BLOCKING SURFACE WAVES BY A CUT PHYSICAL SEISMIC MODEL RESULTS1

High resolution seismic reflection exploration for minerals places severe demands on field practice so as to maximize the signal-to-noise bandwidth. In particular, all horizontally propagating coherent noise, especially ground roll, must be attenuated. The blocking effect of a trench between source and receiver has been investigated by means of two-dimensional physical seismic model experiments. Rectangular, circular and wedge-shaped saw-cuts of various dimensions were studied. The results show that thin rectangular cuts of depth equal to one-quarter of the Rayleigh wave noise wavelength produce a 12 dB or better improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. Rayleigh wave attenuation is greater than 30 dB at a cut depth of one wavelength. In the field applications envisaged, this corresponds to trenches up to a few metres deep. The trenches should be filled with foam or loose sand to dampen out mode conversion and diffraction noise. There are obvious practical difficulties of implementing such a technique in routine CMP operations. The technical effectiveness of the saw-cut is illustrated by imaging a deeply-buried small hole (diffractor) in an aluminium plate. Without the saw-cut between source and receiver, the seismic record is dominated by Rayleigh wave noise, masking P-wave arrivals from the target diffractor. However, with a saw-cut of depth three-quarters of a Rayleigh wave wavelength, the improvement is dramatic, making it easy to detect and identify the hole. When scaled to the field situation, this is equivalent to imaging a 6 m tunnel at a depth of 400 m, using a surface trench of depth 2 m to block ground roll.     

波在含有各向异性不均匀体介质中的散射理论

Using the statistical theory,scattering of waves in a medium containing anisotro-pic irregularities has been discussed. Same effects of anisometric fluctuations on the scattering angle and infensity are analysed.     

波在含有各向异性不均匀体介质中的散射理论

关于波在无序起伏的介质中传播问题曾在文献[1,2]中给予统计讨论,当满足一定条件λ<相似文献   

对波达波夫和Pride震电波方程组的对比分析

用Biot介质参数说明了波达波夫震电波方程组中弹性动力学 参数的含义，解释了第一类和第二类震电效应的意义，在忽略第一类震电效应条件下将该方 程组与Pride方程组进行比较，说明了二者在描述第二类震电效应方面的异同点. 同时指出 ：波达波夫方程组忽略了流体与固体的耦合质量；方程中的黏性耗散项丢掉了一个孔隙度因 子，依据该方程组计算出的弹性波和转换电场的幅度将偏大；边界条件之一存在错误，会影 响对波在界面上的反射透射规律的描述.     

MEASURED REFLECTION STRENGTHS OF UNDERWATER PIPES IRRADIATED BY A PULSED HORIZONTAL DIPOLE IN AIR: COMPARISON WITH CONTINUOUS PLANE-WAVE SCATTERING THEORY1

At Delft Geotechnics the technique of ground-penetrating radar is in use for the detection of buried objects such as pipes. In order to give our ‘measurements in the field’ a more quantitative interpretation, a series of experiments has been started under well-defined conditions. A cylindrical vessel contains water, simulating wet soil. A pulsed transmitting antenna (TA) is mounted above the water-surface irradiating horizontal underwater pipes. The reflected pulses are detected by a horizontal receiving dipole (AP, i.e. ‘air-probe’) in the air. The reflecting objects used in the experiments are steel pipes, PVC rods and hollow PVC pipes filled with air or water. The depth of the pipes varies from 0.25 to 2 m. The strength of the reflected pulse depends on the type of pipe, its diameter, its depth, the electromagnetic properties of the water and also on the strength and polarization of the incident E-field. The latter is (mainly) parallel to the axis of the pipe in the present experiments. The experimental results have been compared with calculated results using the theory of a continuous plane wave, incident on an infinitely long cylinder in a homogeneous dielectric medium with the same dielectric constant as water. In a previous paper an experiment was described in which a movable receiving dipole in the water measured the transverse, mutually orthogonal E_ø- and E_θ-components of the pulses emitted by the TA. The amplitudes of E_θ versus depth, measured in that paper, are used in the calculations as amplitudes of the incident field. The attenuation of the scattered field is accounted for by assuming exponential damping. The relative amplitudes of the scattered field for different pipes lying at the same depth are reproduced very well by this simple theory. Also the relative values of the scattered amplitudes for a given pipe lying at different depths are described neatly, provided the refraction of the scattered field at the water-air interface is accounted for.     

有限差分格式与物理量守恒性

为了成功地开展大气数值模拟,如何构造相应的离散格式是一项十分重要的工作.本文以大气球面浅水方程为例,从不同形式的微分方程组出发,分别构造了能量守恒格式、准辛格式和多守恒格式,并作相应的数值检验和比较,从中可以清楚地看到三类格式的优劣.这三类格式构造方法不同,所保持的物理守恒性不完全相同,数值计算时所需机时也不同,这些比较结果为实际工作的不同使用需求提供了选择依据.     

任意圆弧形凸起地形对平面SH波的散射

本文采用波函数展开方法提出弹性半空间表面一任意圆弧形凸起边界对平面ＳＨ波二维散射的封闭级数解答，利用引入的辅助函数和推广的外域型Ｇｒａｆ加法公式将解答归结为一代无穷代数方程组的求解，解答的数值结果可由无穷方程的截断计算得出，文中从级数项数增加时计算结果的收敛以及边界条件的收敛满足两方面检验了截断计算的精度，并指出了位移解答的收敛速度与主要参数之间的关系，同时，对凸起角点的应力奇异性及其对解答精度的     

用位错模型研究震级与烈度的关系

作者根据位错模型导出了震级不仅与震中烈度和震源深度有关,而且与极震区面积有关。震中烈度通过应力降和震级联系起来,而极震区面积则通过位错面的面积或震源体积和震级联系起来,使震级与烈度的物理联系更加明确。 用我国的61个浅源地震资料,用逐步回归方法计算出震级M与震中烈度I0、极震区面积（面积单位为平方公里）A0的关系为: M=3.53+0.039I02+0.0178（Ig A0）3,还分别计算出震级与6—8度区面积A6、A7、A8的关系为: M=3.63+0.72 Ig A6,M=5.34+0.718（Ig A7）·（IgIg A7）,M=5.92+0.104（Ig A8）2。并外推出震级与5度区面积A5的关系为: M=3.03+0.72 Ig A5。 利用这些关系式来确定历史地震震级比仅考虑震中烈度来确定有较好的效果。     

用位错模型研究震级与烈度的关系

作者根据位错模型导出了震级不仅与震中烈度和震源深度有关,而且与极震区面积有关。震中烈度通过应力降和震级联系起来,而极震区面积则通过位错面的面积或震源体积和震级联系起来,使震级与烈度的物理联系更加明确。 用我国的61个浅源地震资料,用逐步回归方法计算出震级M与震中烈度I₀、极震区面积（面积单位为平方公里）A₀的关系为: M=3.53+0.039I₀²+0.0178（Ig A₀）³,还分别计算出震级与6-8度区面积A₆、A₇、A₈的关系为: M=3.63+0.72 Ig A₆, M=5.34+0.718（Ig A₇）·（IgIg A₇）, M=5.92+0.104（Ig A₈）²。并外推出震级与5度区面积A₅的关系为: M=3.03+0.72 Ig A₅。 利用这些关系式来确定历史地震震级比仅考虑震中烈度来确定有较好的效果。     

浅圆沉积谷地对瑞雷波的散射--高频解

利用波函数展开法给出了浅圆沉积谷地对瑞雷波散射的一个高频解析解,并分析了入射频率、沉积谷地宽度和深度等因素对波散射的影响. 数值结果表明,由于沉积谷地的影响, 在入射波的近端,地表位移分布变得相对复杂,但位移幅值并不大;而在入射波远端,地表位移分布相对简单,但位移幅值却相对较大,多数情况下高于沉积地表位移幅值.      

STUDY OF TRAVELTIME AND AMPLITUDE TIME-LAPSE TOMOGRAPHY USING PHYSICAL MODEL DATA1

In seismic tomography the observed traveltimes or amplitudes of direct waves are inverted to obtain an estimate of seismic velocity or absorption of the section surveyed. There has been much recent interest in using cross-well traveltime tomography to observe the progress of fluids injected into the reservoir rocks during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. If repeated surveys are carried out, then EOR processes may be monitored over a period of time. This paper describes the results of a simulated time-lapse tomography experiment to image the flood zone in an EOR process. Two physical models were made out of epoxy resins to simulate an essentially plane-layered sedimentary sequence containing a reservoir layer and simple geological structure. The models differed only in the reservoir layer, which was uniform in the ‘pre-flood’ model and contained a flood zone of known geometry in the ‘post-flood’ model. Data sets were acquired from each model using a cross-well survey geometry. Traveltime and amplitude tomographic imaging techniques have been applied to these data in an attempt to locate the extent of the flood zone. Traveltime tomography locates the flood zone quite accurately. Amplitude tomography shows the flood zone as a region of higher absorption, but does not image its boundaries as precisely. This is primarily because of multipathing and diffraction effects, which are not accounted for by the ray-based techniques for inverting seismic amplitudes. Nevertheless, absorption tomograms could complement velocity tomograms in real, heterogeneous reservoirs because absorption and velocity respond differently to changes in liquid/gas saturations for reservoir rocks.     

任意圆弧形凸起地形中隧洞对入射平面SH波的影响

借助辅助函数的思想， 采用波函数展开法给出了圆弧形凸起地形中隧洞对入射平面SH波影响问题的一个解析解．数值结果表明，凸起地形中隧洞的存在以及隧洞大小，对凸起地形表面运动，以及凸起地形中的隧洞的动应力集中均具有显著影响．      

THE SCATTERING OF SH-CHANNEL WAVES BY A FAULT IN A COAL SEAM*

The imaging of faults in coal seams by the in-seam seismic method has now become standard practice. In the UK over 300 surveys have been undertaken and the technique is now part of the exploration arsenal of colliery planners. From these users comes the pressure for two major improvements, namely an increase in range and target identification. This paper is directed towards the latter problem. It has long been recognized that the reflected channel waves must contain information on the fault structure that caused the reflection, and model experiments have been undertaken to investigate the reflection process. Only recently, however, have attempts been made to quantify the reflection process. Calculations using both the finite-difference and finite-element techniques have been carried out, and estimates of the reflection coefficient as a function of frequency have been obtained. The object of this paper is to extend these considerations by calculating analytically the scattering matrix of an SH-channel wave after interaction at a fault plane. The scattering matrix is calculated as a function of frequency, hade angle, and fault throw. The method employed is based on the decomposition of the incident SH-channel wave into Fourier components, the calculation of plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients within the constraints of geometrical acoustics, and finally the synthesis of the scattering matrix by application of the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral. The calculation throughout is restricted to normal modes.     

圆弧型沉积盆地对平面SH波的散射

采用波函数展开方法给出圆弧型沉积盆地对面ＳＨ波二维散射问题的封闭级数解答。利用外域Ｇｒａｆ加法公式将解答归结为无穷代数方程组的求解。通过截断计算得到解答的数值结果，并通过连续条件的满足程度检验了截断计算的精度。将本文结果已有的近似解析解进行比较，指出了近似解答的误差来源和适用范围。给出一些典型算例说明盆地深度比对地震动的复杂作用。     

地球自转与EI Nino──波动理论

考虑地球自转速率随时间的变化,应用描写低纬的地球流体（大气和海洋）的浅水模式方程组,分析了地球自转速率变化对低纬大气和海洋波动的影响．研究指出：地球自转速率的变化不但会直接影响纬向风和洋流的变化,而且通过Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的传播导致海平面和海温的变化,从而导致ＥＩ Ｎｉｎｏ现象的产生．所以,地球自转速率的变化是影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一．     

地球自转与El Nino--波动理论

考虑地球自转速率随时间的变化,应用描写低纬的地球流体(大气和海洋)的浅水模式方程组,分析了地球自转速率变化对低纬大气和海洋波动的影响.研究指出:地球自转速率的变化不但会直接影响纬向风和洋流的变化,而且通过Kelvin波的传播导致海平面和海温的变化,从而导致El Nino现象的产生.所以,地球自转速率的变化是影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一.     

地球自转与EI Nino──波动理论

考虑地球自转速率随时间的变化,应用描写低纬的地球流体（大气和海洋）的浅水模式方程组,分析了地球自转速率变化对低纬大气和海洋波动的影响．研究指出：地球自转速率的变化不但会直接影响纬向风和洋流的变化,而且通过Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的传播导致海平面和海温的变化,从而导致ＥＩ　Ｎｉｎｏ现象的产生．所以,地球自转速率的变化是影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一．     

大气中一种压力波动与地震关系的初步探索

本文报道了大气中一种压力波动与区域地震间关系的初步观测结果。 根据观测,大气中存在一种压力波,其周期为几十秒至500秒;幅值在5—100帕（1帕=1牛顿/米2=0.01毫巴）之间,大都在二、三十帕左右;主周期变化很小,呈一组一组的形式出现,每组三、五个波,波形光滑,容易识别;其水平波速为10米/秒的量级,是一种横波。 对于所研究的地方性地震,约有70％在震前30小时内出现这种压力波。     

大气中一种压力波动与地震关系的初步探索

本文报道了大气中一种压力波动与区域地震间关系的初步观测结果。 根据观测,大气中存在一种压力波,其周期为几十秒至500秒;幅值在5-100帕（1帕=1牛顿/米²=0.01毫巴）之间,大都在二、三十帕左右;主周期变化很小,呈一组一组的形式出现,每组三、五个波,波形光滑,容易识别;其水平波速为10米/秒的量级,是一种横波。 对于所研究的地方性地震,约有70％在震前30小时内出现这种压力波。     

岩浆岩磁组构的实验模拟研究

岩浆岩的模拟实验,由于其实验条件的可控性,能够较好地研究岩浆岩的影响因素及其机理．本文实验表明,岩浆岩的磁组构除与成岩时的流动有关外,还受地磁场及重力场的影响,当流动较强时,岩浆岩的磁线理与流动方向有很好的一致性;当流动较弱时,地磁场方向的影响更大．另外,由于岩浆岩较弱的磁各向异性,以及成岩后期各种因素的影响,使其机理呈现复杂性,主轴方位具有分散性．