武威盆地南缘断裂晚第四纪活动地表形迹与活动速率

武威盆地南缘断裂位于河西走廊东端,是祁连山北缘逆断裂系的重要组成部分,是1927年古浪8级地震的发震断裂之一。基于遥感影像解译、野外地质观测和14C年代学数据等方法对武威盆地南缘断裂进行了详细的几何学调查和运动学定量。依据平面上几何展布的不连续性和走向的变化,该断裂可以分为5段:康宁桥段(F_1)、南营河段(F_2)、上古城村—张流沟段(F_3)、他家庄段(F_4)和严家庄段(F_5)。该断裂为晚更新世以来活动断裂,地表活动形迹长约60km,以逆冲为主,局部兼具左旋走滑分量,沿断层走向断错地貌发育。断裂全新世以来的垂直滑动速率(0.44±0.08)mm/a,南营河段(F_2)晚更新世以来左旋走滑速率(1.43±0.08)mm/a。     

郯庐断裂带安丘—莒县断裂南段(郯城—淮河)晚第四纪活动特征

通过系统的野外地质地貌调查、浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面和古地震探槽等多方法手段,重点开展郯庐断裂带安丘—莒县断裂南段晚第四纪活动特征研究。结果显示安丘—莒县断裂南段在浅部由2支高倾角兼有挤压逆冲分量的断层组成,其中一支出露地表,以右旋走滑运动为主兼有逆冲分量,是全新世活动断层,而另一支为晚更新世活动断层。     

郯庐断裂带安徽紫阳山段发现全新世活动证据

安丘-莒县断裂(F_5)为郯庐断裂带中段东地堑内最新活动断裂。近年来,F_5江苏段研究成果丰硕,发现不同地段普遍存在全新世活动性,运动方式以右旋走滑兼挤压逆冲为主。以往研究未讨论过F_5在淮河以南安徽境内的延伸情况以及进一步的活动性问题。文中选取与F_5江苏段线性影像特征延伸一致的淮河南岸郯庐紫阳山段作为突破口,通过遥感影像解译、地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,初步得到以下认识:1)紫阳山段线性构造地貌特征清晰,断层发育于浮山至紫阳山一线的中生代红色砂岩隆起边缘缓坡,为安丘-莒县断裂(F_5)过淮河后的南延部分;2)朱刘探槽开挖揭示,该段错断了晚更新世晚期黏土层,晚更新世晚期—全新世早期黑色黏土层受断层活动影响沿断面灌入、填充,形成黑色断层条带及黑土充填楔,表明断层最新活动时代达全新世早期;3)朱刘探槽开挖揭示,该段第四纪以来存在至少3次古地震事件,第1次古地震事件推测年代为第四纪早、中期,第2次古地震事件年代为20.10~13.46ka BP,第3次古地震事件年代为(10.15±0.05)~(8.16±0.05)ka BP。上述研究成果弥补了对郯庐断裂带安徽段晚第四纪活动性认识的不足,为安徽省的地震监测和震害防御工作提供了基础数据。     

柴达木盆地西南缘狮子沟断裂晚第四纪构造变形分析

狮子沟断裂位于柴达木盆地西南缘英雄岭背斜南翼。对狮子沟断裂晚第四纪构造变形进行分析,有助于理解该区长期的构造演化和地震地质灾害的评价。通过对该断裂带构造地貌调查、断层剖面和探槽研究,得到以下认识:狮子沟断裂是一条向SW方向逆冲的全新世活动断裂,断裂的逆冲活动一部分沿着山前分支断层,该分支错断了全新世早中期的冲洪相地层,晚更新世中期以来的最小垂直活动速率为0.12~0.15 mm/a;另一部分沿着盆地内隐伏分支断层活动,形成次级褶皱隆起,最近主要的一期构造活动发生在(97.93±7.98)~(59.43±3.42)ka间。这些晚第四纪构造变形单元分布在基岩山前以南约750 m的范围内,因此,在该区进行地震地质灾害评价时应考虑此类构造变形。     

青藏高原北缘三危山断裂晚更新世活动特征

三危山断裂位于青藏高原北缘,属于阿尔金断裂带向NW扩展的分支断裂,其最新的构造活动反映了青藏高原北部地区的构造演化及地震活动特征。文中通过遥感影像解译、野外实地调查和地质填图,对该断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究。结果表明,三危山断裂发育于三危山西北麓,长约175km,断裂以左旋走滑为主,兼有逆断层性质,局部表现出正断层特征。其构造活动的地貌表现形式主要有:基岩陡坎、断层沟槽以及山包、冲沟左旋等。古地震探槽开挖揭示三危山断裂主要断错晚更新世地层,在距今(40.3±5.2)~(42.1±3.9)ka有过1次古地震活动,为1条晚更新世活动断裂。     

安丘-莒县断裂北段几何结构与最新活动特征

安丘-莒县断裂是沂沭断裂带的主要分支之一,也是最主要的一条活动断裂。通过断裂活动性调查和地质填图,查明了安丘-莒县断裂北段的空间展布、几何结构以及最新活动特征。在莒县至昌邑一带,安丘-莒县断裂自北向南大致可划分为昌邑—南流段、安丘—孟疃段、青峰岭段和孟堰段等4个段落。它们以左阶斜列形式展布,而每个断层段又由更次一级的段落以右阶斜列的形式组成。昌邑—南流断层段的最新活动时代为全新世中晚期,除右旋走滑断层活动外,还观察到逆冲和正断运动分量,其中正断运动分量的发生时代较新。安丘—孟疃和青峰岭2个断层段以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有逆冲运动分量,最新活动时代分别为晚更新世和全新世早期。孟堰断层段也以右旋为主兼具逆冲分量,最新活动时代为全新世早期。安丘—孟疃断层段公元前70年曾发生过安丘7级地震,结合断层活动性质和最新活动时代综合判断,山东莒县以北的安丘-莒县断裂的未来地震危险性较大,在今后的地震灾害防御和地震预测工作中应予以重视。     

祁连山北缘玉门-北大河断裂晚第四纪活动特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查并结合前人研究成果,对位于祁连山北缘的玉门—北大河断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行研究。结果表明,玉门—北大河断裂为一条全新世活动的逆冲断裂,该断裂西起玉门青草湾,向东经老玉门市、大红泉止于骨头泉,全长约80km,整体走向NWW。根据断裂的几何结构及活动习性可将其分为三段:东段构造形态简单连续,为逆冲断层陡坎为主的古地震地表破裂带;中段结构复杂,由多条次级断层组成,以逆冲扩展为主;西段未出露地表而成为盲断裂-褶皱带。通过对断层陡坎差分GPS测量及相应地貌面年代测试,得到断裂晚更新世以来逆冲速率约为(0.73±0.09)mm/a。     

甘孜—玉树断裂当江段晚第四纪滑动速率

甘孜—玉树断裂带是青藏高原中东部的一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,同时也是羌塘地体和巴颜喀拉地体的重要地质边界.当江断裂位于甘孜—玉树断裂带的西北段,沿线发育当江荣、当江和哲达等一系列串珠状第四纪断层谷地.通过遥感影像解译和数字高程地形模型(DEM)数据分析,结合野外构造地貌调查,以及断错地貌面的光释光年代测定,发现断裂沿线冲沟、河流阶地和洪积扇等断错地貌发育,反映了该断裂晚第四纪左旋走滑活动性强烈.该断裂最新活动时代为全新世晚期,距今约3.04 ka.当江断裂晚更新世以来的左旋滑动速率为7±3mm·a~(-1).研究结果为该区的地震危险性分析和高原东北部的运动学特征探讨提供了基础资料.     

龙门山北部陕甘川交界三角构造区断裂活动特征研究

龙门山北部3条不同走向的断裂带所围限的三角地区是我国陕甘川交界地区研究地震活动的重要场所.通过对区内秦岭南缘断裂、 平武—青川断裂、 岷江断裂及虎牙断裂活动特征研究和活动时代分析认为: 秦岭南缘断裂, 包括迭部—舟曲断裂、 武都—康县—略阳断裂及茶店—勉县断裂在晚更新世曾有过活动, 在全新世活动不明显; 龙门山断裂带东北段平武—青川断裂最后一次活动发生在晚更新世, 表现为右旋走滑的逆断裂, 全新世活动不明显; 岷江断裂和虎牙断裂不但在晚更新世活动强烈, 而且在全新世继续活动; 龙门山北部这个三角地区依然是未来地震活动关注的重点地区.     

祁连山活动断裂带中东段冷龙岭断裂滑动速率的精确厘定

冷龙岭活动断裂是青藏高原东北缘祁连山断裂带的重要组成部分, 位于祁连山断裂带中东段。 根据野外考察结果认为, 该断裂全新世以来活动强烈, 主要表现为左旋走滑运动, 并伴有正倾滑性质, 断错地貌特征明显。 通过高分辨率SPOT卫星数字影像和大比例尺航空照片处理确定断层的位置, 利用断错地貌测图、 热释光(TL)和碳十四(¹⁴C)测年方法, 厘定了冷龙岭断裂的晚第四纪滑动速率, 冷龙岭断裂晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为(4.3±0.7)mm/a, 全新世晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率为(3.9±0.36)mm/a。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.