Modelling prehistory: from the Crystal Palace Park to ‘Jurassic Park’

Dinosaurs and related ‘prehistoric’ fossil vertebrates have captured the imagination of children and adults from almost their first discovery in the early nineteenth century, and it is not surprising that physical representations of them would be made. From these early beginnings, there must be thousands of different prehistoric models out there in the ‘Dinosaur Toy universe’. Even before the advent of the movie ‘Jurassic Park’, every toy shop had a display area devoted to them, and specialist toy manufacturers were bringing out very scientifically accurate models. But I want to concentrate on my favourites from the pre‐‘Jurassic Park’ era and particularly those available in the USA and Britain. Some may look a bit like tail‐dragging swamp dwellers, but I like them and so do many other collectors. As well as those the avid dinosaur collector might come across at model fairs and online I will also mention some that are more likely to be seen in museum displays.     

基于绿色设计的骊山明圣宫滑坡防治工程

明圣宫座落在古滑坡上,滑坡体积7.5万m3.该滑坡结构特征明显,自1996年以来,滑坡上覆的人工填土变形明显加剧,出现了多条地裂缝,为地表水的入渗提供了通道,降低了古滑坡的稳定性,特别是滑坡前缘一带,挡墙开裂、下沉和倾覆较为严重.通过综合治理,同时,采用了"绿色设计”的概念,有效地控制了滑坡的变形破坏,并保护了明圣宫的自然与人文景观.     

The Crystal Structure of Lisiguangite

The crystal structure of lisiguangite,CuPtBiS3,from Yanshan mountains,Chengde Prefecture,Hebei Province,China has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.It belongs to orthorhombic space group P2_12_12_1 with a = 7.7372(15) A,b = 12.844(3) A,c = 4.9062(10) A,V =487.57(17) A~3,Z = 4.The final full-matric least-square refinement on F2 converged with Rl = 0.0495 and wR2 = 0.0992 for 704 observed reflections[I≥2σ(I)].Lisiguangite is the isomorph of known CuNiSbS_3 and CuNiBiS_3· Pt~(2+) and Bi~(3+) have the distorted octahedral coordination enviroments composed of two metal and four S and Cu~(+2) has a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment with four S atoms.Each S atom is surrounded by four metals to give a tetrahedral environment.The crystal structure is a complex 3 dimensional network.     

柱撑粘土的晶体结构模型

根据X射线衍射、电子探针等实验数据综合分析和理论计算，讨论了柱撑基团[Al13O4(OH)24(OH2)12]^7 和[Ti20O32(OH)12(OH2)18]^4 在粘土矿物结构单元层层间的分布，铝基和钛基的笼状离子作用范围分别相当于粘土矿物的10个和6个晶胞。羧基铝柱撑蒙脱石层间孔道高度为0.9-1.2nm，直径为1.5nm；理论孔道率为84％，有效孔道率为56％。钛基柱撑蒙脱石的层间孔道高度为1.34-1.60nm，直径为1.0nm，理论也道率为75％，有效孔道率为50％。根据柱撑离子基团的两种类型，可把柱撑粘土分为Keggin型柱撑粘土和Dawson型柱撑粘土。     

旅游活动对龙宫景区不同植被层物种多样性的影响

按照旅游活动程度的强弱将景区分为活动区、缓冲区和对照区,并利用6个物种多样性指数,研究了龙宫风景区旅游活动对不同植被层物种多样性的影响.结果表明,随着游客的大量增多及龙宫风景区基础设施建设的加强,风景区物种组成越来越少,多样性与结构越来越简单.主要表现在:(1)乔木层的丰富度上,表现出缓冲区最大,活动区最小,对照区介于两者之间;在物种均匀度上,表现出活动区＞对照区＞缓冲区的趋势;在物种多样性上,活动区最小,缓冲区其次,对照区最大;从生态优势度来看,对照区最大,活动区最小,缓冲区介于其中.(2)灌木层的物种丰富度上,表现出活动区最小,对照区其次,而缓冲区为最大的趋势;在物种均匀度上,对照区最大,活动区次之,缓冲区最小;在物种多样性上,活动区最小,缓冲区其次,对照区最大;从生态优势度来看,对照区最大,活动区最小,缓冲区介于其中.(3)草本层的物种丰富度上,表现出对照区最小,活动区其次,而缓冲区为最大的趋势;在物种均匀度上,对照区最小,活动区次之,缓冲区最大;在物种多样性上,对照区最小,缓冲区最大,活动区介于其中;从生态优势度来看,呈现出缓冲区＞活动区＞对照区的趋势.     

累托石中晶层含量及规则度测定

本文用直接付里叶交换法测定我国产出的10个累托石样品结构中两类晶层(A云母层、B蒙皂石层)含量(A%、B%)及规则度(Re%)。测定结果表明天然累托石中,A/B不等于1,1.27>A/B>1.01。A%为50.5%—55.8%,B%为44.2%—49.5%;A、B层也不是严格规则交替堆垛,规则度Re%为72%—98.6%。     

The Effect of Additives on Crystal Size of Sodium Sulphate

正1 Introduction Anhydrous sodium,mainly produced in the United States,Canada,Japan,is indispensable commodities and raw materials in daily life and industry.In recent years,anhydrous sodium sulfate of general size was much oversupplied[1].However particles anhydrous sodium sulphate of large size is not adequate to the demand for its     

Determinants of poverty: lessons from Kenya

Poverty and food security are twin concerns of Kenya in a manner similar to many affected developing countries. It is characterized by the inability of the affected households in the country to acquire and retain sustainable livelihoods. The picture in Kenya is bound to be complicated by the projected changes in climate, as well as by population increase and environmental degradation, all which will put pressure on the natural resource base and militate against the achievement of sustainable development. The poverty picture in Kenya has hardly changed since independence over four decades ago despite the enormous resources and efforts which have been directed at tackling it. The current national poverty level remains high at well over 70% in some pockets which remain particularly vulnerable. Following the recent post-election violence, there is now a fear that the situation could degenerate into famine conditions and further hopelessness for a sizeable proportion of the rural population. Government efforts to eradicate poverty and food insecurity spelled out in a thirty year development plan are unlikely to succeed unless underlying causes of inequality are properly addressed. The paper contains suggestions for new approaches to addressing the twin problems.     

锡石的晶体结构和形态的关系

本文对不同成因类型的锡石晶体形态进行了研究,并从PBC(周期性键链)理论出发,讨论了锡石晶体形态与晶体结构的关系。笔者认为,锡石晶体具有三种F面,即s{111}、e{101}、m{110},与Hartman对同样结构类型的金红石晶面性质划分有所差异。据锡石晶面结构性质所推导的理想晶体形态图,与晶体测量所得到的天然晶体形态图总体上相吻合。     

The Fort Drum Crystal Mine, Florida, USA

The Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of South Florida contain a spectacularly rich fossil record and chronicle several cycles of marine inundation and freshwater lake formation. The Pinecrest, Tamiami, Caloosahatchee and Bermont formations are famed for the variety and preservation of their molluscan faunas. It is therefore sad that good exposures are ephemeral and where they do exist it is very difficult to gain access. In addition, the large commercial pits that exploit the sediments for landfill and aggregate are rarely pumped dry, the material being extracted by draglines from the flooded pit, thereby rendering it impossible to study the stratigraphy.     

锆石形态标型特征及标型生长机制探讨

本文在系统总结归纳不同研究者对锆石形态标型特征的研究成果基础上，重点从晶体生长、晶体化学和地球化学理论为重点探讨了锆石形态标型特征的生长机制。研究表明：锆石晶体结构中不同的面网方向，其平面内的原子组成、比例、化学键联结和键力以及面网间距和密度都是有差别的，由此决定了锆石晶体在不同的结晶介质条件下，不同面网的生长速度发生改变，生成相应的晶形。例如，尽管碱性元素并不进入锆石晶格，但它们可以影响Ｚｒ、Ｓｉ、Ｏ离子的扩散速度，但是富钾和富钠的介质对锆石晶形发育的影响是有差别的，表现为：在富钾的介质中，将导致柱面的法向生长速度较锥面快得多，而锥面中，｛１１１｝的法向生长又较｛３１１｝快，由此决定了形成以｛３１１｝锥为主的双锥状晶体；在富钠的介质中，柱面和锥面都有一定程度的发育，但前者弱于后者，而柱面中，｛１００｝的法向生长较｛１１０｝慢，由此决定了形成以｛１００｝柱和｛１１１｝锥为主的短柱锥状晶体。根据类似方法，论证了其它形态标型特征的客观性，从而揭示了标型之间的内在联系和本质，展示了花岗岩研究中锆石形态标型特征应用推广的前景，也可为单颗粒锆石定年研究提供更多的分析应用价值     

多钙钾石膏（Gorgeyite）晶体结构的精确修正

本文利用直接法和富利叶合成侧定了产于我国四川省三叠系蒸发岩里的多钙钾石膏 的晶体结构，结构参数经最小二乘法修正后，,R = 0.084。结构分析表明，多钙钾石膏属单斜晶系，空间群C2/c, a = 17.462 (8)A，b=6.828(2)A，c=18.219(9)A，β=113.45(4)º。，V=1992(1)A3, Z=4, Dm=2,91, Dx=2.90(3)。三个硫酸根四面体各自的平均S-O键长为1,467、 1.464 和1.478A。有三套Ca原子，其中Ca1在二次对称轴上。Ca原子的配位数为9，各自的平均Ca-O键 长为2.516、 2,515和2.459A。K原子的配位数为8。首次测定了矿一物中氢原子的位置，证实矿物含1个结晶水，而不是含1.5个结晶水。晶体化学式为K2Ca5 (SO4)6.H2O。     

平武板状绿柱石{0001}晶面的溶蚀像特征与晶体生长

板状绿柱石产于花岗岩云英岩化边部或晶洞壁的白云母-钠长石-绿柱石-水晶的矿物组合中,钠长石呈自形晶,绿柱石的洁净度与透明度相对较差。晶体测量表明,晶体的单形晶面发育依次为c{0001}→s{11 2-1}→p{10 1-1}→m{10 1-0}→v{21 3-1}、n{45 9-4}、a{11 2-0}。微分干涉显微镜(DIC)及扫描电镜(SEM)研究表明:各单形晶面上生长纹(微形貌)反映面网结构的对称性,c{0001}单形晶面上的六边形溶蚀坑(50～170μm)是由平行晶体C轴的各单形晶面生长层从晶体中心向外叠堆组成,层生长机理制约晶体生长全过程,平行双面(c)的生长层较薄(5～8μm)且较稳定,六方双锥(s)生长层较厚且圆滑,六方柱(m)生长层由晶体中心往外其厚度由厚逐渐变薄(12～20μm),台间隔由窄变宽。晶体溶蚀是从面网密度最大的c{0001}开始,溶蚀面积依平行双面(c)、六方双锥(s)单形晶面由大变小,六方柱(a)、复六方双锥(v、n)单形晶面因面网密度小而未受到溶蚀。据矿物共生组合、流体包裹体均一法测量与拉曼光谱(LRS)分析表明板状绿柱石是在中–高温(303℃)、过饱和度较大、成矿介质的钠长石化发育且热动力环境相对稳定的条件下形成,气液包裹体主要由H2O、CO2及微量CH4、N2组成,CO2及微量CH4、N2可能与碳酸盐围岩有关。     

采用综合探测技术，揭开秦皇陵地宫千古之谜

秦始皇陵是我国最大的帝王陵园。据古书记载，秦陵地宫墓室内珍宝无数。国家863计划项目之一，采用遥感和地球物理技术对秦始皇陵进行了探测，解开了秦陵地宫的位置、布局之谜。为进一步勘测地宫墓室内都有些什么东西，提议在不破坏墓室结构和原文物保存环境的前提下，采用岩土钻掘工程技术(孔或井巷)和影像技术(蛇形机械人等)综合探测方法，深入到地宫墓室里探查，为钻掘工程开拓地下考古工作提供了新思路。     

高精度重力测量探测秦始皇帝陵地宫

秦始皇帝陵是中国历史上第一个皇帝陵, 秦始皇帝陵考古已经取得许多重大发现, 但至今秦始皇帝陵地宫是否位于现存封土堆之下等问题尚不清楚, 因此, 利用先进技术探测秦始皇帝陵地宫对于科学保护这一重要文物资源具有重要意义.应用高精度重力测量, 确定了秦始皇帝陵地宫的东西、南北开挖范围约170m×145m, 发现了地宫的西向墓道.通过对重力异常的定量拟合计算, 推测了秦始皇帝陵地宫可能存在墓室, 墓室东西长约50m, 南北宽约40m, 埋深约43m, 高约10m;地宫四周可能存在石质宫墙, 宫墙的中心线范围为145m×125m, 墙体宽8m, 高约14m;宫墙上部有一细夯土墙, 墙宽约15m, 高约30m.认为秦始皇帝陵封土堆之下经过大规模开挖存在墓室、宫墙、墓道等配套的地下古墓建筑群, 从一个侧面为证实秦始皇帝陵地宫位于现存封土堆之下提供了证据.      

Promoting geodiversity: learning lessons from biodiversity

Progress made in promoting geodiversity in recent times is reviewed, concluding that it is now an established component of the Earth Sciences. However, it still lacks the status and standing of biodiversity in governmental, political and public forums. The paper assesses what can be learnt from the experience of the development and promotion of biodiversity. Based on this experience, eight suggestions for increasing the understanding and ownership of geodiversity beyond the Earth science community are provided as a basis for discussion.     

Crystal structure of xinganite

Xinganite is a new REE-Be-rich silicate discovered in China. Its ideal formula is: (Y, Ce)Be SiO₄ OH. The mineral is of monoclinic system. The intensity data were collected with a single-crystal four-circle diffractometer. The lattice parameters are: a=4.7681 (± 0.00263) Å,b=7.7657 (± 0.00686) Å, c=9.9301 (± 0.00639) Å; α =90°, β=90.171° (±0.0053°), γ=90° space group p2¹/c;,Z=4. The crystal structure has been determined by direct methods and electron density synthesis methods. The least squares refinement gave a final discrepancy indexR=0.086. The crystal structural analysis shows that xinganite is of datolite-type structure.     

Crystal chemistry of Fe-Mg-carpholites

A chemical and X-ray investigation of the Fe-Mg-carpholites of Crete/Greece reveals a large variation in their Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg) ratios (0.68 to 0.05). The lattice constants a and b depend linearly on this parameter, and the magnitude of the effect is comparable to that encountered in pyroxenes. The similar behaviour of the lattice dimensions of both these minerals is explained by comparing their structures and pointing out the salient crystal chemical similarities.