结果进行了对比。试验结果显示,钻孔剪切试验用于测定黄土的抗剪强度指标时,抗剪强度与法向压力具有较好的线性相关性;试验黄土的钻孔剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线为应变软化型;钻孔剪切试验结果与室内三轴剪切试验（CU）和直剪试验结果相比,黏聚力降低,内摩擦角增大;均质黄土地层的钻孔剪切试验数据离散性相对较小,可采用“整体”破坏包线法对抗剪强度指标进行统计。     

堆石料动力特性大型三轴试验研究

采用大型高压多功能静动三轴试验机,对某面板堆石坝闪长岩类堆石料进行了动弹性模量与阻尼比试验和动残余变形试验,研究了主堆石料、过渡料和垫层料3种坝料在循环荷载下的动应力-应变特性和动残余变形特性及其主要影响因素。试验结果表明,材料的动应力-应变关系受剪应变水平的影响较大,各种材料的动弹性模量随剪应变的增加发生衰减,而阻尼比则相应增大;围压的增加引起材料的最大动弹性模量的增加,但围压力对材料动弹模增长的影响是有限的;固结主应力比的增大,会引起有效球应力的增加,从而使材料的最大动弹性模量增大。此外,从试验结果和模型参数来看,各种材料的动应力-动应变变化规律以及动变形随振次的发展规律均可以用修正等价黏弹性模型和沈珠江残余变形经验公式进行描述     

An elastoplastic constitutive model for rockfills incorporating energy dissipation of nonlinear friction and particle breakage

A new elastoplastic model is developed for rockfills within the general critical state framework incorporating the state parameter. Two state functions are proposed to characterize the evolution of volume dilation and strain softening of rockfills, and a modified breakage index based on the concept of Hardin's relative breakage is defined to describe the progressive crushing of rockfills. The nonassociated plastic flow rule is derived from a state dependent dilatancy equation, and it incorporates energy dissipation due to intrinsic nonlinear friction and particle breakage upon shearing. Thus, their couple effect on the plastic deviatoric and volumetric deformation of rockfills is taken into account in the current model. The numerical analyses are carried out for a series of drained triaxial tests on the modeled rockfills at various consolidation pressures and stress paths. The volume dilation/contraction and strain softening/hardening of rockfills are accurately predicted by the proposed model, and the particle breakage and nonlinear critical state shear strength of rockfills are also well captured. The research findings indicate that the current model is applicable to represent the complex stress–strain–volume change behavior of rockfills in general. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of confining pressure and loading path on deformation and strength of cohesive granular materials: a three-dimensional DEM analysis

This paper is devoted to numerical analysis of strength and deformation of cohesive granular materials. The emphasis is put on the study of effects of confining pressure and loading path. To this end, the three-dimensional discrete element method is used. A nonlinear failure criterion for inter-granular interface bonding is proposed, and it is able to account for both tensile and shear failure for a large range of normal stress. This criterion is implemented in the particles flow code. The proposed failure model is calibrated from triaxial compression tests performed on representative sandstone. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data. In particular, the effect of confining pressure on compressive strength and failure pattern is well described by the proposed model. Furthermore, numerical predictions are studied, respectively, for compression and extension tests with a constant mean stress. It is shown that the failure strength and deformation process are clearly affected by loading path. Finally, a series of numerical simulations are performed on cubic samples with three independent principal stresses. It is found that the strength and failure mode are strongly influenced by the intermediate principal stress.

     

土工格室加筋土的大尺寸直剪试验研究

采用自行研制的500 mm?500 mm?400 mm（长?宽?高）大尺寸直剪仪,对土工格室加筋土以及土工格室加筋水泥稳定土的剪切性能进行了试验研究。通过大尺寸直剪试验模拟土工格室加筋土的剪切作用过程,得出加筋土剪切应力与剪切应变关系为非线性确定了土工格室加筋土的抗剪强度指标以及土工格室对土的抗剪强度增强机理,土工格室加筋土的黏聚力提高较大,内摩擦角变化相对较小。通过对素土和掺入量为5 %的水泥稳定土进行常规直剪试验、大尺寸直剪试验和三轴压缩试验对比分析,探讨不同试验方法对抗剪强度指标的影响,得出3种试验方法对应的抗剪强度指标及其相对大小;即素土的摩擦角大小依次为：三轴试验小于大尺寸直剪试验小于常规直剪试验,素土的黏聚力大小依次为：大尺寸直剪试验小于三轴试验小于常规直剪试验;水泥稳定土的摩擦角大小为：三轴试验小于大尺寸直剪试验,黏聚力结果比较大小依次为：三轴试验小于大尺寸直剪试验。     

Strength of two structured soils in triaxial compression

Oil sands are dense granular materials with interlocked structure and clay shales are heavily overconsolidated clays. They are classified as structured soil or weak rock, exhibiting high peak strength with severe softening and dilation, particularly at low confining stress. The triaxial compression test results indicate that both materials yield linear Mohr–Coulomb envelopes with an apparent cohesion for peak and residual strengths. However, the strength components mobilized from these two materials are very different. This paper investigates if these strength parameters are intrinsic properties or responses derived in triaxial compression conditions. Computer tomography scanning technique is used to aid in examining the micro‐structural features of the sheared specimens such as shear banding pattern, shear band thickness, spatial porosity distributions inside and outside shear bands. These micro‐structural features are used to explain the macro‐deformation response observed in the triaxial compression tests. Mobilization of strength components derived from interlocked structure, cementation, dilation, rolling and critical state are analysed for pre‐, post‐peak softening and residual stages. It is found that the empirical correlation such as Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion based on triaxial compression test results does not necessarily reflect the intrinsic properties of the test materials. Testing conditions are embedded in the empirical correlation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling and simulation of load transfer in reinforced soils: Part 1

Results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples performed by different investigators have shown that soil dilatancy and extensibility of the reinforcements have a significant effect on the generated tension forces in the inclusions. An appropriate soil--reinforcement load transfer model, integrating the effect of soil dilatancy and reinforcement extensibility is therefore needed to adequately predict forces in the inclusions under expected working loads. This paper present a load transfer model assuming an elastoplastic strain hardening behaviour for the soil and an elastic--perfectly plastic behaviour for the reinforcement. This model is used to analyse the response of the reinforced soil material under triaxial compression loading. A companion paper present the application of this model for numerical simulations of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. The model allows an evaluation of the effect of various parameters such as mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface, on the development of resisting tensile stresses in the reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the behaviour of the reinforced soil material. An attempt is also made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical predictions with available experimental results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples. This model can be used for analysis and design of reinforced soil walls with different types of tension resisting inclusions to predict tension forces under expected working loads.     

Method of Numerical Modeling for Constitutive Relations of Clay

INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde…     

锚固节理岩体等效力学参数三维离散元模拟

节理岩体是工程边坡的重要研究对象,通过数值模拟（3DEC）的方法研究了加锚节理岩体的力学特性。以龙滩水电站左岸边坡的锚固设计为例,推导了边坡加锚节理岩体的等效力学参数,进行了岩石数值单轴压缩试验、直剪试验以及岩体结构面直剪试验,对数值试验的结果进行了误差分析和修正,确定出加锚节理岩体的等效力学参数为：岩石的变形模量、内摩擦角、内聚力不变,结构面的内摩擦角不变,内聚力由50 kPa提高到122 kPa。所得结论与采用物理试验的试验结果相符,验证了用数值模拟方法进行岩石力学试验的可行性和可靠性。     

岩体抗剪强度参数现场测试新方法及工程应用

岩体抗剪强度参数的确定是进行岩体工程稳定性分析中最基本和最重要的,也是最困难的一项工作。由于室内和现场试验方法的局限性以及经验准则的人为性,快速、简易和较可靠确定岩体抗剪强度参数的原位测试手段一直是岩石工程界关注的热点。采用引进美国生产的岩石钻孔剪切仪,在实验室混凝土空心圆柱体和向家坝水电站坝基岩体中进行了尝试,取得了有益的试验成果。将主要从钻孔剪切仪的工作原理、数值模拟分析和工程应用等几方面对其进行全面的阐述和总结。试验成果和数值分析结果显示,岩石钻孔剪切仪是一种适用于软岩~中硬岩的原位试验设备,其试验成果总体钻孔剪切试验得到的c、 小于传统三轴和直剪试验成果,但钻孔剪切试验的 值在 <40?的范围内略低于传统三轴和直剪试验成,而钻孔剪切试验的c值较传统三轴和直剪试验的c 值降低较多,一般为25%～50%。     

Thermo-elastoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils

This study presents a simple approach to modelling the effect of temperature on the deformation and strength of unsaturated/saturated soils by using the average skeleton stress and degree of saturation. The concept of thermo-induced equivalent stress is introduced to consider the influence of temperature on the pre-consolidated stress. A skeleton stress–saturation framework is applied to enable the model to describe the thermo-elastoplastic behaviour of both unsaturated and saturated soils, as the skeleton stress can smoothly shift to Terzaghi’s effective stress if saturation changes from the unsaturated to the saturated condition. The new model only employs seven parameters, of which five parameters are the same as those used in the Cam-Clay model. The other two parameters can be easily determined by oedometer tests and simple thermo-mechanical tests. Numerical simulations of isotropic loading tests and triaxial shear tests under different conditions are conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed model. By comparing with experimental temperature controlled oedometer tests and triaxial tests, it is confirmed that the proposed model is able to capture the thermo-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated/saturated normally and over-consolidated soils with a set of unified parameters.     

考虑超固结比和应力速率影响的膨胀土卸荷力学特性研究

利用GDS应力路径三轴试验系统对南阳膨胀土进行3种应力速率下、4种超固结比（OCR）的被动压缩三轴试验及3种超固结比的被动挤伸三轴试验,分析了不同超固结比和应力速率下其应力（孔隙水压力）-应变关系、有效应力路径及变形模量的演化规律,对膨胀土变形模量各向异性特性进行了初步探讨。结果表明,应力速率、超固结比及卸荷路径均对膨胀土力学特性有一定影响。在被动压缩路径和被动挤伸路径下,随着应力速率和超固结比的增加,相同轴向应变时的偏应力值单调增加;不同超固结比和应力速率时膨胀土的孔隙水压力始终为负值,且其降幅总体上随超固结比的增加而增大,但其降幅随应力速率的变化规律与剪切路径有关。在被动压缩路径下,相同应变时不同应力速率下的孔压降幅基本相同;而在被动挤伸路径下,其降幅随应力速率的增加而增大。边坡开挖路径的选择对于边坡变形影响显著,被动挤伸路径下达到设定极限偏应力时的轴向应变明显大于被动压缩路径。膨胀土变形模量E100随着超固结比和应力速率的增加而增加,但各应力速率下变形模量的各向异性特性则随着超固结比的增加而变弱。     

不同应力路径下剪切带的数值模拟

采用回映应力更新算法,编写了基于伏斯列夫面的超固结黏土本构关系模型子程序,嵌入非线性有限元软件ABAQUS。通过对单元试验进行三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等问题的模型预测,再现了超固结黏土在不同初始超固结比和应力路径时的变形和强度特性,从而验证了子程序的正确性。借助该本构模型,对三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变应力路径下超固结黏土体变形局部化问题,进行了三维数值模拟。分析结果表明：超固结黏土在三轴压缩及伸长状态时,土体变形局部化在应力-应变关系软化时出现,而平面应变状态时,在应力-应变关系硬化阶段出现,其超固结黏土的剪胀特性在剪切带的形成过程中起重要作用。