电涌保护器工作原理及安装

防雷工作实践中发现,众多的雷电灾害事故都是由雷电波通过电源线和信号线侵入,并在上面形成雷电暂态过电压造成的,而且呈逐年上升的趋势。对此,常用的防护措施是安装电涌保护器(SPD),其作用就是将雷电暂态过电压限制在设备或系统所能承受的电压范围内,或将强大的雷电流泄流入地     

雷电对建筑物内电子设备的危害

由雷电流产生危害的方式出发,从暂态电位抬高、回路感应过电压、线路感应过电压、耦合过电压四个方面进行详细分析,明确了雷电流产生危害的起因及形式,阐明了雷电对建筑物内电子设备危害的具体原因及危害原理,为如何做好雷电防护提供技术基础。     

标准雷电波形的频谱分析及其应用

标准雷电波频谱分析可以获悉其电压、电流在不同频段的振幅、能量等分布，为防雷器件和电子设备的标准波形7中击试验以及基层雷电防护工作提供技术参考。选取常用的8／20（μs）、10／350（μs）波形、后续雷击0．25／100（μs）波形和国家标准推荐雷电试验波形（10／200、4／300、1．2／50、10／700（μs）），通过连续傅立叶变换计算了不同波形的振幅、能量的频谱变化，并与自然闪电辐射场的频谱进行了比较。结果表明雷电电流波形的振幅和能量主要集中在低频部分，振幅频谱主要集中在1MHz以下，能量主要集中在几kHz到几百kHz；半峰值时间t2是雷电波振幅和能量频谱分布的主要因素，t2的大小决定了低频部分的谐波丰富程度。这些结论在雷电防护设计和应用中起到一定的参考作用。     

低压配电线路直击雷过电压暂态分析

利用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP建立直击雷过电压仿真模型,模拟雷电流直接击中导线和击中杆塔情况下产生过电压的过程,分析了绝缘子闪络电压、杆塔冲击接地电阻以及导线悬挂高度等影响低压配电线路直击雷耐雷水平的因素,提出了提高低压配电线路耐雷水平的防护措施。     

屏蔽措施在自动气象站雷电防护设计中的使用

介绍了自动气象站的组成结构和雷电侵入到自动气象站系统的几种主要途径,分析了雷电流在信号传输系统中引起的共模过电压和差模过电压对自动气象站设备的影响,并提出了一个有效的防护手段,即采用铁质金属管对线缆进行完整屏蔽,从而使得雷电对自动气象站的影响降低到最低水平.     

两级雷击电涌保护器配合的过电流和过电压变化特征

通过对电气系统受两级雷击电涌保护器（surge protective divice,SPD）配合保护下的过电流和过电压变化特性的分析研究,建立过电压两级保护线路的瞬态Kirchhoff方程组,对各SPD、级间电缆（或解耦器）和负载的端电压、电流进行模拟计算,绘制时序波形图,获得两级SPD（首级为火花间隙、次级为压敏电阻）配合保护下的雷击过电流的分流特性和负载过电压变化特性,为雷击过电压过电流的多级保护提供理论分析方法,可供电气系统多级雷电防护工程设计参考。     

一种雷电感应过电压的快速算法及其精度检验

本文基于B-P方程、Rusck方程和Agrwal耦合模型,开发出一种架空线雷电感应过电压的时域快速算法.利用该算法研究了不同参数对雷电感应过电压的影响,并利用2-DFDTD算法对其计算精度进行全面检验.结果表明:①首次回击电流产生的感应过电压的峰值较大,波头陡度小;继后回击电流产生的感应过电压的峰值较小,而波头陡度更大...     

新型人工引雷专用火箭及其首次引雷实验结果

成功研制了一种新型的人工引雷专用火箭, 火箭箭体结构采用了新型复合材料, 质量轻, 并具有空中抛伞和放线功能。利用新型火箭和全新的雷电流及同步电磁场测量技术, 在2009年的山东人工引雷实验 (SHATLE2009) 中成功引发负极性云对地放电过程3次, 共包括6次大电流回击过程, 采用0.5 mΩ的大功率同轴分流器和宽带光纤传输技术测量到了0.1 μs时间分辨率的雷电流波形、以及距雷电通道30 m、60 m和480 m处的电磁场和6000 f/s的高速摄像观测资料。6次回击的电流峰值分布范围为11.2～16.3 kA, 几何平均值12.8 kA; 半峰值宽度为7.4～34.9 μs, 几何平均值21.6 μs; 10%～90%峰值的上升时间为0.5～1.4 μs, 几何平均值1.0 μs。成功的人工引发雷电实验证明新型引雷火箭安全性能好、可靠性高, 其成功研制为雷电物理过程和效应的研究, 以及雷电流波形资料的积累提供了重要的技术手段, 对制定具有我国自主知识产权的雷电防护标准等具有重要的应用价值。     

计算机机房的防雷与接地系统

针对雷电入侵机房的途径和危害,采取相应的防雷设计;机房的防雷设计包括外部防护和内部防护,外部防护主要指机房所在的建筑物的防雷保护,内部防护包括屏蔽、等电位连接和共用接地系统、过电压防护和综合布线等措施。     

基于人工触发闪电试验雷电流的频谱分析

通过对人工触发闪电试验实测雷电流的初始连续电流、8次回击以及回击间的连续电流等过程的数据进行FFT傅里叶变换,获得雷电流频谱参数,再对频谱参数进行累加分析,得出频谱特征,为雷电流频谱研究提供参考。分析结果表明实测雷电流幅值和能谱主要集中在1 MHz以下频段,在0~100 kHz频段与标准雷电波形8/20(μs)频谱很接近,均为50%以上。对于通信系统,可通过LC分流法阻止1 MHz以下频率的电波侵入,能消除掉90%以上的闪电电涌能量。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.