THORPEX国际科学研究新进展

2009年9月14—18日,第三届THORPEX国际科学研讨会在美国加州蒙特利市顺利召开。大会就五个专题进行学术交流,分别是全球交互式预报系统,区域活动和交叉研究主题,可预报性和动力过程,资料同化和观测策略,社会和经济效益研究及应用。本文简要总结了参与此次研讨会的各区域、各工作组及与会专家的最新研究成果。从会议的报告来看,THORPEX的进展主要表现在改善高影响天气外场观测活动以及对如何设计全球观测系统的认识、面向TIGGE的集合预报技术的研究等。     

未来气候变化科学研究的主要方向和挑战

2014年9月,IPCC联合世界气候研究计划（WCRP）,在瑞士伯尔尼大学召开了一次特别的研讨会,总结过去几年气候变化科学研究中所取得的经验教训。此次会议针对IPCC最新评估报告中的关键不确定性,梳理并总结了未来气候变化研究的主要科学方向和面临的主要挑战,讨论了如何与WCRP计划结合并解决这些问题,以期在未来更好地应对这些挑战。在此次会议上,与会专家提出,未来气候变化科学研究的重大挑战应包括如下8个主题。云、环流与气候敏感度;理解和预测极端天气气候事件;冰冻圈变化;区域气候信息;区域海平面上升及其对沿海地区的影响;水资源可利用量;生物地球化学、气溶胶和大气化学;理解年代际变化：归因与预测。这些主题涵盖了WCRP计划的六大挑战和其他被认为具有挑战性的主题。本文将在此次会议报告的基础上,对相关内容进行介绍,以供当前的气候变化工作参考。     

牧区雪灾防御研究的新进展及其展望

应用灾害学研究的基本观点，继续对近十年来我国牧区雪灾防御体系建设中雪灾成因、监测、预报、预防、救援，尤其是对监测评估、暴雪和强降雪阶段预测预警、雪灾防御综合系统等技术的新进展进行综合分析与评估，并预测在我国重要战略机遇期雪灾防御技术面临的形势和发展趋势。     

气候概率分布理论及其应用新进展

随着全球变暖加剧,气候变化的研究不断深入,有关气候概率分布理论及其应用研究不但增加了许多新的内涵,而且有了长足的发展。文章从观测资料的分布拟合,气候概率分布的形成机制,气候变化的标志,即气候概率分布的变化、全球气候变化背景下的气候极值分布模式以及气候变量的空间域概率分布模式等方面简要综述了近年来气候概率分布理论及其应用领域的若干新进展。     

陶诗言院士对暴雨科学研究与预报的若干重大贡献

<正>引言中国科学院资深院士、中国科学院大气物理研究所研究员、原中国科学院大气物理研究所代所长、中国气象学会理事长、名誉理事长陶诗言先生因病医治无效,于2012年12月17日14时14分在北京逝世,享年95岁。陶诗言院士是我国现代气象预报理论和方法的开拓者和奠基人之一,是国际知名的季风领域专家。他曾长期担任国内外学术组织的重要职务,获得过多项国家重要科学奖励,培育了大批大气科学和气象领     

南极的科学研究

<正>南极科学研究指导委员会(SCAR)第1次会议于2014年4月20—23日在新西兰召开,来自22个国家的75名代表(包括两个中国极地研究所的代表)参加了会议。《自然》杂志于2014年8月7日对此进行了报道。会议强调了南极研究的重要性。南极占地球陆地面积的1/10,储存了地球上90%的冰及70%的淡水。南极冰盖变     

中国冰雹研究的新进展和主要科学问题

简要总结了自1990年以来中国人工防雹在科学技术方面的进展,分析了冰雹研究和防雹作业方面存在的一些科学技术问题,提出了解决问题的建议。     

西南涡涡源研究的有关新进展

西南涡及其天气影响是高原气象学的一个主要方向,而西南涡的涡源则是其基本的科学问题.由于地形与环流的相互作用是西南涡涡源形成的重要机制,一直是研究关注的重点.本文回顾了近10年来西南涡涡源研究的新进展,尤其是认识到:由于地形与环流的多尺度影响,西南涡的生成涡源具有多尺度分布特征,且不同涡源西南涡的结构、演变、成因和影响都...     

近20年来中国极地大气科学研究进展

南极、北极和青藏高原是地球上的 3大气候敏感地区 ,是多个国际计划研究全球变化的关键地区。中国的南极和北极实地考察研究 ,分别始于 2 0世纪 80和 90年代 ,起步较晚 ,但近 2 0余年来有较大的进展。极地大气科学考察与研究是极地科学研究的重要组成部分。讫今为止 ,中国已组织了 2 0次南极考察和 3次北极考察 ,建立了中国南极长城站、中山站和北极黄河站等 3个常年科学考察站 ;进行了常规地面气象、Brewer大气臭氧、近地面物理、高层大气物理、冰雪和大气化学等观测 ,获得了较为系统的极地大气科学第一手资料 ;开展了有关极地与全球变化的研究 ,取得了新的进展。南极地区大气温度、臭氧和海冰的气候变化在时间和空间上都是多样的。南极地区的增暖主要发生在南极半岛地区 ,在南极大陆主体并不明显 ,近 10余年来还有降温趋势。中国南极长城站和中山站的观测资料也证实了这一点。此外 ,还揭示了南极半岛西侧和罗斯海外围的海冰变化具有“翘翘板”特征 ,由此定义的南极涛动指数可用来讨论南极海冰状况和海冰关键区的活动 ;用实地考察资料研究了极地不同下垫面的近地面物理和海 -冰 -气相互作用特征 ,给出了边界层特征参数 ;讨论了极地天气气候和大气环境特征及其对东亚大气环流和中国天气气候的影响 ;利用     

生态气象人才培养的必要性及其教学体系与教学方法探讨

20世纪90年代以来，全球气候变化对我国生态、资源、环境等的负面效应日益显现，气候变化导致的水资源短缺、大面积干旱、海平面上升、冰川退缩、荒漠化土地扩展、粮食产量和质量下降、流行病传播等现象，已经并将继续给我国经济社会发展、国家安全和可持续发展带来持久的影响。因此，保障国家安全迫切需要积极应对气候变化。     

模糊理论在高校科技投入-产出决策中的应用

将模糊理论运用到高校科技投入-产出决策中,建立高校投入-产出决策模糊综合评价模型,并对我国31个地区2010年高校科技投入-产出决策进行实证分析.在模型中,将高校科技产出指标作为高校科技投入决策的评价指标,计算科技投入-产出决策的隶属度并进行排序.分析结果表明,高校R&D经费和人员投入水平高的地区,其隶属度越大,该地区的高校科技投入决策相对较优,而高校科技隶属度水平低的地区,经费投入是限制其发展的主要因素.     

基于GIS组件技术的生态质量气象评价系统

阐述了GIS组件技术的特点,介绍了如何利用GIS组件技术研制实现生态质量气象评价系统,并将系统应用于海南岛生态质量气象评价。结果表明:该系统具有较好的实用性。     

大气边界层物理的研究进展

大气边界层物理是大气物理的一个分支学科。随着大气污染方面的工作和大气物理学科发展的需要,建国三十年来,特别是近十几年来,大气边界层物理有了较大的发展,并且取得了可喜的进展。下面分三个方面进行扼要的归纳和总结。     

Wildfire preparedness,community cohesion and social–ecological systems

The consequences of wildfires are felt in susceptible communities around the globe on an annual basis. Climate change predictions in places like the south-east of Australia and western United States suggest that wildfires may become more frequent and more intense with global climate change. Compounding this issue is progressive urban development at the peri-urban fringe (wildland–urban interface), where continued infrastructure development and demographic changes are likely to expose more people and property to this potentially disastrous natural hazard. Preparing well in advance of the wildfire season is seen as a fundamental behaviour that can both reduce community wildfire vulnerability and increase hazard resilience – it is an important element of adaptive capacity that allows people to coexist with the hazardous environment in which they live. We use household interviews and surveys to build and test a substantive model that illustrates how social cohesion influences the decision to prepare for wildfire. We demonstrate that social cohesion, particularly community characteristics like ‘sense of community’ and ‘collective problem solving’, are community-based resources that support both the adoption of mechanical preparations, and the development of cognitive abilities and capacities that reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience to wildfire. We use the results of this work to highlight opportunities to transfer techniques and approaches from natural hazards research to climate change adaptation research to explore how the impacts attributed to the social components of social–ecological systems can be mitigated more effectively.     

The social–ecological system framework as a knowledge classificatory system for benthic small-scale fisheries

Ostrom proposed the underpinnings of a framework for the systematic study of the governance of complex social–ecological systems. Here we hypothesize that Ostrom's social–ecological system framework can be useful to build a classification system for small-scale benthic fisheries, regarding their governance processes and outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to knowledge accumulation of benthic fisheries. To tailor the framework, we relied on discussions among experts and a systematic literature review of benthic fisheries from 1980 to 2010. This literature review helped us refine variable definitions and provide readers with illustrative reference papers. We then illustrate the approach and its potential contributions through two studies of the emergence of self-organization in Mexico and Chile. We highlight synthetic lessons from the cases and the overall approach as well as reflect on remaining challenges to the development of a social–ecological system framework as a diagnostic tool for knowledge accumulation and synthesis.     

辽宁北部典型流域水生态功能三级分区与水生态服务功能评价

流域水生态功能区划是水生态和水资源综合保护的重要前提和基础。在综合分析调查辽河流域辽北地区典型流域自然环境特征、水文数据、地理信息数据的基础上,结合辽河流域水生态功能一级、二级分区结果,建立水生态功能三级分区指标体系,对辽宁省辽河流域内清河、汎河流域进行水生态功能三级分区。结果表明：清河流域可分为7个水生态功能三级区,汎河流域可分为4个水生态功能三级区,水生态服务功能类型共划分为5类：生物多样性与生物栖息地维持功能,产品提供与农业生产功能,水源涵养与水文调蓄功能,人居保障与城市发展功能,水土保持与生态修复功能。水生态功能三级分区结果为辽河流域实施水生态综合管理提供了科技支撑,同时也为中国水生态功能分区技术规范的制定提供了科学依据。     

近年来我国大气科学研究的进展

由于生产和军事上的需要,又有新技术尤其是电子计算机和卫星技术的引进,以及与其他科学特别是海洋学与数学等的互相渗透,近二、三十年来,大气科学有了飞跃的进展。自六十年代中期到七十年代中期,我国科学虽然连续遭到林彪和“四人帮”的严重破坏,但由于各级大气科学工作者对他们的反革命修正主义路线的坚决抵制,近年来我国大气科     

情景预估在气候变化科普中的作用

通过对国内外情景预估模拟展现气候变化前景和极端气象条件下的灾害事件正、反两方面的案例分析,总结情景预估应用的经验和教训,提出充分发挥情景预估辅助作用的思路,并展望未来情景预估与虚拟现实等高科技结合的应用前景。     

Analyzing the (mis)fit between the institutional and ecological networks of the Indo-West Pacific

Critical to improving environmental governance is understanding the fit (alignment) between institutional arrangements and key ecological processes. This is particularly true for biodiversity hotpots and ecologically sensitive areas that are subject to significant impacts from human activities. Here, we have developed an innovative approach to quantify ecological-institutional alignment across an environmentally and politically complex large-scale marine social-ecological system. We mapped the trans-boundary networks of marine population dispersal corridors, and intersected these with estimates of cross-country institutional linkages related to marine management and conservation. In integrating large-scale ecological-institutional networks, we identify geopolitical fit and misfit between a region's ecological processes and its governance. We have demonstrated this approach in the Indo-West Pacific region, a global marine biodiversity hotpot in the Indo-West Pacific. We present region-specific institutional and ecological networks, highlight current challenges, and suggest future directions to refine the proposed approach to quantify alignment between ecological processes and governance arrangements. Ultimately, our method has the potential to assist management efforts in prioritizing and strengthening governance to effectively safeguard ecological processes across multiple jurisdictions.     

Dealing with climate science denialism: experiences from confrontations with other forms of pseudoscience

Climate science denialism is a form of pseudoscience. This contribution provides proposals for how to counter it, based on previous research on the demarcation between science and pseudoscience and on the author’s experience of tackling other forms of pseudoscience. Science denialism has much in common with other variants of pseudoscience, but it also has characteristics of its own. In particular, it is much more prone than other forms of pseudoscience to seek conflicts with genuine science. Like other science denialists, those attacking climate science have fabricated a large number of fake controversies in issues where there is no authentic scientific controversy. The defence of climate science against science denial has to take this into account. There is no reason to accept the denialists’ agenda or to treat their claims as legitimate alternatives to science. Climate science should primarily be presented to the public in ways that are independent of denialist activities, rather than reactively in response to those activities. Disclosures of the strategies, motives and funding of denialism are important contributions to the public understanding of the fake controversies. It is also important to document the scientific consensus and make it known. The public defence of climate science is an important and urgent undertaking, and active contributions by as many scientists as possible are needed.

Key policy insights

• Climate science denialism is a form of pseudoscience, and much can be learned from confrontations with other types of pseudoscience.

• The creation of fake controversies is a key strategy of climate science denialism. It is important to expose this strategy and not to accept denialists’ choice of an agenda.

• ‘Equal time’ arrangements should be rejected since they put the truthful side at a disadvantage. It takes more time to refute a single lie than to deliver ten new ones.

• The experience from fighting tobacco science denialism shows that it is highly efficient to expose the hidden operations, funding and motives behind denialism.

• As many scientists as possible should take part in the public defence of climate science. This is one of the best ways to show our consensus.