辽宁岫岩叶蛇纹石热处理产物的矿物学特征

对辽宁岫岩叶蛇纹石进行了热活化处理，通过差热—热重分析(DTA—TG)、X射线粉晶衍射分析(XRD)、红外光谱分析(IR)和扫描电镜分析(SEM)，发现热活化温度达到500℃时，叶蛇纹石八面体片中的羟基开始显著脱失，并出现镁橄榄石新物相，但仍然保持层的结构；当温度达到550℃时，叶蛇纹石的层状结构被完全破坏；温度升高到650℃时，镁橄榄石结晶度增高，并出现顽火辉石新物相；当温度达到1050℃时，镁橄榄石的含量略有减少，并出现较多的晶质顽火辉石物相。     

蛇纹石族矿物及其热转变产物的红外光谱研究

本文报道了蛇纹石族矿物及其热转变产物的红外光谱。在室温下斜纤蛇纹石,正纤蛇纹石,叶蛇纹石和利蛇纹石都具有各自的特征光谱。在结构资料基础上,我们解释了它们之间的光谱差异。无疑,红外光谱是区分各种蛇纹石矿物的有效手段。 样品加热到600—700℃时,3680cm~(-1)羟基带消失,这表明在该温度下蛇纹石矿物完全脱羟。与此同时,光谱中出现橄榄石870cm~(-1)的最强带和一个宽带1000cm~(-1),这说明蛇纹石已部分地转变为晶质橄榄石和形成一个无定形的中间相。800℃时,1060cm~(-1)新带的出现标志着顽火辉石的生成。在所有加热样品的光谱中都没有发现SiO_2吸收带,故可认为,在蛇纹石的热转变过程中没有出现SiO_2相。     

绿泥石族矿物热学性质的研究

本文提供了不同成分的三八面体和二八面体绿泥石矿物的热谱、相应化学成分及结构式,并对它们进行了热转变产物的研究。实验证明,DTA曲线特征及热转变产物主要取决于矿物的化学成分。Mg-绿泥石有640℃±和840℃±两个脱羟吸热谷和870℃±的强放热峰,其转变产物为镁橄榄石和顽火辉石;Fe-绿泥石只有一个550℃±的脱羟吸热谷,并转变为赤铁矿和铁尖晶石;Al-绿泥石有一个540℃±的脱羟吸热谷和920℃±的放热峰,转变为富铝红柱石。     

橄榄石的蛇纹石化,滑石化,水镁石化的热力学讨论

本文运用热力学的计算和分析方法,对橄榄石、斜顽辉石的蛇纹石化、滑石化、水镁石化进行研究,以期对其成矿理论和矿山开采时的综合利用提供一定依据。     

四川蛇纹石猫眼的地质特征及显微结构分析

蛇纹石猫眼是一种具有猫眼效应的罕见玉石品种。本文主要探讨了蛇纹石猫眼的地质特征,采用光学显微镜对产于四川石棉县的蛇纹石猫眼样品进行了显微结构分析。结果表明:四川蛇纹石猫眼的组成矿物蛇纹石的形态主要有微纤维状和鳞片状。岩石的显微结构主要有微纤维变晶结构、微鳞片变晶结构、交代假象结构和网格状结构,并以前者为主,约占30%。微纤维变晶结构是蛇纹石猫眼形成的主要原因。交代假象结构主要表现为蛇纹石对早期矿物橄榄石和辉石的交代而表现出橄榄石和辉石的假象。交代假象结构和网格状结构的存在证明了蛇纹石猫眼的岩石成因为超基性岩石的蛇纹石化作用。     

GRV 13100顽火辉石球粒陨石中金属硫化物特征与成因

顽火辉石球粒陨石中的大量金属硫化物形成于早期极还原的太阳星云条件。GRV13100是一块发现于南极格罗夫山的顽火辉石球粒陨石,不透明矿物包括陨硫铁、陨硫铬铁矿、陨硫镁矿、陨硫钙矿、含硅铁纹石、陨磷铁矿、硅磷镍矿等金属硫化物和磷化物,总丰度达21%,经历了一定程度的热变质。通过对其岩石学和矿物化学特征研究,并和其它顽火辉球粒陨石进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)陨硫镁矿中FeS含量可以反映母体变质温度,GRV 13100中大部分陨硫镁矿变质温度为200℃～300℃,个别经历了400℃～800℃的高温,可能为外来吸入成因,或者代表了原始星云的凝聚或结晶温度;(2)陨硫镁矿形成于太阳星云的直接凝聚,并在橄榄石和顽火辉石冷凝结晶之后形成;(3)陨硫铁的成因分为原生和次生两种,原生的陨硫铁由太阳星云直接凝聚而成,次生的陨硫铁是在后期热变质过程中由铁镍金属经过硫化作用或者由陨硫镁矿分解而形成;(4)硅磷镍矿可能来自含硅铁纹石的出溶。本论文的研究工作为太阳系早期高度还原星云演化及其后期热变质提供了约束。     

天然顽火辉石的高分辨电镜观察

利用透射电镜研究了陨石和地幔岩中斜方辉石与斜顽辉石的多型转变:吉林陨石和清镇陨石顽火辉石中的斜顽辉石多型晶域宽度既有奇数倍也有偶数倍9A,双晶现象发育,出现频率高,是原顽火辉石转变而成。尖晶石和石榴子石二辉橄榄岩斜方辉石中的斜顽辉石仅具偶数倍9晶域宽度,未见双晶现象,出现频率低,是剪切应力作用下由斜方辉石转变而成。测量证实OREN向CLEN的相变按13.3°机制进行。在相应高温条件下,相变时应变率ε可能大于10~(-6)sec~(-1)。     

中天山白石泉镁铁-超镁铁质岩体岩石学与矿物学研究

白石泉地区镁铁一超镁铁质岩体处于塔里木板块前缘活动带与中天山地块接合部位，是中天山地块华力西中期岩浆活动的产物。主要岩石类型有辉石橄榄岩（斜方辉石橄榄岩、斜长二辉橄榄岩）、橄榄辉石岩、橄长岩、辉长岩及角闪辉长岩等，主要造岩矿物为橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、角闪石、斜长石及黑云母。橄榄石均为贵橄榄石，其Fo值（78-85）位于含铜镍硫化物矿橄榄石的Fo值范围之内；辉石主要有顽火辉石、古铜辉石、紫苏辉石、透辉石等；斜长石的环带构造较为发育；角闪石的FeO含量随着岩浆的演化逐渐增加。它们与造山带环境中的东疆型镁铁一超镁铁杂岩中的造岩矿物具有相同的特征。这些特征表明了白石泉地区的镁铁一超镁铁质岩体的原始岩浆为高镁的拉斑玄武质岩浆。     

橄榄岩蛇纹石化过程中氢气和烷烃的形成

蛇纹石化过程中形成氢气、烷烃和有机酸,为海底热液区生命活动提供物质和能量来源,可能对地球和其他行星早期生命起源和演化有重要影响。目前关于蛇纹石化过程中氢气和烷烃形成的研究大多以橄榄石为初始物,且温度和压力较低(≤300℃,500bar)。本研究通过一系列的水热实验,研究300~500℃、1~3kbar时橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、橄榄岩、玄武岩以及玄武岩与橄榄岩混合物发生蛇纹石化反应后氢气和烷烃的生成。300℃、3kbar时,橄榄石蛇纹石化后产生的氢气远大于辉石蚀变后产生氢气的量。随着温度的增加,400~500℃、3kbar时,橄榄石蚀变程度极低,产生氢气的量低于斜方辉石。单斜辉石实验后没有发生蚀变,不产生氢气和烷烃。400~500℃、3kbar时,橄榄岩蛇纹石化后产生的氢气和烷烃远高于橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石。玄武岩蛇纹石化后生成氢气和甲烷的量低于橄榄岩,但与玄武岩和橄榄岩混合物相当。这是因为玄武岩的单斜辉石蚀变后形成富铁的透辉石(~8.1%FeO),透辉石的Fe以Fe2+为主,这降低了Fe3+和氢气的量。以上表明,橄榄岩的蛇纹石化不同于橄榄石和斜方辉石。不仅是海底热液蚀变产生氢气和甲烷,洋壳俯冲过程中地幔楔橄榄岩蛇纹石化也会生成氢气和甲烷,但由于洋壳玄武岩的加入,氢气和甲烷的量会远小于橄榄岩蚀变时的量。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程卫星孔 CCSDPP6 钻孔橄榄岩岩石学研究

中国大陆科学钻探工程卫星孔PP6钻孔位于苏鲁超高压变质带的山东荣成滕家集马草夼橄榄岩体中。该橄榄岩出露于元古代花岗闪长片麻岩中,面积为300m×130m。地表岩石风化强烈,钻孔内岩石新鲜,劈理发育。孔深196m,橄榄岩厚度约110m,下部为花岗闪长片麻岩。橄榄岩主体呈块状构造,边缘呈条带状构造,靠近片麻岩的橄榄岩蛇纹石化强烈。除了10cm厚的岩脉原岩为岩浆分异的产物外,岩石主元素、微量和稀土元素地球化学显示,原岩为极亏损的地幔方辉橄榄岩。岩石主要矿物组成为橄榄石(85%~95%) 斜方辉石(3%~5%) 角闪石(3%~5%) 尖晶石(约0.5%) 镍硫化物(<0.1%),个别部位含有石榴石、单斜辉石和白云石。根据矿物的结构和成分,大体分为三个期次的组合。早期残余地幔矿物组合,由镁橄榄石、富铝顽火辉石、铬尖晶石和透辉石组成,具残余斑状结构,常含有包体,为高温低压组合;超高压变质期矿物组合,由镁橄榄石、镁铝榴石(Pyr=62~66)、低铝顽火辉石、铬尖晶石组成,具细粒变晶结构,无包体,变质温压为840~940°C、3.0~4.1GPa;麻粒岩相─角闪岩相变质期矿物组合,包括韭闪石、镁铝尖晶石、铬尖晶石、白云石、透闪石、蛇纹石,变质温度和压力为650~780℃、<1.8GPa。马草夼橄榄岩作为地幔楔,在印支期发生了超高压变质作用,并在折返过程中叠加了麻粒岩相-角闪岩相的变质作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.