青藏高原末次冰期最盛时的冰川与环境

在１６－３２ｋａＢｐ的末次冰期最盛时，青藏高原较现代降温７℃左右，降水为现代的０３－７０％。极地型冰川广泛分布，高原内部平衡线较下降值减至５００－３００ｍ以内，高原东部，南缘及西缘可能以亚极地型冰川为主，并有小部分温冰川，平衡线下降８００ｍ以至１００－１２００ｍ。初步统计，包括周围高山在内冰川面积在３５×１０＾４ｋｍ＾２左右，为现代冰川的７．５倍，冰储量相当于全海平面变化２４．２ｃｍ。其时，多年冻     

Fast-flowing outlet glaciers of the Last Glacial Maximum Patagonian Icefield

Glacial geomorphology around the Northern Patagonian Icefield indicates that a number of fast-flowing outlet glaciers (the continuation of ice streams further upglacier) drained the icefield during the Last Glacial Maximum. These topographically controlled fast-flowing glaciers may have dictated the overall pattern of Last Glacial Maximum ice discharge, lowered the ice-surface profile, and forced the ice-divide westward. The influence of the fast-flowing outlet glaciers on icefield behavior also helps to explain why the configuration of the Patagonian Icefield at the Last Glacial Maximum is not accurately represented in existing numerical ice-sheet models. Fast-flowing outlet glaciers would have strongly influenced ice discharge patterns and therefore partially decoupled the icefield from climatically induced changes in thickness and extent.     

末次冰盛期以来冲绳海槽古海洋环境研究进展

冲绳海槽处于东海与西太平洋边缘的交界处,不仅对全球气候变化响应敏感,其环境变化也影响着东亚边缘海,乃至东亚大陆的环境,是研究古海洋环境的理想区域。该区域的古海洋环境研究多集中于末次冰盛期以来,因此本文以冲绳海槽为主体,总结了该区域末次冰盛期以来古海洋环境变化的相关研究,主要包括3个方面：古海平面、温度和盐度等;沉积物来源及其演化;黑潮及其对海洋环境的影响。该区域末次冰盛期以来的环境变化可大致分为,主要由海平面控制为主的末次冰盛期-早全新世和由黑潮、季风等因素控制的早全新世-现代两个主要的阶段。沉积物主要来自古黄河、长江、日本、台湾岛以及火山喷发物质等,但不同区域、不同时间的物质来源存在差异。另外,黑潮是该区域最主要的海流,其路径和强度末次冰盛期以来经历多次变化,并对其他海洋环境要素产生重大的影响。综合上述研究,提出未来应该系统建立冲绳海槽海洋环境演化历史、加强黑潮对周边流系的影响和陆源物质源-汇过程的系统研究。

     

末次冰盛期气候反馈特征研究

末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum,简称LGM）被认为是较适合用来估算气候系统响应对辐射强迫变化的古气候区间之一。理解LGM时期气候反馈过程有助于进一步限定气候敏感度的范围。本研究利用辐射核方法和参加第三次古气候模式比较计划（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase Ⅲ,简称PMIP3）的8个耦合模式资料,对比研究了LGM时期与abrupt4xCO₂（4CO₂）情景下的气候反馈特征。结果表明：全球平均而言,不同情景下温度反馈、水汽反馈和反照率反馈的强度存在显著差异,然而这一关系并不存在于云反馈过程中,这可能与情景间/模式间云反馈的不确定性相联系;在不同情景下,不同反馈过程强度也存在明显空间差异。温度反馈过程的差异主要来源于LGM时期大陆冰盖强迫引起的温度变化的高度空间不均一性和海陆分布改变引起的热带对流活动的变化;水汽反馈变化可能与海陆分布变化引起的沃克环流变化以及全球降温相联系;大陆冰盖和海冰存在是导致LGM时期地表反照率反馈增加的主要原因;而云反馈的差异可能与低云云量和模式间不确定性有关。LGM时期单独强迫数值试验将有助于进一步厘清不同气候状态下气候反馈过程差异的原因。

     

末次冰盛期黑潮变化的数值模拟

黑潮是北太平洋西部边界流, 能够携带西太平洋暖池热量向北输送, 影响中国海的水文循环及全球气候。本研究利用高分辨率区域海洋模式(ROMS), 模拟了现代及末次冰盛期(LGM)黑潮流量和流轴的三维结构。气候态分析再现了现代黑潮的流量, 在PCM-1阵列、PN测线和吐噶喇海峡的流量分别是23.8 Sv、28.0 Sv和28.2 Sv, 与观测结果接近。LGM模拟中以上3个断面流量分别为34.5 Sv、34.4 Sv和34.9 Sv, 流量明显增加。垂直结构显示末次冰盛期(LGM)时期黑潮主轴仍位于冲绳海槽内, 深度范围也比现代大。LGM时期黑潮进入冲绳海槽前受到海槛阻挡, 部分黑潮流向发生偏转, 使得琉球海流加强。LGM时期黑潮加强主要受副热带环流圈信风加强和风应力旋度减小造成的Sverdrup输送加强控制。黑潮上游北赤道流加强, 导致向北输送流量增加。研究结果可以帮助认识黑潮在全球水循环的重要作用。

     

Ice stream influence on West Greenland Ice Sheet dynamics during the Last Glacial Maximum

This paper investigates the processes governing bedrock bedform evolution in ice sheet and ice stream areas in central West Greenland, and explores the evidence for a cross‐shelf ice stream at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). To the east of Sisimiut the formation of streamlined bedforms with high elongation ratios and high bedform density has been controlled by geological structure and topography in slow‐flowing ice sheet areas. At the coast, the effects of regional flow convergence, caused by coastal fjord orientation, routed ice into the Sisimiut/Itilleq area where it formed an ice stream onset zone. This funnelled ice into an offshore trough (Holsteinsborg Dyb), resulting in a southwesterly regional ice flow direction and the formation of a topographically routed ice stream (Holsteinsborg Isbrae). To the south of this, striae and bedform evidence show that local valley glaciers initially flowed east to west across the coast, but were later redirected by the Itilleq Fjord ice which turned southwestward due to diffluent flow and deflection by Holsteinsborg Isbrae. Roches moutonnées in this area have low elongation ratios and high bedform density, but do not provide unequivocal support for ice streaming, as they are a product of both bedrock structure and changes in ice flow direction, rather than enhanced flow velocities. Cosmogenic surface exposure ages limit maximum ice sheet surface elevation to ca. 755–810 m above sea level in this region. Such ice thickness enabled Holsteinsborg Isbrae to reach the mid/outer continental shelf during the LGM, and to contribute to the formation of a trough mouth fan and the Outer Hellefisk moraines. Initial deglaciation across this region was driven by rising sea level and increasing air temperatures prior to the Bølling Interstadial at ca. 14.5 cal. ka BP. Between 12 and 10 cal. ka BP both increased air and ocean temperatures post the Younger Dryas, and peak sea‐level rise up to the marine limit, caused accelerated thinning and marginal retreat through calving, although dating evidence suggests ice streams remained along the inner shelf/coast boundary until at least ca. 10 cal. ka BP, their longevity maintained by increased ice thickness and ice discharge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天山末次冰期以来干旱化过程的冰川证据

依据天山7个有确切年代学资料的典型地区进行冰川面积和平衡线高度等重建,揭示天山地区末次冰期以来冰川经历的扩张和收缩过程。冰川规模在MIS 4~MIS 3大幅度扩张,形成大规模的复合型山谷冰川和山麓冰川;MIS 2冰川扩张显著,但远不及MIS 4~MIS 3,许多山区形成大型山谷冰川;全新世新冰期NG和小冰期LIA都略有扩张,冰碛垄分布在现代冰川外围,冰川类型与现在一致。冰川平衡线高度的降幅亦表现为MIS 4~MIS 3最大,MIS 2以后降幅递减。MIS 4~MIS 3天山冰川大规模扩张与欧亚冰盖演化,巨大冰前湖泊、广阔的湿地的形成为西风提供更多水气带到天山有关;MIS 2至今,随着欧亚冰盖减小到消失,西风带来的水气渐少,干冷的蒙古高压逐渐加强,制约了冰川规模扩张。     

青藏高原东部末次冰期最盛期气候的花粉证据

青藏高原许多湖泊钻孔、泥炭剖面等所揭示的花粉记录为重建当时的古气候提供了可靠的证据．应用这些资料探讨青藏高原东部末次最大盛冰期植被和气候．大约２５～１５ｋａＢＰ前后西藏东南部、川西若尔盖及青海柴达木和可可西里地区,气候寒冷干燥,年均气温比现今低６℃左右,植被以荒漠草原为主;在青海湖地区森林退缩演变为草原植被;甘肃临夏气候冷湿,年均温比现在低５～６℃,发育山地暗针叶林     

末次盛冰期华北平原古气候古环境演化

华北平原宁晋泊南王庄剖面的^14C和光释光年代测定表明宁晋泊地区在末次盛冰期有连续的湖相沉积。依据孢粉、碳酸盐、有机碳含量（TOC）及C／N值的高分辨率分析与综合判识，末次盛冰期并不是一个持续的干冷时期，而是存在从凉湿-冷偏湿-冷干的波动变化过程。其中早期明显降温事件，可以与Heinrich事件2（H2）对比，说明全球降温的同步性。本研究说明末次盛冰期（20-16ka BP），在全球气候变冷的背景下，存在一个冬季风不断加强夏季风逐渐变弱的过程。     

The Last Glacial Maximum in the North Sea Basin: micromorphological evidence of extensive glaciation

Despite a long history of investigation, critical issues regarding the last glacial cycle in northwest Europe remain unresolved. One of these refers to the extent, timing and dynamics of Late Devensian/Weichselian glaciation of the North Sea Basin, and whether the British and Scandinavian ice sheets were confluent at any time during this period. This has been the result of the lack of the detailed sedimentological data required to reconstruct processes and environment of sediments recovered through coring. This study presents the results of seismic, sedimentological and micromorphological evidence used to reconstruct the depositional processes of regionally extensive seismic units across the North Sea Basin. Thin section micromorphology is used here to provide an effective means of discriminating between subglacial and glacimarine sediments from cored samples and deriving process‐based interpretations from sediment cores. On the basis of micromorphology, critical formations from the basin have been reinterpreted, with consequent stratigraphic implications. Within the current stratigraphic understanding of the North Sea Basin, a complex reconstruction is suggested, with a minimum of three major glacial episodes inferred. On at least two occasions during the Weichselian/Devensian, the British and Scandinavian ice sheets were confluent in the central North Sea. Whilst micromorphology can provide much greater confidence in the interpretation of Late Quaternary offshore stratigraphic sequences, it is noted that a much better geochronology is required to resolve key stratigraphic issues between the onshore and offshore stratigraphic records. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NAO在末次冰盛期和全新世对AMOC影响的对比研究

大西洋经向翻转环流(AMOC)的年代际变率对气候变化起着重要的调制作用。在现代气候背景下, 北大西洋涛动(NAO)加强能使AMOC增强, 但这种关系在更长时间尺度上是否成立尚不清楚。本研究利用TraCE-21ka模拟资料, 对比分析末次冰盛期(LGM)和全新世时期NAO对AMOC影响的异同。结果表明, LGM时期较全新世时期经向温度梯度偏强, NAO位置偏南, 这导致NAO与AMOC关系的不同: NAO的增强在LGM时期可以使AMOC增强, 而在全新世使AMOC减弱。具体地, 在LGM时期NAO的加强使北大西洋副极地气旋性环流增强, 其南支导致向北的高盐海水输送增加, 从而使北大西洋副极地区域密度升高, AMOC增强。与此同时, NAO正位相还能在中纬度激发异常的Ekman下沉流使AMOC加强。相反, 在全新世时期, NAO正位相导致北大西洋副极地地区气旋性环流减弱, 这导致中纬度向高纬度输送的高盐度海水减少, AMOC减弱。本研究表明NAO与AMOC的关系在很大程度上取决于不同气候背景下NAO的位置。

     

Climatic and environmental variability during the termination of the Last Glacial Stage in coastal eastern Australia: a review

By comparison with the Northern Hemisphere, there is a paucity of high-resolution, continuous records extending into the Last Glacial Maximum from the Southern Hemisphere. With specific reference to coastal eastern Australia, there are long records of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental variability available from the tropical north and temperate south. However, there are significant spatial gaps between such records: in particular, until relatively recently, little attention had been paid to the subtropics. This review paper summarises understanding of regional paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic variability in coastal eastern Australia during the termination of the Last Glacial Stage, with the aim of highlighting gaps in the current state of knowledge. Recommendations for future research are prioritised to answer knowledge gaps in understanding climate variability in eastern Australia between ca 33–18 kyr BP.     

末次冰盛期东亚沙尘循环的季节扩张: 基于CESM-CAM4-BAM模拟试验

作为重要的自然源气溶胶, 东亚地区排放的沙尘气溶胶与天气气候的相互作用引发了科学界的广泛关注。中国黄土、高纬冰芯及北太平洋海洋沉积等众多地质记录显示, 末次冰盛期(LGM)沙尘沉降通量远大于工业革命前时期(PI), 表明该时期东亚沙尘循环显著加剧。然而, 仅根据这些较粗分辨率的有限点状地质记录, 很难全面认识LGM时期东亚沙尘循环的时空变化特征。本研究利用耦合沙尘循环过程的海气耦合模式CESM-CAM4-BAM, 分析LGM时期东亚沙尘循环的时空变化, 特别是季节变化。研究结果表明, 相对于PI, LGM时期黄土高原和北太平洋地区夏季沙尘沉降通量具有最大的增长率, 其绝对数值甚至超过PI时期的春季沙尘沉降通量, 揭示LGM时期东亚沙尘循环从春季向夏季进行扩张。通过对大尺度大气环流的分析表明, 该现象是我国北方地区受到西北风控制的季节延长, 以及北太平洋西风急流南移引起的夏季西风加强共同作用的结果。该结果预示着, 冰期时段夏季沙尘暴可能持续肆虐, 沙尘气溶胶的辐射反馈效应将对亚洲夏季风甚至北半球气候带来更加重要的影响。

     

Malaco temperature reconstructions and numerical simulation of environmental conditions in the southeastern Carpathian Basin during the Last Glacial Maximum

We investigate the glacial climate conditions in the southeastern Carpathian Basin (Vojvodina, Serbia) based on the reconstruction of malacological palaeotemperatures and results from a high-resolution regional climate simulation. Land snail assemblages from eight loess profiles are used to reconstruct July temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The malacological reconstructed temperatures are in good agreement with the simulated LGM July temperatures by the Weather Research and Forecast model. Both methods indicate increasing temperatures from the northwestern towards the southeastern parts of the study area. LGM aridity indices calculated based on the regional climate model data suggest more arid conditions in the southeastern parts compared with more humid conditions in the northwestern parts. However, for present-day conditions, the moisture gradient is reversed, exhibiting more humid (arid) conditions in the southeast (northwest). An explanation for the reversed LGM aridity pattern is provided by an analysis of the prevailing wind directions over the South Banat district (Serbia). The prevailing moist northwesterly winds during summer are not able to compensate for the annual lack of moisture induced by the dry winds from the southeast that are more frequent during the LGM for the other seasons.     

末次盛冰期以来中国东部陆架层序地层研究现状

本文中笔者总结了多年来国内外中国东部陆架晚更新世地层结构研究的主要认识,系统阐述了层序地层与沉积环境演化.中国东部陆架沉积物输运量高、沉积作用受海平面变化影响强烈,是分析晚更新世沉积演化史的理想场所.末次盛冰期(22 ka BP)之前,海面的持续下降形成以浅海、三角洲及海陆交互沉积为主的强制海退体系域.进入盛冰期后,一个新的旋回开始,在海退体系域之上,相继形成了包括低位体系域、海侵体系域及高位体系域在内新的4级层序:22~15 ka BP盛冰期时期,海面降至最低,形成低位体系域,包括陆架深切河湖沉积及风成沉积,以及陆架边缘三角洲和潮流砂体等;盛冰期结束的15~7 ka BP时期,全球海平面快速上升,形成含河道充填、湖泊、盐沼、潮坪、潮流砂体及浅海沉积的退积型海侵体系域;约7 ka BP以后,海面与现今海面位置基本相当,形成高位体系域,主要为三角洲和潮流砂等近岸陆架的沉积.     

末次冰盛期与全新世青藏高原松属植被分布及其演变

史前人类与其生存环境,特别是与植被之间的相互作用一直是人们关注的焦点。气候变化与人类活动对植被覆盖格局的塑造均有重要影响,厘清植被分布及其植被变化背后的气候或人为因素,有助于更好地认识人类活动对植被环境的影响程度与范围。本研究对青藏高原松属（Pinus spp.）植被适生区分布动态历史进行了物种分布模型模拟,并结合环境考古学、古生态学等多学科方法,探究青藏高原松属植被分布变化历史及其驱动因素。结果表明,基于最大熵（MaxEnt）算法并结合R语言包ENMeval来优化参数设置的模型性能表现良好且稳健,较为准确模拟松属在青藏高原地区不同时期的适生区分布动态。高原上松属适生区在末次冰盛期（LGM）分布最小,仅在东缘的河谷局地;在全新世早、中期分布达到最大值,到全新世晚期部分区域分布缩小,高原东北部高度适生区向2500 m a. s. l.上下的低海拔谷地收缩,整体上与高原气候变化趋势大体一致。结合化石花粉、木炭等证据表明,全新世中晚期以前,人类对高原松属植被影响总体尚不显著;进入全新世晚期,农业技术的进步促使高原东北部人口快速增加,高原上现已发现的古遗址也高度集中在此。结合多项考古证据表明,人类对松属为代表的林木资源规模化开发行为开始显著干扰了当地植被,人类对松属等针叶林木材资源的利用可能是该地区树种向阔叶林树种演替的重要驱动因素之一。

     

渭河盆地末次冰盛期以来沉积环境变化研究

研究过去气候快速变化能为当前极端气候分析和未来环境预测提供自然背景理解。亚洲季风在北半球乃至全球的第四纪气候变化中扮演着重要角色,其演化是全球气候变化背景下的典型区域响应。然而,不同地质载体及不同指标所记录的亚洲冬、夏季风变化存在着较大差异,产生差异的原因及受到的动力机制是值得深入研究的科学问题。渭河盆地位于黄土高原和古三门湖沉积交叠的区域,是研究第四纪亚洲季风演化的理想场所。在盆地西南部西安市户县和长安县获取了两个黄土沉积钻孔,户县ZZC孔长4 m,长安县XFC孔长3 m,两孔的年代均超过25 ka。通过两钻孔的粒度和元素地球化学等代用指标研究,对比分析不同指标对气候变化的敏感度差异,反演了末次冰盛期（LGM）以来的区域沉积环境变化,并尝试探讨该时期发生的气候突变事件及反映的季风强度变化。结果表明,两钻孔的平均粒径从LGM到中全新世逐渐变细,中全新世之后少许变粗,空间上表现出一致性,总体反映了末次冰盛期以来的冬季风强度演化;Ca/Ti反映了与季风降水相关的淋溶强度,从LGM到全新世暖期夏季风逐渐减弱,并记录了若干次气候快速变化。粒度和元素比值变化表明,渭河盆地沉积良好地记录了末次冰盛期至全新世的大幅冷干-暖湿波动及若干次持续时间较短的快速水文变化事件,主要是受到太阳辐射和冰量等因素调控的影响。由于渭河盆地有上千米的新生代沉积,未来开展高分辨率研究有望揭示不同时间尺度季风变化特征及其与区域和全球变化的联系。