THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITALPHOTOGRAMMETRYFROM ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The evolution of digital photogrammetry from analytical photogrammetry is outlined, partly by considering the methods employed, but with the main emphasis on mathematical and physical principles. A fundamental distinction is obvious from the nature of the primary information measurement data: the image co-ordinates with analytical photogrammetry and the digital image grey values with digital photogrammetry. For both techniques, appropriate Gauss-Markov evaluation procedures are compared. The relevant relationships between image space data and object space models are presented; radiometric considerations play a more important role than before. The evaluation of digital image grey value data is no longer based on digital image correlation. Instead, a new principle of image inversion has been introduced by directly back-projecting grey values of an image on to object space models. The numerical procedures of digital photogrammetry need some stabilisation by appropriate regularisation elements. The new concept of digital photogrammetry may be applied to imagery from almost any sensor.     

X-RAY PHOTOGRAMMETRY OF ARTIFICIAL JOINTS

X-ray photogrammetry has the potential to make a significant contribution to clinical orthopaedic practice. The features of X-ray photogrammetry as it can be applied in the clinical setting are reviewed, together with some of the analytical methods of three dimensional reconstruction. A major effort in orthopaedics involves the further improvement in the durability of artificial hip joints, whose ultimate life is usually limited by loosening of the components within the bone. Current methods of assessment are described and a review presented of X-ray photogrammetry of the hip. It is believed that a proposed system at Oxford combines the best features of earlier methods. Some possible developments of X-ray photogrammetry in orthopaedics are suggested.     

基于等高线构建无人机航线的新型仿地飞行策略

建筑物墙面、悬崖或危岩等目标物的立面信息对于地物精细化建模、地灾调查、分析、评估及防治等具有非常重要的作用。传统倾斜摄影测量获取影像的方式缺乏对地物立面信息的详细描述,在地形落差较大的地区也存在因影像重叠率不同而建模失败的情况。仿地飞行策略在一定程度上解决了上述问题,但其对于突然的高度变化,不能满足精细化建模的要求。本文提出了一种基于等高线构建无人机航线的新型仿地飞行策略,该方法基于目标区域的DSM生成等高线,经等高线简化、偏移等处理完成无人机航线的设计。通过试验将该方法构建的模型成果与传统仿地飞行方法建模成果相比较。结果表明,本文提出的方法可将悬崖上的危岩等刻画得更加真实,且相对于传统仿地飞行垂直于高度变化方向的航线设计为平行于等高线的航飞路线,避免了频繁的高度变化,有益于延长无人机执行飞行任务的时间,因此是一种有效、实用的航飞路线设计方法。     

MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN DESERT TERRAIN BY CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY

As part of the measurements of desert terrain characteristics in the United Arab Emirates, made in support of a study of airborne radar, close range vertical stereophotographs of various natural surfaces were taken with a pair of Hasselblad MK70 metric cameras. The technique is described and the constraints imposed by the ground conditions and the need for rapid measurements are explained. Various terrain types are illustrated and the method is described whereby variables summarising surface roughness and surface slope were generated from profiles of the microrelief. From a more general discussion of current equipment and geomorphological applications of close range photogrammetry, it is concluded that this flexible technique is presently under utilised by field scientists.     

Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion

Many of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex-shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m². The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer-grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.     

无人机摄影测量在矿山尾矿库建设规划的应用

该文以四川省会东县某公司小沟头尾矿库建设规划为研究案例,探究无人机摄影测量技术在该领域的适用性。与传统GPS-RTK测量数据相比,无人机摄影测量的水平和高程中误差为0.311m、0.304m,满足矿山尾矿库建设规划运用需求。通过分析,无人机摄影测量具备以下特性:(1)外业工作时间低于传统测量数倍,工作效率具备明显优势;(2)高精度DOM能更方便地辅助尾矿库周边区域地物识别与标注;(3)地表高程数据受地物直接影响,能真实反映地表起伏;(4)三维可视性强,可辅助实现尾矿库3D规划展示和堆积核算。实验表明,无人机摄影测量技术能有效辅助尾矿库建设规划以及安全风险评价,可为有关管理部门实施矿山合理建设和生产提供技术支撑和执法依据,具备良好市场运用前景。     

倾斜航空影像的城市建筑物三维模型构建研究

针对当前城市建筑物三维模型构建的需要,本文提出一套利用无人飞艇载四组合特宽角相机同时实现高精度空中三角测量和建筑物景观三维建模的技术路线。一方面通过基于四相机重叠影像自动匹配的自检校,达到设备轻小型化条件下的精密等效中心投影构像,用以支持高精度空中三角测量;另一方面,通过自检校的4个方向倾斜的相机,达到一次飞行同时获得四方向建筑物侧面影像的目的,为城市景观的三维表达、精细建模和可视化提供一种新的、快捷的技术方案。     

基于近景数字摄影测量的飞机表面模型重建

介绍了数字近景摄影测量在重建飞机三维表面模型中的应用方法。根据飞机表面的特征,结合摄影测量方法的特点,总结出包括拍摄计划制定、外业测量、内业处理的一套处理方法:根据飞机外形特征,划分适于拍摄和后期处理的拍摄带;在机身和地面布置一定数目的控制点作为对拍摄像片的控制;利用数字近景摄影测量中影像匹配、相对定向、绝对定向以及光束法平差等一系列方法的综合运用,解算拍摄像片的外方位元素;对飞机机身分块处理,以三角网为基础重建飞机完整的三维表面模型。     

浅谈VirtuoZo AAT自动空中三角测量的几点体会

随着信息技术和计算机技术的迅速发展,数字摄影测量已取代传统的模拟摄影测量和解析摄影测量,使摄影测量进入数字化时代。VirtuoZo全数字摄影测量系统在测绘工作中的广泛使用,节省了大量的人力,提高了工作效率,减少大量作业时间,提高产品精度。笔者总结了实际作业中常见的问题及解决方法,以供大家参考。     

DEM Extraction in Urban Areas Using High-Resolution TerraSAR-X Imagery

Three-dimensional (3D) spatial information is crucial for improving the quality of human life through urban planning and management, and it is widely utilized due to its rapid, periodic and inexpensive acquisition. In this context, extraction of digital surface and elevation models (DSM and DEM) is a significant research topic for space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing. The DSMs include visible features on the earth’s surface such as vegetation, forest and elevated man-made objects, while DEMs contain only the bare ground. In this paper, using TerraSAR-X (TSX) high resolution Spotlight (HS) images, high-resolution interferometric DEM generation in a part of Istanbul urban area is aimed. This is not an easy task because of SAR imaging problems in complex geometry of urban settlements. The interferometric processing steps for DSM generation were discussed including critical parameters and thresholds to improve the quality of the final product and a 3 m gridded DSM was generated. The DSM-DEM conversion was performed by filtering and the quality of generated DEM was verified against a reference DEM from stereo photogrammetry with 3 m original grid spacing. The achieved root mean square error of height differences (RMSZ) varies from 7.09 to 8.11 m, depending on the terrain slope. The differential DEM, illustrates the height differences between generated DEM and the reference DEM, was generated to show the correlation between height differences and the coherence map. Finally, a perspective view of test area was created draping extracted DEM and a high-resolution IKONOS panchromatic image.     

测绘工程专业《摄影测量学》课程教育的实践与思考

摄影测量从产生到现在 ,已经经历了模拟摄影测量、解析摄影测量和数字摄影测量三个发展阶段。伴随着各种新兴的科学技术特别是计算机技术、空间技术和信息技术的迅猛发展 ,数字摄影测量在国内外已经进入了实用阶段。而目前 ,大多数高校测绘工程专业摄影测量学的教育教学工作没有及时反映摄影测量的最新进展 ,其教育教学和实习的重点依然是模拟和解析部分。本文主要探讨了当前测绘工程本科专业摄影测量教育教学体系中存在的几个典型问题 ,包括摄影测量学的教学目的、教学内容的整和优化和教材建设、教学形式与教学方法。同时结合了本人摄影测量学的教学实践 ,从实际出发 ,提出了解决这些问题的具体意见和建议 ,对摄影测量学的教学改革具有重要的指导意义和实践意义     

激光雷达测量技术及其应用研究

对激光雷达测量技术的发展进行了概括 ,介绍了激光雷达测量技术的原理 ,探讨了利用激光雷达进行堆体体积测量的技术和方法 ,在此基础上发展了一个激光雷达测量系统 ,并在实际测量工作中进行了应用。实验表明 ,激光雷达测量技术与传统的测量方法相比 ,在测量精度、自动化程度和测量数据可视化等方面具有明显的优点 ,并且极大地减轻了劳动强度 ,提高了工作效率。     

数字摄影测量发展的机遇与挑战

论述了数字摄影测量给学科、产业带来的机遇、变革与挑战,指出数字摄影测量的发展已超出了摄影测量的范畴,它是摄影测量与计算机（计算机视觉）界共同的责任。讨论了数字摄影测量与数字地球的关系。     

融合高度和光谱信息的倾斜摄影数据建筑物自动提取

建筑物作为三维模型的主体,其矢量化主要依赖人工勾画,虽有采用深度学习等方法进行建筑物提取的研究,但依然需要标注大量样本。针对上述问题,本文以天津市典型区域为试验区,提出一种融合高度和光谱信息的倾斜摄影数据建筑物自动提取方法。首先,通过高度初始分割、植被信息滤除、形态学后处理等,逐步优化建筑物提取结果,实现建筑物信息的自动提取,建筑物的总体识别精度达到94%。然后,通过对建筑物轮廓进行矢量化和规则化,在地理信息平台中实现了建筑物的对象化查询,拓展了实景三维模型的应用深度。     

偏振多光谱机器视觉的高反光无纹理目标三维重构方法

随着摄影测量及机器视觉技术的迅速发展,对三维重构的普适性有了更高的要求。对于表面光滑、纹理单一甚至缺失的高反光非金属目标,传统的三维重构方法由于对纹理及反光特性的依赖使得此类目标的重构表面出现大面积的数据空洞。针对这一问题,本文提出了基于多光谱偏振的三维重构方法,将摄影测量与机器视觉进行融合,通过获取目标精确的偏振光谱特征实现准确的三维重构。该方法不依赖于物体表面的纹理信息,并且可以解决仅依靠菲涅尔理论无法实现天顶角和折射率同时估计的问题,最终实现天顶角和折射率的联合估计。由于杂散光和漫反射光在不同波段具有不同的偏振特性以及光谱特性,可完成对目标进行耀光去除的预处理,使得后期的三维重构的精度有较大的提高。基于偏振多光谱的目标三维重构方法是摄影测量与机器视觉融合后三维重构的引导性进展,具有更广泛的应用范围。     

2.5D change detection from satellite imagery to monitor small-scale mining activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mining natural resources serve fundamental societal needs or commercial interests, but it may well turn into a driver of violence and regional instability. In this study, very high resolution (VHR) optical stereo satellite data are analysed to monitor processes and changes in one of the largest artisanal and small-scale mining sites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is among the world’s wealthiest countries in exploitable minerals To identify the subtle structural changes, the applied methodological framework employs object-based change detection (OBCD) based on optical VHR data and generated digital surface models (DSM). Results prove the DSM-based change detection approach enhances the assessment gained from sole 2D analyses by providing valuable information about changes in surface structure or volume. Land cover changes as analysed by OBCD reveal an increase in bare soil area by a rate of 47% between April 2010 and September 2010, followed by a significant decrease of 47.5% until March 2015. Beyond that, DSM differencing enabled the characterisation of small-scale features such as pits and excavations. The presented Earth observation (EO)-based monitoring of mineral exploitation aims at a better understanding of the relations between resource extraction and conflict, and thus providing relevant information for potential mitigation strategies and peace building.     

干旱—半干旱地区地表特征探测的成像雷达干涉测量方法与模型

从估测干涉测量雷达数据相关性出发，通过利用欧洲资源卫星1号和2号获取的重轨干涉测量雷达数据，开展新疆喀什试验区地表土地类型的识别与分类，区分和识别出裸土，盐碱地，灌丛，裸岩/戈壁，沼泽和水体6类土地类型。并对不同土地类型的后向散射特性和相关性进行定量分析。探讨干涉测量数据相关性干旱-半干旱地区地表特征的关系，从而建立了干旱-半干旱地区地表变化的干涉测量时相关模型。为干旱-半干旱地区利用干涉测量数据进行地表变化监测提供理论依据。     

一种无控制近景摄影测量原型系统的实现及应用

本文研究的无控制数字近景摄影测量系统是集GPS、电子经纬仪、数码相机和个人数字助理(PDA)等硬件设备于一身,辅以数据处理中心,形成的一种快速的目标三维、纹理和属性信息获取的新型测量系统。该系统是对传统地面摄影测量作业方式的一次提升,是对国内地面(近景)摄影测量领域一体化仪器的补充。     

GPS／INS组合系统的工作原理及其在航空遥感中的应用现状

GPS／INS组合系统应用于航空摄影测量时可以直接给出相机曝光瞬间的外方位元素，从而部分乃至全部地摆脱传统摄影测量对地面控制点的依赖。本文主要介绍GPS／INS组合系统的工作原理及特点，以及GPS／INS组合系统辅助航空摄影测量与遥感的国内外应用现状。     

地形三维建模中特殊地物的处理方法

在三维建模领域,空中三角测量通过少量的控制点,按一定的数学模型加密解算出所需要的全部控制点及每张像片的外方位元素并由此进行三维重建工作;若遇到一些特殊地物(如桥梁、铁塔、水域等)时,往往会出现模型错乱、模糊不清、有漏洞或无法正确显示等一系列问题。本文采用倾斜摄影测量建模的方式,对一些特殊地物进行信息采集,再利用专业软件进行加工处理,用3dsmax类建模软件对采集的信息进行精细建模,用skyline类软件进行三维场景编辑及漫游,从而能够实现基于原本样貌重建特殊地物的三维模型。