矩阵论中的图论匹配法

G.Birkhoff用代数的方法证明了如果一个矩阵是双随机矩阵,则它能表示成置换矩阵的凸线性组合.设G是具有两分类(X,Y)的二部图,则G中含有饱和X中的所有顶点的匹配M的充分必要条件为:对∀S⊆X,有d_G(S)≥|S|.文章借助上述二部图的匹配思想,给出这一结论的图论证明.     

南黄海海域M≥6强震趋势预测及其论证分析研究

南黄海地区是我国东部中强地震活动最为活跃的地区之一,自1846年以来,该研究区M≥6强震活动具有显著的可公度性和有序性,其主要有序值为74~75 a、57~58 a、11~12 a和5~6 a,其中74~75 a和57~58 a具有突出的预测作用.根据翁文波信息预测理论,在回顾总结成功预测1996年11月9日南黄海6.1级强震的基础上,深入研究了南黄海海域M≥6强震活动的可公度性及其预测功能,构建并完善了南黄海海域M≥6强震的二维和三维有序网络结构,对该区未来M≥6强震趋势进行了预测,并对预测的可能性与合理性进行了论证分析.研究结论表明：南黄海海域未来新一轮强震活跃幕的首次M≥6强震将发生在2053-2054年前后,未来第2次M≥6强震或强震群可能发生在2058-2059年前后.     

一次强飑线过程多尺度回波系统特征分析

采用自动气象站观测资料、MICAPS天气图、江西二维和三维雷电数据和江西WebGIS雷达拼图等多源资料,分析了2021年5月10—11日江西强飑线天气过程的回波系统特征。结果表明,当江西处于500 hPa槽前、100 hPa出流区、850 hPa切变线和西南急流和925 hPa西南倒槽之中,有利于出现冰雹、雷暴大风、强雷电等天气;一次飑线过程有若干个不同尺度回波系统过程,中尺度对流回波系统、局地热对流雷暴回波、雷暴回波群、A飑线回波带、辐合线雷暴回波带、B飑线回波带等多尺度回波系统;直径d≤2 cm的冰雹发生在组合反射率(Composite Reflectivity, CR)回波强度超过60 dBZ并且强回波面积超过100 km²的回波中,当CR强度超过65 dBZ并且强回波面积超过300 km²时,容易出现d≥ 5 cm的大冰雹。     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种花生结荚期生理特性日变化的影响

以3个花生品种（开农49号、64号和69号）为材料,通过大田模拟试验,研究UV-B辐射增强对花生结荚期叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（E_wu）日变化的影响,为筛选高产、抗旱、抗UV-B辐射花生品种提供依据.UV-B辐射设2个水平即自然光（CK,1.5 kJ·m^-2）和UV-B增强20%（T,1.8 kJ·m^-2）.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制花生的光合作用和蒸腾作用,与对照相比,UV-B增强条件下,开农49号、64号和69号P_n日均值分别降低19.4%、27.8%、24.7%;G_s日均值降低26.7%、42.9%、28.6%;C_i日均值降低27.2%、20.4%、23.1%;T_r日均值降低17.8%、23.3%、25.1%;E_wu日均值降低16.6%、23.2%、23.9%.UV-B辐射增强对3个品种生长都具有抑制效应,但品种间存在一定的敏感性差异,其中开农49号最不敏感,因此,开农49号在抗UV-B辐射方面比其他2个品种具有更大的优势.     

一类非线性Volterra积分不等式

本文简要讨论Gronwall不等式的研究进展,并给出关于如下的一类非线性Volterra积分不等式的一个结果：w(u(t))≤g(t))+∑_i=1ⁿ∫_αi(t0)^α_i(t)f_i(t,s)∏_j=1^mH_ij(u(s))G_ij(max_s-h≤ξ≤s u (ξ))ds.     

新疆及其邻区4次M ≥ 7强震预测总结与未来7级强震预测研究——基于有序网络结构分析

1800年以来,新疆及其邻区M ≥ 7强震具有显著的可公度性和有序性,其主要有序值为(30 a)×k(k=1,2,3)、11~12 a、41~43 a、18~19 a与5~6 a等.利用翁文波信息预测理论,根据已有的研究成果,将有序网络结构分析与复杂网络技术相结合,补充新信息,不断总结优化和构建该研究区M ≥ 7强震二维平面与三维立体有序网络结构,充分揭示该区210多年来M ≥ 7强震的活动规律,并据此较为成功地预测了1996年以来该区所发生的4次M ≥ 7强震,即从1996年喀拉昆仑山7.1级强震,到2003年俄、蒙、中边境7.9级强震,再到2008、2014年于田2次7.3级强震.同时还提出新的预测意见:该研究区未来2次M ≥ 7强震将可能发生在2019-2020、2025-2026年前后.研究结果表明:强震是可以预测的.有序网络结构分析方法对于强震的中长期跨越式预测具有独特效果.     

基于负μ传输线的电偶极子和环天线设计

负μ传输线是一种通过串联电容加载来获得等效负磁导率的人工电磁材料,利用其零传播常数的性质,可以设计具有无限大波长且谐振频率与尺寸无关的谐振器,从而实现天线的小型化和宽带化.本文以基于分段线结构的负μ传输线为例,分别设计了具有宽带特性的电偶极子和环天线.测试结果表明长度为107 mm（1.03λ₀@2.9 GHz）的电偶极子可获得的阻抗带宽约为1.4 GHz（2.2~3.6 GHz,48%）,并且该天线在工作带宽内具有稳定的E面方向图.直径为52 mm（0.5λ₀@2.9 GHz）的环天线可获得的阻抗带宽约为1 GHz（2.4~3.4 GHz,34%）,并且环上具有均匀的电流分布,从而具有磁偶极子的辐射特性.测试和仿真结果吻合较好.     

顶点Pk覆盖问题的研究综述

顶点覆盖问题是经典的NP完全问题,在排序、计算机网络等现实生活中有许多的应用.近几年来,许多研究者开始探究它的推广形式——顶点P_k覆盖（VCP_k）问题,即寻找一个顶点子集,从拓扑结构图中删除后使得剩下的顶点导出的子图不包含P_k路,其中P_k是指包含k个顶点的路.本文简单介绍了VCP_k问题的应用背景,归纳了它在近似算法、精确算法、参数化算法3个方面的主要研究进展,并分析了一些主要的方法和技巧.在此基础上,对VCP_k问题及其相关问题的研究前景进行了展望.     

2009—2010年梅雨锋暴雨雨滴谱特征

2009、2010年夏季利用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪在淮南和南京同时观测到两次梅雨锋暴雨过程,获得了3 617个雨滴谱样本资料。采用阶矩法对Gamma函数进行拟合,分析了梅雨锋暴雨降水微结构特征。结果表明:主雨带和雨带边缘的雨滴谱存在明显差别,处于主雨带中的降水粒子尺度明显大于雨带边缘的粒子尺度;梅雨锋暴雨过程中0.25 mm<D≤1.0 mm的粒子所占比例最大,但对于雨强贡献最大的则是1.0 mm<D≤2.0 mm的粒子;雨滴谱谱型以双峰型为主,几乎不存在无峰型;与其他微结构特征量不同的是,雨滴谱峰值直径D_p随着雨强的增大先增加后减小,而雨滴谱分布参数N₀、μ、λ则随着雨强的增大而一直减小,其中μ-λ间存在较好的二项式函数关系;梅雨锋暴雨的Z-R关系为Z=212R^1.38。     

基于FastICA算法和MODIS数据的水稻面积提取

以苏、皖、赣三省为研究区域,采用FastICA算法从MODIS数据中提取2010年水稻种植面积,并验证该算法在混合像元分解中的有效性。在对2010年46景8 d合成地表反射率产品数据进行预处理的基础上,结合MODIS土地利用产品和平滑滤波算法,构建耕地类型像元的I_LSW和I_NDV时相变化曲线。依据I_LSW和I_NDV曲线在水稻移栽期前后的变化规律,并根据由各地区水稻I_NDV时相曲线计算得到水稻相似性指数,从MODIS影像中提取水稻像元。采用FastICA算法对潜在水稻像元水稻生长期内的I_NDV时相曲线进行分解,计算每个像元的水稻丰度,绘制水稻丰度图,获取研究区各省水稻分布和种植面积。利用统计年鉴数据和样方资料对FastICA算法提取的水稻面积进行了验证。结果显示:采用水稻相似性曲线有利于提高稻田识别效率,所获取的水稻分布与实际情况吻合;FastICA算法能够分解不同地区水稻I_NDV时相曲线;与统计资料比较,江苏、安徽、江西三省水稻面积的提取精度分别为86.4%、87.9%、51.5%。江西水稻面积提取误差主要出现在地形起伏较大的山区。     

广义可逆环的性质

引进了广义可逆环ZIn环的概念,并研究了它们的若干性质.证明了对于Armendariz环R,R是广义可逆环当且仅当R[x]是广义可逆环;广义可逆环是2-素环,拟ZIn环在满足一定条件时是2-素环.     

The roles of network embeddedness,market incentives,and slack resources in the adoption of clean technologies by firms in developing countries

Worldwide carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase driven by fossil fuel consumption and industrial discharges. Progress on carbon emission reduction requires firms to adopt clean technologies which minimize material and energy consumption. Technological change is particularly required in developing countries, where industrial emissions often lead to chronic urban pollution problems. In this study, we explore the antecedents of clean technology strategy by firms in developing countries. We combine the contingent natural resource-based view with the relational view to examine how network embeddedness, market incentives and slack resources influence adoption of clean technology. The empirical support for our hypotheses comes from data obtained from 342 firms that operated in the carbon-offset market during the years 2007 to 2009. We find that a firm’s relational network structure influences adoption of clean technologies, particularly when market incentives are low. Contrary to one of the hypotheses, the results of our paper suggest a negative relationship between a firm’s slack resources and its clean technology strategy. Our study highlights the benefits of networks in fostering adoption of clean technology in developing countries. Furthermore, we find that high market incentives (carbon price) decrease the probability of clean technology adoption, so adding to the view that firms respond to carbon-offset rules to realize high carbon revenues at the lowest cost.

Key policy insights

• High market incentives (carbon price) decrease the probability that firms in developing countries will adopt clean technology.

• This adds to concerns about the capability of the Clean Development Mechanism to deliver sustainable development.

• Even where market incentives are low, firms in developing countries are more likely to adopt clean technologies when they are embedded in a closed network of connected partners.

• To stimulate adoption of clean technology in developing countries, policy makers should focus on initiatives to facilitate partnerships between organizations operating in the carbon market and create opportunities for knowledge sharing and learning.

• By changing the policy focus to networks of organizations, the carbon market can bring about positive change in terms of shifting the firm behaviour.

     

Encouraging clean energy investment in developing countries: what role for aid?

A large portion of foreign assistance for climate change mitigation in developing countries is directed to clean energy facilities. To support international mitigation goals, however, donors must make investments that have effects beyond individual facilities. They must reduce barriers to private-sector investment by generating information for developers, improving relevant infrastructure, or changing policies. We examine whether donor agencies target financing for commercial-scale wind and solar facilities to countries where private investment in clean energy is limited and whether donor investments lead to more private investments. On average, we find no positive evidence for these patterns of targeting and impact. Coupled with model results that show feed-in tariffs increase private investment, we argue that donor agencies should reallocate resources to improve policies that promote private investment in developing countries, rather than finance individual clean energy facilities.

Policy relevance

We suggest that international negotiations could usefully shift the focus of climate change finance towards adaptation in exchange for mitigation-improving policy reforms in developing countries. There is little evidence that mitigation-related financing is having broader effects on energy production, so new financial arrangements should be the focus of future negotiations. Additionally, international donors should focus efforts on reforming policies to attract private investment.     

Gust factors over open water and built-up country

Data are presented of the gust factorG =u ^max/, both at 8-m height over a lake and up to 80-m height at the edge of a town. It is argued that, due to the presence of trends in long-period averages, the use of arithmetic or least-squareG-averages leads to overestimation of the dependence ofG on wind speedu, and medianG-values are preferable. A simple non-spectral model for gustiness at high wind speeds in the constant-stress layer is proposed and checked. The model relatesG to surface roughness and height above surface for gust wavelengths up to 200 m. The gust factor concept is shown to be inadequate for characterizing thunderstorm gustiness.     

Dimethylsulfide oxidation and the ratio of methanesulfonate to non sea-salt sulfate in the marine aerosol

A box model of DMS oxidation in the clean, low-NO _x marine atmospheric boundary layer has been used to predict the latitude dependence of the aerosol methanesulfonate to non sea-salt sulfate ratio. The observed latitude dependence of this ratio in the Southern Hemisphere can be reproduced reasonably well if the full suite of reactions proposed by Yin et al. (1990a) is employed, and a strong temperature dependence is specified in the rates of decomposition of CH₃SO₂ and CH₃SO₃ radicals.     

Effects of the soil heat flux estimates on surface energy balance closure over a semi-arid grassland

Soil heat flux is important for surface energy balance (SEB), and inaccurate estimation of soil heat flux often leads to surface energy imbalance. In this paper, by using observations of surface radiation fluxes and soil temperature gradients at a semi-arid grassland in Xilingguole, Inner Mongolia, China from June to September 2008, the characters of the SEB for the semi-arid grassland were analyzed. Firstly, monthly averaged diurnal variations of SEB components were revealed. A 30-min forward phase displacement of soil heat flux (G) observed by a fluxplate at the depth of 5-cm below the soil surface was conducted and its effect on the SEB was studied. Secondly, the surface soil heat flux (G _s) was computed by using harmonic analysis and the effect of the soil heat storage between the surface and the fluxplate on the SEB was examined. The results show that with the 30-min forward phase displacement of observed G, the slope of the ordinary linear regression (OLR) of turbulent fluxes (H+LE) against available energy (R _n-G) increased from 0.835 to 0.842, i.e., the closure ratio of SEB increased by 0.7%, yet energy imclosure of 15.8% still existed in the SEB. When G _s, instead of G was used in the SEB equation, the slope of corresponding OLR of (H+LE) against (R _n-G _s) reached 0.979, thereby the imclosure ratio of SEB was reduced to only 2.1%.     

The Surface Energy Budget and Its Impact on the Freeze-thaw Processes of Active Layer in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The surface energy budget is closely related to freeze-thaw processes and is also a key issue for land surface process research in permafrost regions.In this study,in situ data collected from 2005 to 2015 at the Tanggula site were used to analyze surface energy regimes,the interaction between surface energy budget and freeze-thaw processes.The results confirmed that surface energy flux in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau exhibited obvious seasonal variations.Annual average net radiation(R_n)for 2010 was 86.5 W m^-2,with the largest being in July and smallest in November.Surface soil heat flux(G₀)was positive during warm seasons but negative in cold seasons with annual average value of 2.7 W m^-2.Variations in R_n and G₀ were closely related to freeze-thaw processes.Sensible heat flux(H)was the main energy budget component during cold seasons,whereas latent heat flux(LE)dominated surface energy distribution in warm seasons.Freeze-thaw processes,snow cover,precipitation,and surface conditions were important influence factors for surface energy flux.Albedo was strongly dependent on soil moisture content and ground surface state,increasing significantly when land surface was covered with deep snow,and exhibited negative correlation with surface soil moisture content.Energy variation was significantly related to active layer thaw depth.Soil heat balance coefficient K was>1 during the investigation time period,indicating the permafrost in the Tanggula area tended to degrade.     

An elementary parcel model with explicit condensation and supersaturation

The development of droplet size, supersaturation, and temperature in an ascending, unmixed parcel of cloudy air was investigated using a numerical model in which condensation and supersaturation are explicitly calculated. Of particular interest was the steady‐state value which the super‐saturation attains, and the time required to reach this value. The results were found to be in reasonable agreement with an approximate analytical solution of the equations that predicts a steady‐state supersaturation equal to G(p, T)U/vr, where G(p, T) is a known thermodynamic function of temperature and pressure, U is the updraft speed (assumed constant), v is the number of droplets per unit mass of air (assumed constant), and r is the droplet radius. The approach to this limiting value is very nearly exponential, with a time constant equal to G(p, T)/Q ₁ vr, where Q ₁ is a function of temperature. Without giving up the possibility of approximate analytical solutions, the equations can be elaborated to allow an accelerating updraft or to simulate the effects of rapid droplet coalescence.     

Retrospective cloud determinations from surface solar radiation measurements

Surface solar radiation measurements have been made at many meteorological sites for long periods. These data potentially provide higher temporal resolution cloud amount information than traditional estimations of cloud amount recorded in eighths of the sky obscured (oktas). To utilise existing solar radiation datasets for this, two quantities are derived from the surface measurements of global (G) and diffuse (D) solar irradiance, and top of atmosphere solar irradiance (E) — the Diffuse Fraction (DF = D/G) and the Opaqueness (Op = 1 - G/E). These are compared with subjective cloud observations made at Reading daily during 1997 to 2006. This shows that DF measurements are sensitive to cloud amount, particularly for low and moderate cloud coverage. Complimentary information is available in Op, which is particularly sensitive to cloud amount in moderate to overcast cloud coverage. In overcast conditions, DF = 1, during which Op provides a measure of overcast cloud thickness. As well as cloud amount, the variability in DF and Op provides a basis for discriminating between cumuliform and stratiform cloud: large variability indicates convective cloud whereas only small variability occurs under stratiform cloud.     

The surface heat flux density of a bare soil

Abstract

Half‐hourly measurements of soil surface heat flux density (G₀ ), solar irradiance (S), and the surface energy balance components were made at Agassiz, b.c., in the spring and early summer of 1978 at two adjacent bare‐soil sites, one of which was culti‐packed while the other was disc‐harrowed. G₀ was calculated using the null‐alignment procedure from half‐hourly measurements of soil temperature at 30 depths down to 1 m, and volumetric soil heat capacity calculated from measurements of bulk density, organic matter fraction, and moisture content. The latent and sensible heat flux densities were measured using the energy balance/Bowen ratio technique.

It was found that both the daily averages and diurnal variations of Go at each site were not affected as the soil surface dried, despite reductions in evaporation rate of as much as 50% at the culti‐packed site and 75% at the disc‐harrowed site on the clear dry‐soil days. Diurnal variations of G₀ at the disc‐harrowed site were about 25% less than at the culti‐packed site, although daily averages were similar at both sites. Daily and daytime averages of G₀ at each site were linear functions of S alone, or functions of net radiation and some measure of near‐surface soil water content. Night‐time averages of G₀ at each site were linear functions of a cloudiness ratio equal to the fraction received of the clear‐day S.