川东北飞仙关组白云岩岩石结构演化

根据矿物结晶学理论,白云石可按照晶体大小和晶边形貌划分为不同的结构,其结构的演化主要受原岩化学组成、岩石结构和白云岩化流体的影响。白云岩原岩可分为不同化学组分的泥灰岩和含颗粒泥灰岩,泥灰岩可细分为成分均匀的和含溶孔、胶结物的泥灰岩;含颗粒泥灰岩可细分为未接受任何改造的、发生溶蚀胶结作用的和发生泥晶化等作用的含颗粒泥灰岩。以川东北飞仙关组白云岩为例,在不同浓度的白云岩化流体条件中,讨论不同结构白云岩岩石的演化。结果表明：泥晶化及溶蚀作用是白云石岩石结构演化和形成的基础;大多数鲕粒白云岩在低浓度白云岩化溶液中形成;糖粒状白云岩为外来高浓度的白云岩化流体改造形成。     

西成铅锌矿田西部中泥盆统西汉水组碳酸盐岩沉积特征

运用岩石学和化石岩石学方法,论述了西成铅锌矿田西部中泥盆统西汉水组碳酸盐岩的沉积特征.西汉水组碳酸盐岩的组分以生物、生物碎屑、内碎屑和鲕粒最为重要;常见粒屑结构、花岗变晶结构、生物骨架结构及层纹-条带状构造;查明碳酸盐岩22种;西汉水组发育三种韵律,分别代表潮间、潮下的生物礁环境;并探讨了岩石类型与铅锌矿成矿的关系。     

Subaerial disconformities,microkarst and paleosols in Ordovician limestones at Bowan Park and Cliefden Caves,New South Wales,and their geoheritage significance

The Ordovician Daylesford Limestone at Bowan Park and the Fossil Hill Limestone at Cliefden Caves have diagenetic and pedogenic features of microkarst, paleosols and calcrete associated with subaerial disconformities in their stratigraphic sequences, all of which, as an ensemble, have global geoheritage significance. The original shelly limestones, lime mudstones, and coralline limestones have selectively dissolved to form vugular limestone whose cavities have filled with sparry calcite and/or crystal silt. The limestones also have been calcretised to develop massive and laminar calcrete and calcrete ooids. Below disconformity surfaces are bleached limestone, crystal-silt and spar-filled fossil moulds and enlarged moulds, micro-breccia-filled moulds and fissures filled with crystal silt, calcrete pellets and calcrete ooids. The disconformity surfaces are irregular or undulating interfaces between lithologies, fissures and fissure-fills, and calcrete. Above disconformities there are limestone lithoclasts, remanié fossils, calcreted limestone, veined limestone, calcrete ooids, laminated calcrete, lithoclast grainstone, or calcrete-ooid grainstone, and lithoclasts with fossils moulds filled with crystal silt and/or spar. The lithological, stratigraphic and possibly landscape differences, make the subaerial diagenesis/pedogenesis in the Daylesford Limestone subtly different to that of the Fossil Hill Limestone. Subaerial disconformities and associated diagenesis/pedogenesis, as recorded in these formations, are not widely reported globally nor well represented in Ordovician limestones. The microkarst features provide insights into the types of subaerial diagenesis/pedogenesis during the Ordovician and into climate, landscape setting, paleohydrology, and groundwater/rainwater alkalinity. Consequently, the story of the Ordovician microkarst, paleosols and calcrete ooids is unique and globally of geoheritage significance as examples of subaerial alteration in an ancient high-rainfall, tropical climate volcanic island environment in a tectonically active region.     

Behavior of illite and chlorite during pressure solution of shaly limestone of the Kalkberg Formation, Catskill, New York

Textural and chemical changes occurring in illite and chlorite concomitant with pressure solution of limestone were studied in samples from the Kalkberg Formation of Catskill, New York, using XRD and TEM/AEM. Samples on one limb of an anticline are massive shaly limestones, but those on the other have undergone extensive pressure solution and well-developed cleavage is present. Illite and chlorite from the uncleaved shaly limestone are found in small individual packets (100–800 Å thick) dispersed throughout the carbonate matrix with crystal morphologies characteristic of burial diagenesis. Phyllosilicates from the limb more affected by pressure solution occur in larger units (>1 μm thick) as stacks of subparallel packets (150–500 Å thick). Such stacks are inferred to represent coalescence of smaller packets. These data imply that the phyllosilicates are largely passive during pressure solution of limestone; however, localized solution-recrystallization is required by the coherent to semi-coherent packet boundaries and the crystal morphologies present in the pressure solution sample. The largely passive role is in contrast with the more active role of phyllosilicates in many shales and slates.XRD data for illite show an increase in crystallinity in the pressure solution sample under isothermal conditions. Differences in illite crystallinity are adequately explained in large part by differences in crystal size with some contribution due to strain. The data demonstrate that illite crystallinity cannot be unambiguously used in determining absolute or even relative temperatures.     

高温高压条件下铁岭灰岩晶包有机质的饱和烃演化特征

对铁岭灰岩抽提除去沥青“Ａ”后的残渣进行高温高压模拟实验,模拟实验研究表明,晶包有机质的释放与温度与温度和压力有关,高压有利于晶包有机质释放。晶包有机质和干酪根主要释放出低碳数烷烃,Ｐｒ／ｎＣ１７、Ｐｈ－ｎＣ１８在热演化过程中变化不大,Ｐｒ／Ｐｈ则波动较大。     

Behaviour of granites and limestones subjected to slow and homogeneous temperature changes

We have studied the evolution of the texture in two granites and two limestones subjected to slow and uniform temperature change. Each granite has a different grain size and each limestone a different texture: Carrare crystalline limestone and Crepey oolitic limestone. Temperature was varied from 200°C to 700°C. Scanning Electron Microscope observations of different rock samples show that during thermal cycling intercrystalline boundaries in granites widen out progressively and porosity increases. New microcracks appear in crystals between 500°C and 600°C. In Carrare crystalline limestone, intercrystalline cracks appear at temperatures as low as 200°C. Due to its heterogeneous cracks appear at temperatures as low as 200°C. Due to its heterogeneous increasing temperature. Longitudinal wave velocity and intrinsic permeability show good correlation with the Scanning Electron Microscope observations.     

Tortoises,hares and the evolution of the Irish landscape

Across Ireland there is a striking topographical contrast between predominantly limestone-floored lowlands and uplands developed on silicate-dominated rock types. This arises from the fundamentally different way in which limestone and other rocks are removed. Limestone is removed through dissolution, a low-energy process enhanced by vegetation. Other rock types are removed by erosion, a high energy process that is inhibited by vegetation. In Ireland countless ‘soft days’ over the last 60 Ma have been more effective at removing limestone than other rock types. Limestone uplands have survived only where they were protected by a cover of insoluble rock, such as sandstone or mudstone, which has been stripped away relatively recently by glacial erosion. The large-scale removal of considerable thicknesses of limestone across Ireland has increased the relief of non-limestone uplands through the effects of isostatic uplift. Denudation across the Irish landscape has led to changing outcrop patterns of limestone and other rocks, resulting in profound long-term changes in topography and drainage patterns.     

实验岩石裂隙微观形态初探

通过对石灰岩、砂岩试件施以短期拉伸、压缩和三点弯曲梁实验所形成的裂隙微观形态研究表明,圆柱状试件在拉伸条件下产生的张裂纹较密集,形成追踪状、锯齿状形态,断裂之间交角一般小于90°;在单轴压缩情况下则以剪破裂为主,且裂纹平直,延伸较远;而三点弯曲梁试件中形成的两组裂纹交角一般大于90°,且裂纹壁面较光滑。此外,加载短期应力所形成的破裂纹中均无充填物.      

二叠纪—三叠纪之交凝块石（微生物岩）的沉积成岩过程——以华南广西百色地区作登剖面为例

二叠纪末大灭绝之后,在我国华南地区广泛发育了一套钙质微生物岩,这套微生物岩以凝块石为主,代表了大灭绝事件后特殊环境下的生物沉积建造。早期对凝块石的分布以及沉积特征有详细研究。通过镜下显微观察,阴极发光照相,背散射成像以及探针元素分析,对凝块石的显微特征进行了详细研究。通过对凝块石中化石的分布,矿物组成以及元素分布规律观察,对比现代凝块石沉积成岩过程总结了二叠纪末凝块石的沉积成岩过程,即早期生长阶段,沉积阶段,早期成岩阶段和后期成岩阶段。清晰的凝块石的沉积成岩过程为解析该时期微生物沉积建造打下基础。     

The examination of fracturing process subjected to triaxial compression test in Inada granite

The behavior of a granite subject to a triaxial compression test ranging from the prefailure stage to the postfailure stage was studied using a fluorescent technique from the geological point of view. Microscopic observations of the specimens at different stages showed changes in the failure process. The start of formation of new microcracks paralleled the compression direction through their propagation until the onset of faulting and ended with the failure of shear zones after the strength failure point. Pores chiefly identified in the feldspar increased in length and width in the early stages, but not in number. It seems that the effect of pore spaces did not have any effect of failure. The microcracks generated on angular edges of quartz or feldspar grains and around biotite grains with increasing compression force. The phenomenon appearing on the crystal boundaries among biotite and quartz or feldspar agrees with the result calculated based on the theory on stress fields with ellipsoidal inhomogeneity suggested by Eshelby.     

广西来宾铁桥剖面中上二叠统沉积微相

对广西来宾铁桥剖面中二叠统茅口组和上二叠统吴家坪组进行了详细的沉积相研究,共识别出4个沉积相和10个微相,分别为:盆地相（含层状硅质岩微相、含透镜状灰岩的层状硅质岩微相）、下斜坡相（含与灰岩互层的层状硅质岩微相、夹层状硅质岩的灰岩微相、浊流沉积的灰岩微相）、上斜坡相（含夹硅质条带或薄层的灰岩微相、夹硅质团块或条带灰岩微相、灰岩微相、碎屑流等重力流沉积的灰岩微相）和台地边缘相（钙质海绵礁灰岩微相）。野外观测表明,茅口组和吴家坪组各为一个向上变浅的沉积旋回,但两个旋回的演化具有明显的差异,茅口组整体上是由盆地相向斜坡相演化的过程,以发育浊流、碎屑流等重力流沉积为特征,而吴家坪组是由盆地相到斜坡相至台地边缘相,再到斜坡相的演化过程,沉积微相变化频繁。该剖面的沉积微相交替记录了海平面变化过程,表现为茅口期持续下降,吴家坪早期快速上升,中期逐步下降,晚期又升高的特征。     

Petrographic Investigation of Microcrack Initiation in Mafic Ophiolitic Rocks Under Uniaxial Compression

This paper investigates the influence of the petrographic characteristics of mafic ophiolitic rocks on the initiation and propagation of microcracks during uniaxial compression. The microcrack patterns of a troctolite and a diorite, collected from the Pindos and Othrys ophiolites (Greece), respectively, were analysed. Thorough observation and quantification of microcracks before and after the uniaxial compression test were conducted. Combined fluorescent and polarised microscopy of polished thin sections, together with digital image analysis, indicated that the intragranular microcracks are the dominating crack type in both loaded and unloaded specimens, only in terms of their total number and length. On the other hand, the intergranular and transgranular cracks seem to grow more readily compared to the intragranular cracks, implying that the longer microcracks grow more extensively under stress. The orientation of most of the newly formed intragranular and transgranular microcracks is nearly parallel to the loading direction; however, some of the randomly oriented transgranular cracks have probably been formed during the propagation of intergranular cracks. In the troctolite, the frequency of the intragranular microcracks decreases in the olivine crystals after the uniaxial compression test due to their partial serpentinisation, which increases their resistance to brittle deformation. In the plagioclase crystals of the troctolite, microcracks are often oriented parallel to the cleavage planes, implying that such crystallographic orientations act as planes of weakness. On the contrary, the plagioclase crystals of the diorite are mainly crossed by randomly oriented microcracks, presumably due to their high degree of alteration. In the diorite, the evolution of microcracks is substantially controlled by the two perfect cleavages of amphibole. The failure of a rock occurs as a result of the growth, interaction and coalescence of a great number of pre-existing and newly formed intragranular and transgranular microcracks. The petrographic and microcrack analysis may assist in the selection of the most suitable rock type for various construction applications.     

The possibility of inferring paleoseismicity from paleomagnetic dating of speleothems, western Japan

Paleomagnetic dating of continuously growing stalagmites by comparing their paleomagnetic records with a standard record, has been applied to study the paleoseismic history of a region of western Japan. Three stalagmites (speleothems), which are assumed to have started growing since collapse of the limestone blocks on which they are formed, were collected from two limestone caves located below the Akiyoshi plateau, western Japan. From the paleomagnetic results, it is estimated that they began to grow at 6000, 2500 and 2000 yr B.P., respectively. On the assumption that their growth began immediately after their host limestone blocks fell, these three ages are interpreted to indicate the dates of past earthquakes in this region which triggered the break-off and fall of the blocks. Earthquakes are suggested because many huge collapsed limestone blocks and speleothems are observed in many caves in this region.     

Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Sulfate-Rich Clay Rocks

Brittle fracture processes were hypothesized by several researches to cause a damage zone around an underground excavation in sulfate-rich clay rock when the stress exceeds the crack initiation threshold, and may promote swelling by crystal growth in newly formed fractures. In this study, laboratory experiments such as unconfined and confined compression tests with acoustic emission monitoring, and microstructural and mineralogical analyses are used to explain brittle fracture processes in sulfate-rich clay rock from the Gipskeuper formation in Switzerland. This rock type typically shows a heterogeneous rock fabric consisting of distinct clayey layers and stiff heterogeneities such as anhydrite layers, veins or nodules. The study showed that at low deviatoric stress, the failure behavior is dominated by the strength of the clayey matrix where microcracks are initiated. With increasing deviatoric stress or strain, growing microcracks eventually are arrested at anhydrite veins, and cracks develop either aligned with the interface between clayey layers and anhydrite veins, or penetrate anhydrite veins. These cracks often link micro-fractured regions in the specimen. This study also suggest that fracture localization in sulfate-rich clay rocks, which typically show a heterogeneous rock fabric, does not take place in the pre-peak range and renders unstable crack propagation less likely. Sulfate-rich clay rocks typically contain anhydrite veins at various scales. At the scale of a tunnel, anhydrite layers or veins may arrest growing fractures and prevent the disintegration of the rock mass. The rock mass may be damaged when the threshold stress for microcrack initiation is exceeded, thus promoting swelling by crystal growth in extension fractures, but the self-supporting capacity of the rock mass may be maintained rendering the possibility for rapidly propagating instability less likely.     

贵州紫云上石炭统叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用

贵州紫云县猴场镇扁平村的上石炭统中的叶状藻礁及其周边灰岩中发育强烈的成岩作用和胶结物,这些胶结物在猴场研究区内是显著的和有代表性的。通过观察、分析野外露头、光片、薄片、薄片的阴极发光和染色,来研究礁体岩石的成岩作用,确定了成岩作用序列、成岩环境、成岩阶段。成岩作用类型主要有泥晶化、溶蚀、胶结、新生变形、机械压实、剪切或...     

Litho- and biostratigraphy,facies patterns and depositional sequences of the Cenomanian-Turonian deposits in the Ksour Mountains (Saharan Atlas,Algeria)

The Cenomanian-Turonian deposits exposed in the Ksour Mountains, western part of the Saharan Atlas (Algeria), document marine shelf environments that had been thriving on the North African passive margin, connected northwards to the Tethys Ocean, and fringed southwards by the Saharan craton. Their lithological, palaeontological, and sedimentological characteristics have been investigated to provide new insights into the biostratigraphy, palaeo-environmental evolution and sea-level changes in this western part of the Saharan Atlas. Three formations are recognized, from base to top of the studied succession: 1. The El Rhelida Formation comprising two informal units: the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate unit deposited under different flow regime conditions, from shoreline to backshore environments, and the limestone–claystone unit including coastal mudflat deposits prone to storm events. The early Cenomanian age of the El Rhelida Formation is supported by vertebrate assemblages. 2. The Mdaouer Formation comprising two units: the evaporitic unit dominated by claystone and evaporite alternations deposited on a flat coastal sabkha with occasional storms, and the marlstone–limestone unit formed in a peritidal-lagoonal environment. The Mdaouer Formation is of early-middle Cenomanian age. 3. The Rhoundjaïa Formation comprising three units: the lower limestone unit consisting of relatively homogeneous fossiliferous limestones; the middle marly unit composed of marlstone and bioclastic limestones, and the upper limestone unit consisting of carbonates showing vertical variations in faunal content and stratonomy. The Rhoundjaïa Formation was deposited in homoclinal ramp setting. Ammonite data indicate an early late Cenomanian to early Turonian age for this interval. Within an overall transgressive trend, the Cenomanian-Turonian deposits of the Ksour Mountains record three third-order depositional sequences bounded each by regional discontinuities.     

河北武安玉石洼铁矿中磁铁矿特征及其对铁矿床成因指示意义

夕卡岩铁矿床的成因一直以来备受争议,主要有接触交代和矿浆成因等模型。河北武安玉石洼铁矿是邯邢地区主要的夕卡岩铁矿之一,对矿区尖山剖面中的三类磁铁矿成分进行详细研究有助于解决此问题。产于剖面下部玉石洼铁矿主矿体中的磁铁矿以高Ti为特征,而在上部结晶灰岩中矿脉状中磁铁矿以高Si(w(SiO2)>1%)为特点,赋存于中部二长岩矿脉中的磁铁矿具有过渡的成分特征。通过对此三类磁铁矿中主量元素、微量元素研究发现,从下部玉石洼主矿体向上部结晶灰岩中的磁铁矿脉,磁铁矿具有Ti含量逐渐减少而Si、Mg含量逐渐增加的特征。高硅磁铁矿呈自形晶,与方解石平衡共生,其形成与流体有关,很可能是流体晶矿物。磁铁矿FeV/Ti判别图解显示下部玉石洼主矿体中部分磁铁矿具有岩浆成因,二长岩和结晶灰岩中的脉状矿石中磁铁矿具有热液成因,磁铁矿由下部到上部具有岩浆成因过渡为热液成因的连续过程。根据玉石洼矿区磁铁矿的这些特征,我们认为铁矿浆中含有大量流体,应该为“含铁熔体流体”,由于流体超压使“含铁熔体流体流”在岩浆通道中快速上升,至地壳浅部空间就位,在空间上由下部形成高温高Ti磁铁矿过渡为上部形成具有流体晶特征的高Si磁铁矿的岩浆通道成矿系统模型。     

湘南多金属矿床方解石形态及表面微形貌的研究

对湘南多金属成矿区方解石的研究表明，产于钨矿床中的方解石以层状晶体发育为特征，晶体形态主要为｛０００１｝和｛０１２｝＋｛１０１０｝，晶体表面具有菱形生长阶梯；产于铅锌矿床中的方解石一般不出现层解石，晶体形态主要为｛２１３１｝，｛０１１２｝＋｛１０１０｝和｛０００１｝＋｛１０１０｝＋｛０１１２｝，晶体表面平行纹发育；远矿正常灰岩内方解石晶体形态主要为｛４０４１｝。     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

太原西山七里沟晚古生代腕足动物群落及其古环境意义

太原西山七里沟晚古生代剖面含有丰富的腕足动物化石，共可识别出13个底栖生物群落。个体生态、行为习性、群落结构和岩性、岩相组合特征的研究表明，这些群落的生态位介于BA1-BA3之间。控制腕足动物群落分布和相互取代的最主要因素是相对海平面变化。由于海平面升、降变化的速度、幅度和持续时间的不同，群落之间的这种相互更替既有突变的，也有渐变的，既可以发生在不同的旋回之间，也可以发生在同一个海水进、退旋回内。根据这些底栖生物群落生态位所显示的水深变化和剖面相序结构，该剖面本溪期至山西期共经历了11次海水进、退旋回，其中以庙沟期海侵规模最大，最大估水深10-20m，毛儿沟下灰岩与庙沟灰岩均为这一旋回的产物。