基于临界条件的中国航空气象危险要素区域分布与风险区划

根据航空飞行安全的气象保障规范和临界条件,探讨了我国区域内影响飞机起降的气象要素的区域特征;在气象要素影响分析的基础上,建立飞机起降安全的气象要素评价指标;采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标的权重,利用模糊综合评价方法构建了飞机起降气象安全风险的评价标准和评价体系,运用区间梯形隶属度函数来计算评估单元各指标针对各风险等级的隶属度,最后根据最大隶属度原则作出风险评估与区划。分析表明,我国北方地区航空安全气象环境较南方地区好,南方出现航空飞行不利影响的恶劣气象条件的频率显著高于北方;我国航空安全气象风险由北至南逐渐递增,尤以东部沿海地区、福建和江西东北部地区、贵州东部及湖南地区的风险等级最高。     

基于熵权的Ｗｅｂ应用安全模糊综合评估模型

针对Ｗｅｂ应用安全评估问题,提出一种基于熵权和模糊综合评价方法的Ｗｅｂ应用安全评估模型．该模型将熵权与模糊理论相结合,利用熵权系数法确定Ｗｅｂ应用安全评价因素集中的权重向量,采用最大隶属度原则确定安全漏洞风险等级．实例分析结果表明该方法简单、实用,能有效进行Ｗｅｂ应用安全漏洞风险等级的评估．     

基于梯形模糊数的指标权重确定方法的应用研究

综合评价过程中指标权重确定得合理与否,直接关系到综合评价的质量与效果,通过将梯形模糊数与层次分析法相结合给出一种新的确定指标权重方法,并将其运用到高校节约型校园综合评价中进行实证分析,证明该方法客观、有效、具有较好的通用性．     

基于模糊综合评判法的决策气象服务质量评价方法研究

基于模糊综合评判法,依据中国气象局<决策气象服务质量评价办法>,建立了基于多级模糊综合评判法的决策气象服务质量评价模型,并结合实例进行评估试验,给出试验分析和结论.     

基于GIS气候资源评价及区划研究——以陕西省苹果气候区划为例

应用模糊综合评判的理论和方法,通过陕西省优质苹果气候区划实例,探索了运用GIS技术进行气候资源评价及区划的方法:即在分析选择影响苹果品质气候因子的基础上,确定优质苹果气候资源评价指标模型;根据要素权重和隶属度,建立单因子评价栅格图层;利用GIS空间叠置功能,综合评价图按适宜度分级并与夏季水热状况矢量图叠加,得到陕西省苹果种植气候生态区划图。结果表明,渭北黄土高原海拔80 0～1 2 0 0 m冷凉半干旱、半湿润区,是陕西省优质苹果气候生态区。     

防雷装置设计技术评价定量化模型探讨

在分析防雷装置设计技术评价发展现状的基础上,应用层次分析、回归分析、数学建模方法,建立了可应用于防雷装置设计技术评价定量化的数学模型,用模糊隶属度函数、模糊统计试验方法对该模型评价结果进行判断,对于提升建设项目、被保护对象及设备的防雷安全性能具有积极的实践意义。     

河北省太行山区核桃萌芽-幼果期温度适宜度模型构建及应用

本文基于温度因子对核桃萌芽-幼果期生长发育的影响,建立了日平均气温隶属函数适宜度模型,将逐日最低气温、致死温度和致灾温度及低于致灾温度持续时间引入温度隶属函数,建立了日最低气温隶属函数适宜度模型,将上述适宜度按一定的权重组合构建了河北省太行山区核桃萌芽-幼果期温度隶属函数适宜度模型.基于模型计算分析表明:冻害发生时,日...     

东北地区玉米整地、播种和收获气象适宜度评价模型

天气、土壤条件影响玉米整地、播种和收获作业的质量及作业效率,进而影响到苗情、产量和生产成本,东北地区相关的农业气象要素是土壤湿度、土壤解冻深度、温度、日雨量和风力等.根据气象、土壤条件对玉米整地、播种和收获的影响,用模糊隶属函数建立了这些农事活动气象适宜度评价函数及其农业气象指标,用权重法分别建立了整地、播种和收获综合气象适宜度评价模型.检验结果表明,这些模式和指标符合实际,可以用于相关农事活动的气象适宜度评价业务.在气温和降水等气象要素预报的基础上,该模型还可以用于相关农事气象适宜度和适宜期的预报.     

一种基于AHM的气象服务满意度模糊评价方法

提出了一种基于AHM的气象服务满意度的模糊评价方法。该方法通过建立气象服务满意度评价模型、构建判断矩阵、计算属性权重及模糊评判矩阵等步骤得到最终评价向量,并根据最终评价向量获取最大隶属度评价等级,从而实现气象服务满意度的模糊评价。最后,结合气象服务问卷调查的相关数据,验证了方法的可行性。     

基于模糊综合评判法的决策气象服务质量评价方法研究

基于模糊综合评判法,依据中国气象局《决策气象服务质量评价办法》,建立了基于多级模糊综合评判法的决策气象服务质量评价模型,并结合实例进行评估试验,给出试验分析和结论。     

基于模糊理论的气象科研项目风险与绩效评估

通过对项目风险进行综合分析、审定,确立一种气象科研项目的立项风险评估指标及体系的准则;从风险角度出发,构建出一组多级指标的项目风险评估指标体系;采用定性和定量相结合的方法,提出一种基于模糊理论的风险评估体系和模型,对科研项目的立项进行综合评估,给出评估意见,给决策提供指导意见;同时,提出一种气象科研项目绩效考核及推广方法.     

广东省气象部门应对气候变化工作的进展、问题与对策

介绍广东气象部门应对气候变化工作在组织管理、观测系统和业务体系建设,决策和公众服务,科研和技术开发,科普宣传和合作交流等方面取得了一定进展。但也存在着诸如人才匮乏、经费不足、基础气候资料质量不高、业务体系建设不完善、影响评估和适应措施研究薄弱等问题。认为加强应对气候变化工作,应采取大力发展气候变化研究和业务、加强应对气候变化决策服务、成立专门业务机构、拓宽科研经费筹措渠道、加强气候变化科普宣传等对策与措施。     

Creating usable science: Opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and their implications for science policy

In the past several decades, decision makers in the United States have increasingly called upon publicly funded science to provide “usable” information for policy making, whether in the case of acid rain, famine prevention or climate change policy. As demands for usability become more prevalent for publicly accountable scientific programs, there is a need to better understand opportunities and constraints to science use in order to inform policy design and implementation. Motivated by recent critique of the decision support function of the US Global Change Research Program, this paper seeks to address this issue by specifically examining the production and use of climate science. It reviews empirical evidence from the rich scholarship focused on climate science use, particularly seasonal climate forecasts, to identify factors that constrain or foster usability. It finds, first, that climate science usability is a function both of the context of potential use and of the process of scientific knowledge production itself. Second, nearly every case of successful use of climate knowledge involved some kind of iteration between knowledge producers and users. The paper argues that, rather than an automatic outcome of the call for the production of usable science, iterativity is the result of the action of specific actors and organizations who ‘own’ the task of building the conditions and mechanisms fostering its creation. Several different types of institutional arrangements can accomplish this task, depending on the needs and resources available. While not all of the factors that enhance usability of science for decision making are within the realm of the scientific enterprise itself, many do offer opportunities for improvement. Science policy mechanisms such as the level of flexibility afforded to research projects and the metrics used to evaluate the outcomes of research investment can be critical to providing the necessary foundation for iterativity and production of usable science to occur.     

Optimal Technology R&D in the Face of Climate Uncertainty

This paper explores optimal near-term technology R&D in the face of uncertain damages caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases. The paper puts particular emphasis on understanding how optimal near-term R&D expenditures might vary based on the technologies pursued in the R&D program. The exploration is conducted in the context of varying impacts from R&D on the global abatement cost function. The R&D planning problem is considered first within a theoretical framework and is then pursued in a stylized application using the DICE model. The paper provides intuition into the circumstances under which near-term technology R&D might increase or decrease under uncertainty, thereby serving as a hedge against climate uncertainty.     

论江西气象科技创新体系改革与建设

对江西气象科技创新体系改革与建设的内容和方向进行了论述,认为江西气象科技创新体系改革与建设,应坚持“自主创新,重点跨越,支撑发展,引领未来”的科技发展方针,明确科技型、基础性社会公益事业定位,深入实施科技兴气象战略,深化气象科技体制改革,加强原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新;促进业务与科研的结合,形成科技创新引领事业发展的研究型业务,提升气象科技创新能力,提高气象科技水平和气象业务的科技含量,提高气象队伍素质,培养造就具有创新能力、既懂科研又懂业务的学科、技术带头人和复合型人才。     

2021年度气象联合基金项目评审简析

2020年,国家自然科学基金委员会和中国气象局签署协议共同出资设立气象联合基金,备受大气科学界的广泛关注.2021年,气象联合基金项目指南首次发布,项目评审顺利完成.气象联合基金共接收申请71项,受理69项,资助14项重点支持项目,资助率20.3％,平均资助强度264.6万元/项,项目年均资助强度(66.2万元/年)超...     

What information do policy makers need to develop climate adaptation plans for smallholder farmers? The case of Central America and Mexico

Scientific and technical information can increase the ability of policy makers to make strategic decisions. However, climate change policy is often formulated without significant input from science. We examine whether the availability and accessibility of information related to climate change is a major barrier for policy action on climate change adaptation for smallholder farmers. We also investigate whether scientific information related to climate change is available and used in policy making in Central America and Mexico. Our online survey of 105 decision makers indicated that a lack of scientific and technical information hinders policy makers from developing policies to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. Specific needs include information on the impacts of climate change on water availability for agriculture and the areas that are or will be prone to flooding, droughts or landslides. Information about the location of the farmers who are most vulnerable to climate change, the projected temperature and precipitation in agricultural areas and the expected impacts of climate change on crop yields or animal productivity, is also needed. Despite high interest in having scientific information guide policy making, many respondents indicated that policy makers rarely use this information in adaptation planning. In addition to ensuring that relevant information is available to inform policy making, technical and scientific information must be published in venues that are readily accessible for policy makers, easy to understand, and written in a format that is policy-relevant. It is also critical that scientific articles provide specific recommendations for achieving desired policy outcomes.     

Carbon capture and storage: combining economic analysis with expert elicitations to inform climate policy

The relationship between R&D investments and technical change is inherently uncertain. In this paper we combine economics and decision analysis to incorporate the uncertainty of technical change into climate change policy analysis. We present the results of an expert elicitation on the prospects for technical change in carbon capture and storage. We find a significant amount of disagreement between experts, even over the most mature technology; and this disagreement is most pronounced in regards to cost estimates. We then use the results of the expert elicitations as inputs to the MiniCAM integrated assessment model, to derive probabilistic information about the impacts of R&D investments on the costs of emissions abatement. We conclude that we need to gather more information about the technical and societal potential for Carbon Storage; cost differences among the different capture technologies play a relatively smaller role.     

双偏振雷达水凝物相态识别算法的参数改进

双偏振雷达的水凝物相态识别算法基于模糊逻辑方法建立,针对方法的可靠性和稳定性问题,利用2016—2017年暖季广州S波段双偏振雷达数据,从3个方面找出影响识别效果的关键因素并改进。使用模糊逻辑的累加值为检验依据,找出不合理的模糊规则,通过相态特征统计和权重矩阵修改加以改进。使用误差敏感性检验法系统,评估误差对识别效果的影响,发现反射率因子的误差在-0.5~+0.5 dBZ、差分反射率因子的误差在-0.1~+0.1 dB、雷达相关系数的误差在0~0.02、差分相移率的误差在-0.3~+0.9 dB的范围内,识别结果稳定性较好。此外,相态时空分布统计中发现底层冰雹面积异常增加,通过空间一致性检验可订正异常结果。     

A science–policy interface in the global south: the politics of carbon sinks and science in Brazil

The IPCC and other global environmental assessment processes stress the need for national scientific participation to ensure decision makers’ trust in the associated scientific conclusions and political agendas. The underpinning assumption is that the relationship between scientists and decision makers at the national level is characterized by trust and interpretive synergy. Drawing on ethnographic research in Brazil, this article challenges that assumption through a case study of the policy uptake of divergent scientific interpretations as to whether or not the Amazon is a net carbon sink. It shows that the carbon sink issue became a site for struggles between important Brazilian scientists and decision-makers with central authority over the definition of the country’s official position in international climate negotiations. In a geopolitically charged scientific controversy involving scientific evidence bearing on the Kyoto Protocol, Brazilian decision makers studied revealed critical distance from national scientists advancing evidence that the Amazon is a net carbon sink. As such, the decision-makers’ interpretations were at odds also with dominant framings in the Brazilian media and closer to those of American scientists involved in carbon cycle research in the Amazon. Seeking to explain this disconnect, the paper discusses the divergent policy preferences of key scientists and decision-makers involved, and the correlations of these preferences with interpretations of the available scientific evidence. It identifies the continued impact of a national political tradition of limited participation in decision making and suggests that this tradition—while increasingly challenged by countervailing democratizing trends—is reinforced by key Brazilian decision makers’ constructions of science as a medium through which rich countries maintain political advantage. Reflecting this, key Brazilian decision-makers justified rejecting national scientists’ interpretations of the Amazon as a significant overall carbon sink by suggesting that the scientists’ scientific training and associated foreign interactions bias them in favor of foreign interests, compromising their ability to accurately identify national interests. The paper situates its analysis in terms of theories of the science–policy interface and argues for greater attention to the role of culturally and politically laden understandings of science and the role of science in policy and geopolitics.