气溶胶对雷暴云起电以及闪电发生率影响的数值模拟

本文利用二维耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电模式,结合一次南京雷暴个例,进行250 m分辨率雷暴云起电模拟实验,探讨了气溶胶浓度对雷暴云空间电荷分布以及闪电发生率的影响。在这个气溶胶模块中,假定一个三模态的气溶胶对数分布,考虑了气溶胶活化过程。结果显示:(1)随着气溶胶浓度增大,雷暴云电荷结构保持为三极型。(2)当气溶胶浓度从50 cm-3增加至1000 cm-3时,水成物粒子浓度上升,雷暴云电荷量和闪电发生率增加明显。(3)气溶胶浓度在1000~3000 cm-3范围时,云水竞争限制了冰晶的增长,导致雷暴云上部主正电荷堆电荷量降低。云滴和霰粒子浓度缓慢上升促进中部主负电荷堆和底部次正电荷堆电荷量继续增大。闪电发生率保持稳定。(4)当气溶胶浓度大于3000 cm-3时,水成物粒子浓度稳定,云内的电荷量以及闪电发生率保持为一定量级。     

不同水汽条件下气溶胶对雷暴云电过程影响的数值模拟研究

为全面了解水汽在气溶胶影响雷暴云电过程中的作用,本研究在已有的二维雷暴云起、放电模式基础上,通过改变相对湿度和气溶胶初始浓度(文中气溶胶浓度均指气溶胶数浓度)进行敏感性数值模拟试验.结果表明:(1)随着气溶胶浓度升高,雷暴云产生更多的小云滴,降水过程受到抑制.而当水汽含量升高时,云滴数浓度的增长速度更快,雨滴数浓度升高...     

气溶胶粒子对城市雾影响的模拟研究

在三维雾模式内增加气溶胶粒子的长波辐射效应,旨在运用模拟的方法研究夜间城市气溶胶粒子对雾的形成和发展的影响.运用重庆市的地形及有关资料,模拟了重庆市冬季雾的形成和发展过程,并与不考虑气溶胶粒子情况下雾的形成和发展过程进行了对比分析.结果表明:气溶胶粒子的存在,由于其温度效应,使地面雾形成时间推迟,低层雾含水量普遍减小;适量的气溶胶粒子有助于重庆雾向高处发展;当气溶胶粒子成倍增加后,对雾的形成和发展均有阻碍作用.     

青藏高原那曲夏季云中水成物分布特征的毫米波雷达观测

结合2014年7—8月第三次青藏高原大气科学试验获得的毫米波雷达资料与探空温度资料,利用模糊逻辑法反演了西藏那曲地区夏季云中水成物的相态并对其分布特征开展了研究。首先,分析了层积云、雨层云以及深对流云的典型个例,发现三类云反射率因子、多普勒速度、速度谱宽以及退偏振因子垂直分布均有较大差别,相应的云中水凝物的回波特征与相态分布差别也较大。其次,研究了液相、混合相和冰相云层的云雷达探测特征,发现液相云层在0℃层以下的暖云层和0℃层以上的过冷水云层均具有反射率因子高值中心,混合云层的反射率因子高值中心随高度上升变化不大,冰云层的反射率因子高值主要集中在6 km以上,且随高度上升而趋于集中;三种相态云层出现频率高值分别集中在地面以上1、2～3、3～4 km高度层;液相云层在上午出现频率最高,混合相云层高频率发生在下午,冰相云层在晚上的出现频率最高。三种相态云层出现在上午的高度与下午和晚上相比较低,出现在晚上的高度范围最大;液相云层厚度一般小于0.3 km,冰相云层云顶位于9 km左右高度层时平均厚度最大,中云内的混合相和冰相厚度变化较小。     

高云和气溶胶辐射效应对边界层的影响

通过WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式嵌套包含了高云和气溶胶辐射效应的大气边界层模式, 结合激光雷达资料, 进行数值模拟, 定量分析高云和气溶胶辐射效应对城市边界层的影响。模式能很好地模拟出在高云和气溶胶辐射效应下城市边界层的特征。夜间, 气溶胶在低层起到保温作用, 高云使得保温作用得到加强, 地表增温达1.5 K。中高层, 气溶胶降低所在气层温度, 高云使得降温幅度减少, 降温达0.2～0.7 K。白天, 高云和气溶胶减少到达地面的太阳短波辐射, 导致低层温度降低, 地表降温达1.3 K。中高层, 气溶胶加热所在的气层, 高云使得这一增温幅度减少, 在500 m处增温最大, 达0.85 K。无论白天还是夜间, 气溶胶的辐射效应都会抵消一部分形成山谷风的热力条件, 使得中低层的风速减少, 这种影响在白天显得尤为明显。高云的存在使得这种抵消得到少量的补偿。     

耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电模式

利用耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电新模式,结合SEET个例,对比分析了耦合气溶胶模块前后云内各水成物最大比含水量和空间电荷结构的时间演变,并初步探讨了气溶胶浓度和谱分布对雷暴云电荷总量的影响.结果表明,在250 m分辨率下,耦合气溶胶模块后对雷暴云中的动力和微物理过程仍具有较好的模拟能力.当气溶胶浓度增大时,雷暴云内电荷总量也随之增大,其中大核粒子对雷暴云电荷量的生成有相当大的贡献.     

气溶胶对青藏高原气候变化影响的数值模拟分析

利用美国大气研究中心(NCAR)提供的2组数值试验结果对比,分析了只考虑温室气体增加(1%CO2试验)和综合考虑大气温室气体与气溶胶持续增加(50yrs试验)条件下,青藏高原地区地表温度、积雪深度及其他气候要素的变化,并在此基础上探讨了大气气溶胶含量变化对高原气候变化的可能影响.分析结果表明:只考虑大气CO2含量每年增加1%的变化时,青藏高原相对邻近地区地表温度显著增加,春、夏、秋及冬季地表温度线性增温率均表现出随着海拔高度升高而增强.例如,在海拔1.5～2 km,3～3.5 km和4.5～5 km范围内对应的冬季增温趋势分别为0.29 ℃/10 a,0.36 ℃/10 a和0.50 ℃/10 a.在温室气体引起的高原增暖过程中地表积雪深度普遍降低,且高海拔地区的积雪减少愈加明显.当综合考虑气溶胶和温室气体含量共同增加时,青藏高原地表增暖相对偏弱,春、夏和秋季增温也随海拔高度上升而加强,但冬季地面增温幅度随海拔上升反而下降,海拔1.5～2 km,3～3.5km和4.5～5 km范围内对应的冬季增温趋势分别为0.02 ℃/10 a,-0.03 ℃/10 a和-0.13 ℃/10 a.对比分析发现,大气气溶胶增加造成青藏高原冬季增温不明显甚至出现变冷趋势,地面积雪也随之增多,这可能歪曲了青藏高原地区气候变暖对海拔高度的依赖性.     

气候变化对东亚沙尘气溶胶影响的数值模拟

使用RegCM3-dust区域气候模式,单向嵌套MIROC3．2-hires全球模式输出结果,在IPCCA1B温室气体排放情景下,对中国及东亚地区进行了当代（1991年-2000年）和未来（2091年-2100年）水平分辨率为50km的气候以及沙尘气溶胶数值模拟试验。结果表明,模式对中国地区地面气温、降水和东亚沙尘气溶胶空间分布模拟较好。未来东亚沙尘气溶胶年平均起沙通量增加2％,其中12月-3月由于地表积雪量的减少而增加,4月-11月由于10m风速的减小而减少,不同强度的强起沙事件同样12月-3月增加,4月-11月减少。年平均沙尘气溶胶柱含量增加14％,其中3月-5月和8月略减少,其它月份增加。沙尘气溶胶引起地面（SRF）负辐射强迫和沙尘源区大气顶（TOA）正辐射强迫、下游地区TOA负辐射强迫,受沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫的影响,地面起沙通量和柱含量减少。     

气溶胶对新疆冰雹形成物理过程影响的数值模拟研究

利用带有分档微物理方案的中尺度模式（WRF-SBM）模拟了一次新疆夏季的冰雹天气过程,并通过敏感性试验研究了气溶胶浓度变化对雹云微物理特征、降水过程及冰雹形成机制的影响。结果表明:初始气溶胶浓度越大,对流云发展越旺盛。雹云发展阶段,云中液水含量随气溶胶浓度增加而增多,冰水含量在中度污染时最多。冰雹的含量随气溶胶浓度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,相较而言中度污染条件下,云滴尺度适当,过冷云水含量相对充足,更有利于液相水成物向冰粒子的转化,也更有利于冰雹的生长。冰雹最初几乎全部由冰晶碰冻过冷水生成,随后该过程迅速减弱,液滴冻结过程短暂地成为主要来源,但冰雹一旦形成,自身就会迅速收集过冷水开始生长,成为冰雹生长的主导过程。重度污染条件导致各种成雹过程推迟发生。气溶胶浓度增大导致地面液相累积降水增加,冰相累积降水先增加减少,并且气溶胶浓度适当增大可使降雹量及冰相降水中冰雹的比重增加,过量则会减小。在此基础上,本文提出最适合冰雹生长的“最优气溶胶浓度”,同时也是人工防雹工作中应重点关注的浓度。     

大气环境层结对闪电活动影响的模拟研究

利用一个二维面对称雷暴云起电、放电模式,选取了北京地区3次雷暴过程的环境层结,计算并讨论了不同层结条件下雷暴中动力、微物理过程及其对起电、放电活动的影响.结果表明,上升速度和水汽条件是影响雷暴动力、微物理过程和闪电活动的最重要因子.上升速度的大小决定了雷暴发展到成熟的时间和雷暴的强弱,较强的上升气流有利于雷暴云在较短时间内达到较大的高度.而持续的上升气流和充足的水汽有利于雷暴的成熟期延长从而增强闪电活动.较强的上升速度和充足的水汽可以产生更多的对闪电起电、放电有直接影响的冰相物并能使其持续生成,从而形成较大的电荷浓度.较强的上升速度和不利的水汽条件也可以在某时形成较大的冰相物浓度,但冰相物难以持续生成.而较弱的上升速度和充足的水汽则容易形成暖云过程,对冰相物的生成也有不利影响.上升速度和水汽相互影响,又共同受到环境层结的支配.大气低层潮湿、中层湿度适中,较大的不稳定能量和一定量的对流抑制能量将有利于强闪电活动的发生.表现在大气不稳定参数的取值上,对流性稳定度指数的值小于-10℃(负值表示不稳定),对流有效位能值在1000 J/kg以上,对流抑制能量大于40 J/kg,700 hPa相当位温在340 K以上,700-400 hPa中层平均湿度在35%-85%,有利于强闪电活动的发生.     

On the distribution of physical and chemical particle properties in the atmospheric aerosol

Consideration of sources and growth dynamics of aerosols has led to the conclusion that there may be a distribution or variation of chemical composition and physical structure among atmospheric aerosol particles as a function of size, and within a narrow size range as well. A mathematical representation of these particle properties in terms of an additional dimension to the number size distribution is described. Examples of the relevance of this aspect of aerosol characterization for physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere are discussed. A review of the available techniques shows that several methods are available which can and have provided quantitative results on the distribution of particle properties. Examples of data from the literature have been selected and are presented as three-dimensional distributions illustrating the wide range of particle properties which may exist in narrow size intervals. An evaluation of these results reiterates the value of taking the distribution of particle properties in the atmosphere into account for sampling and modeling purposes.     

The influence of aerosol particle composition on cloud droplet formation

A difference in partitioning between cloud droplets and interstitial air for two chemical species (elemental carbon and sulphur) with different expected behaviour in nucleation scavenging was observed in clouds at Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (825 m asl), near Frankfurt, Germany. The fraction of sulphur incorporated in cloud droplets was always higher than the fraction of elemental carbon. This difference in partitioning has also been observed in fog but under different pollution conditions in the Po Valley, Italy. Both these studies were based on bulk samples. In the present study at Kleiner Feldberg, impactor samples of the particles in the interstitial air and the cloud droplet residuals were taken and a single particle analysis was done on the samples. It was found that, for a given particle size, the majority of particles forming cloud droplets were soluble and that insoluble particles preferentially remained in the interstitial air.     

Direct Climatic Effect of Aerosols and Interdecadal Variations over East Asia Investigated by a Regional Coupled Climate-chemistry/aerosol Model

The direct climatic effect of aerosols for the 1980-2000 period over East Asia was numerically investigated by a regional scale coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model,which includes major anthropogenic aerosols(sulfate,black carbon,and organic carbon) and natural aerosols(soil dust and sea salt) .Anthropogenic emissions used in model simulation are from a global emission inventory prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report(IPCC AR5) ,whereas natural aerosols are calculated online in the model.The simulated 20-year average direct solar radiative effect due to aerosols at the surface was estimated to be in a range of-9--33 W m-2 over most areas of China,with maxima over the Gobi desert of West China,and-12 W m-2 to-24 W m-2 over the Sichuan Basin,the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.Aerosols caused surface cooling in most areas of East Asia,with maxima of-0.8-C to-1.6-C over the deserts of West China,the Sichuan Basin,portions of central China,and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Aerosols induced a precipitation decrease over almost the entire East China,with maxima of-90 mm/year to-150 mm/year over the Sichuan Basin,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Interdecadal variation of the climate response to the aerosol direct radiative effect is evident,indicating larger decrease in surface air temperature and stronger perturbation to precipitation in the 1990s than that in the 1980s,which could be due to the interdecadal variation of anthropogenic emissions.     

A study of charge structure sensitivity in simulated thunderstorms

Two different thunderstorms are simulated by two distinct one-dimensional cloud models using four different parameterisations of the non-inductive mechanism of electric charging, based on laboratory studies. The results demonstrate that during the early (pre-lightning) stage of thunderstorm electrification, simulated charge density depends not only on the model charging parameterisation employed, but also on the specific representations of the kinematics and microphysical characteristics of the model itself. Though no conclusions are drawn regarding the physical suitability of the charging parameterisations themselves, the analysis indicates that the most significant differences between the simulated charge structures of the clouds produced in each particular model are the result of different distributions of model cloud characteristics and of the type of parameterisation of the microphysical processes. The study reveals that it is too early to make any conclusion regarding which, if any, of the existing parameterisation schemes are better suited to the realistic simulation of electrical charging in real clouds.     

全球和亚洲人为气溶胶影响东亚气候的数值模拟研究

利用海气耦合的全球气候模式CSIRO-Mk3.6分析比较了全球和亚洲人为气溶胶对东亚各季节气候的不同影响。结果表明,全球和亚洲外人为气溶胶使得东亚地区年平均地表温度分别下降0.9℃和0.55℃。亚洲区域气溶胶强迫决定了东亚近地面降温的时空分布特征,而亚洲区域外气溶胶进一步增强了我国北方夏季的近地面降温。各个季节对流层中上层的降温主要受区域外气溶胶的影响,并引起东亚高空急流强度和位置的变化,造成夏季和秋季明显的经向环流异常。同时,亚洲气溶胶影响各季节东亚低层环流场的响应,使得东亚陆地降水减少,而区域外气溶胶则主要影响冬季中高纬度和夏、秋季南海地区的低层风场。总体上,亚洲区域内、外人为气溶胶会增强我国冬、夏季风低层环流,并共同决定南海地区的降水变化。     

粒子群优化算法在随机分布控制中的应用

将粒子群优化算法应用到随机分布系统中,其随机系统控制目标不局限于传统的均值和方差,而是估算某些变量的概率密度函数.该方法能减少基于泛函算子模型的随机分布控制算法在仿真过程中的计算量,避免计算中间变量的概率密度函数,且对模型的要求不高,从而使控制结果更加精确高效.     

Numerical Simulation to Evaluate the Effects of Upward Lightning Discharges on Thunderstorm Electrical Parameters

A theoretical discussion of the discharge effects of upward lightning simulated with a fine-resolution 2D thunderstorm model is performed in this paper,and the results reveal that the estimates of the total induced charge on the upward lightning discharge channels range from 0.67 to 118.8 C,and the average value is 19.0 C,while the ratio of the induced charge on the leader channels to the total opposite-polarity charge in the discharge region ranges from 5.9%to 47.3%,with an average value of 14.7%.Moreover,the average value of the space electrostatic energy consumed by upward lightning is 1.06×10^9 J.The above values are lower than those related to intracloud lightning discharges.The density of the deposited opposite-polarity charge is comparable in magnitude to that of the preexisting charge in the discharge area,and the deposition of these opposite-polarity charges rapidly destroys the original space potential well in the discharge area and greatly reduces the space electric field strength.In addition,these opposite-polarity charges are redistributed with the development of thunderstorms.The space charge redistribution caused by lightning discharges partly accounts for the complexity of the charge structures in a thunderstorm,and the complexity gradually decreases with the charge neutralization process.     

Role of the volatile fraction of submicron marine aerosol on its hygroscopic properties

The hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of 85 nm and 20 nm marine aerosol particles was measured during January 2006 for a three-week period within the frame of the EU FP6 project MAP (Marine Aerosol Production) winter campaign at the coastal site of Mace Head, using the TDMA technique. The results are compared to aerosol particles produced in a simulation tank by bubbling air through sea water sampled near the station, and through synthetic sea water (inorganic salts). This simulation is assimilated to primary production. Aitken and mode particles (20 nm) and accumulation mode particles (85 nm) both show HGF of 1.92 and 2.01 for particles generated through bubbling in natural and artificial sea water respectively. In the Aitken mode, the marine particles sampled in the atmosphere shows a monomodal HGF slightly lower than the one measured for sea salt particles artificially produced by bubble bursting in natural sea water (HGF = 1.83). This is also the case for the more hygroscopic mode of accumulation mode particles. In addition, the HGF of 85 nm particles observed in the atmosphere during clean marine sectors exhibits half of its population with a 1.4 HGF. An external mixture of the accumulation mode marine particles indicates a secondary source of this size of particles, a partial processing during transport, or an inhomogeneity of the sea water composition. A gentle 90 °C thermo-desorption results in a significant decrease of the number fraction of moderately hygroscopic (HGF = 1.4) particles in the accumulation mode to the benefit of the seasalt mode, pointing to the presence of semi-volatile compounds with pronounced hydrophobic properties. The thermo-desorption has no effect on the HGF of bubble generated aerosols, neither for synthetic or natural sea water, nor on the atmospheric Aitken mode, indicating that these hydrophobic compounds are secondarily integrated in the particulate phase. No difference between night and day samples is observed on the natural marine aerosols regarding hygroscopicity, but a more pronounced sensitivity to volatilization of the 1.4 HGF mode in the accumulation mode is observed during the day.     

大气冰核谱对雷暴云微物理过程及起电影响的数值模拟

利用已有的二维对流云模式,讨论了三种不同的冰核谱对雷暴云微物理、起电及电荷结构的影响。模拟结果表明:(1)不同的冰核谱环境对雷暴云中冰相粒子的含量及分布具有明显作用。冰核谱的垂直温区越大,产生的冰相粒子分布越广。在冰核浓度较大的个例中,冰晶和霰粒子的含量高,更多的小冰相粒子出现在海拔更高的区域;(2)高温区冰核的数量会对上升气流速度产生显著影响。高温区的冰核越多,冰相粒子在微物理发展过程中释放的潜热越多,上升气流强,对流发展越旺盛;(3)在低温区冰晶浓度高的谱环境个例中,雷暴云中的非感应起电率和感应起电率高,导致起电量增加。高温区冰核多的谱环境,大量冰晶和霰获得正电荷形成次正电荷区,电荷结构呈现三极性;而高温区冰核少的谱环境,参与起电的水成物粒子少,易形成偶极性电荷结构。     

云水饱和度对雷暴云非感应起电过程的影响

在三维强风暴动力—电耦合数值模式中引入基于Saunders et al.(1991) 实验结果的非感应起电参数化方案S91,在此基础上,利用云水饱和度替代环境温度和有效液水含量将S91方案变形.对比分析一次雷暴单体首次放电前,变形后的S91方案和原S91方案模拟得到的非感应转移电荷的极性、量级、电荷结构以及与霰和冰晶粒子分布之间的关系.结果表明,虽然两种方案采用的电荷密度变化率以及每次碰撞平均转移的电荷量均相同,但不同方案中决定粒子间电荷转移的因子不同对电荷的分布存在较大的影响.加入云水饱和度的S91方案,非感应转移电荷的极性多为正极性,电荷结构先呈单极性后转变为三极性,并有进一步转变为偶极性的趋势.但这两种方案模拟得到的霰与冰晶粒子电荷分布的重合区的范围、大小均不同,这也是造成两种方案电荷结构和转移电荷分布不同的主要原因.