利用全极化微波辐射计资料反演台风境内海面风场

作为一种新兴的被动遥感技术,全极化微波辐射计不仅可以提供海面风速产品,还可以提供海面风向产品.以往利用全极化微波辐射计观测亮温进行海面风场反演仅在晴空条件下进行,本文通过对观测亮温结合台风区域海面风场的分布特征进行分析,验证了全极化微波辐射计具有在台风等恶劣天气条件下进行海面风场观测的能力.基于敏感性分析实验,确定使用6.8 GHz和10.7 GHz等低频通道组合可进行台风区域内海面风场反演.其中,海面风速反演使用基于统计的多元线性回归算法,同时对海面温度、大气水汽含量、云中液态水含量及降水强度等物理量进行反演计算,为海面风向反演做准备.海面风向反演使用物理统计法进行,借鉴散射计风向反演使用的最大似然估计法.通过在全极化辐射传输前向模型中加入降水对大气透过率的影响、设计第三和第四Stokes通道亮温环境影响修正函数,在实现台风区域内海面风向反演的同时减小了反演误差.通过对“云娜”台风境内海面风场进行数值计算,验证了本文反演算法的可行性,并对反演误差的空间分布特征进行了分析.将2004年各台风过程的海面风场反演结果与散射计风场产品进行对比,海面风速和海面风向反演的均方根误差分别为1.64 m·s^-1和18.02°.     

应用地基GPS遥感倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量

应用地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥测大气水汽总量,是获得测站周围水汽三维空间分布信息(水汽层析)的基础.本文介绍了地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥感大气水汽总量的原理和方法;首先用湿梯度、后处理残差联合计算接收机上空不同方位上大气水汽各向异性成分,在此基础上重构倾斜路径水汽总量.为验证GPS观测结果精度,用微波辐射计（WVR）与GPS一起进行了联合观测,不同观测地点和时间的对比结果表明,二者root mean square (RMS)误差小于4mm,证明应用此种方法地基GPS可较精确地反演出倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量,而且这种反演方法适合于近实时大气遥感探测.地基GPS测量具有全天候可连续观测等优点,可以弥补常规观测的不足,为气候研究提供高精度且连续的水汽数据资料;组网观测可以为数值天气预报提供好的初始场,提高模式预报精度.     

一种用于微波辐射计遥感海表面盐度和温度的反演算法

海面的微波辐射除了与海表面温度和盐度有关外, 还受海面风的影响. 海面风的观测误差严重地影响了海表面温度和盐度的遥感精度. 通过研究海面风因子对海表面辐射影响, 建立了海面风(包括风速和风向)与海表面的微波亮温T以及风导致的亮温修正量DT之间的关系; 在此基础上, 提出了利用微波辐射计的单卫星、多角度观测数据反演海表面盐度和温度的算法. 在这个算法中, 风对海表面辐射影响已经被剔除, 风速和风向不再是反演算法的输入参数. 因此, 该算法不受制于海面风速和风向的影响导致的误差. 这样, 为利用单卫星、多角度微波辐射计遥感海表面盐度和温度提供了一个新途径.     

基于多源遥感数据陆面大气水汽反演的物理统计算法研究

大气水汽对全球以及区域气候变化有着极其重要的影响,因而精确的获取水汽数据一直是非常重要的研究课题.单一传感器的遥感水汽反演算法有一定的局限,本文致力于发展一个基于多源遥感数据的水汽反演物理统计算法,该算法还能有效解决有云情况下的水汽反演.通过将晴空条件下近红外水汽反演结果与基于微波23.8 GHz的水汽敏感波段的组合指数进行回归,再将有云覆盖区域的微波指数代入到回归反演模型,从而获得有云覆盖条件下的水汽结果,实现有云条件下的水汽反演,对基于光学波段的水汽反演结果进行补充.不同的地表覆盖会对裸土表面的微波辐射有不同的影响作用,本文的算法还利用地表覆盖数据有效消除了这一影响,针对不同的地表覆盖,分别进行回归模型的建立.最后将该算法反演的结果与地基GPS的水汽监测数据进行对比,有云条件下的均方根误差为8 mm,且利用本算法可以较好的对光学数据进行补充,具有良好的空间一致性.     

利用HJ-1B热红外数据估算晴天大气下行长波辐射

针对HJ-1B红外相机只有一个热红外通道的特点,本文利用大气辐射传输模型模拟和统计回归方法,发展了一个利用HJ-1B辐射亮温和大气水汽含量反演高分辨率大气下行长波辐射的参数化模型.为了分析模型的适宜性和误差来源,利用模拟数据对模型进行了精度评价,结果表明模型在大多数气候条件下反演结果较好,但在大气水汽含量较高时存在低估现象.误差分析表明,大气水汽含量、传感器辐射亮度、地表与大气的温差等方面的不确定性会对反演结果产生一定的影响.利用2009~2010年HJ-1B数据反演得到黑河流域和海河流域的瞬时下行长波辐射,并利用6个站点的地面观测数据对反演结果进行了验证.结果表明,除花寨子荒漠站外,其他各站点反演值与实测值的一致性较好,均方根误差在20W/m2左右,略好于MODIS数据的反演结果.花寨子站夏季时存在较多的高估现象,主要由地气温差过大引起,经过地气温差校正后,结果得到明显改善.     

风云三号C星微波湿温探测仪的定标和验证

风云三号C星(FY-3C)已经于2013年9月23日发射升空,其上装载的微波湿温探测仪(MWHTS)已于9月30日开机正常工作.MWHTS具有对大气温度和湿度垂直分布进行同步探测的能力.MWHTS为跨轨扫描式微波辐射计,在89~191GHz毫米波段内设置了十五个探测通道,其中包括118.75GHz氧气吸收线附近的8个大气温度探测通道,183.31GHz水汽吸收线附近的5个大气湿度探测通道,以及89GHz和150GHz两个窗区通道.设置在118.75GHz的一组毫米波探测通道是国际上业务卫星首次使用的大气探测通道,这组通道和183.31GHz通道对大气进行联合探测,将获得更加精细的大气温湿度垂直分布数据,为数值预报和气候研究提供丰富信息.为保证MWHTS观测资料的定量应用,对仪器性能和定标精度进行了在轨测试.利用MWHTS在轨正常工作后的三个月数据,对仪器在轨定标的基础数据:冷空和黑体计数值,黑体和仪器温度进行监测分析和质量检验,经过质量检验的在轨定标基础数据,结合发射前真空试验得到的非线性订正项在轨定标生成MWHTS观测亮温数据.评估MWHTS在轨辐射定标结果的精度和偏差特性使用了三种方法:1通过场地定标试验获取大气温湿廓线和地面温度等大气参数信息,结合微波逐线正演辐射传输模式MonoRTM(Monochromatic Radiative Transfer Model)模拟MWHTS的上行微波辐射亮温,与MWHTS实际观测结果进行对比分析;2两个通道特性一致的同类星载被动微波载荷同时观测同一目标,观测亮温的差异主要取决于两个载荷的定标系统偏差.选取美国SNPP上搭载的微波探测仪器ATMS作为MWHTS的参考载荷,基于SNO(simultaneous nadir overpass)技术,对两个仪器的观测亮温进行交叉比对,观测亮温时空匹配及均匀性检验的条件为:观测时间差异小于20min,观测像元中心距离小于3km,观测角度在星下点附近差异小于5°,观测像元周围3×3像元内的亮温标准差小于1K;3基于美国国家环境预测中心的全球数据同化系统GDAS(Global Data Assimilation System)数据,利用快速辐射传输模式CRTM(Community Radiative Transfer Model)对MWHTS各通道亮温进行正演模拟,模拟结果(O)和仪器实际观测的亮温(B)之间的差异记为"O-B",对偏差值"O-B"进行统计特征分析.仪器中心频率的变化、正演模式模拟精度和模式输入廓线自身的误差都会对"O-B"产生影响.但是对于首次使用的探测频点而言(如118.75GHz通道),由于国际上没有同类载荷可以进行交叉比对,借助于正演辐射传输模式计算得到"O-B"偏差的分析结果可以在一定程度上反映仪器整体定标情况.外场地定标试验结果显示除通道14外,其他14个通道的亮温差都在1.3K以内;与同类载荷ATMS的在轨观测进行直接交叉比对表明通道14与ATMS的亮温偏差最大,但中心频点一致的5个水汽探测通道的标准差都小于1K;将MWHTS观测结果和正演辐射传输模式模拟结果即"O-B"进行偏差分析显示,靠近118.75GHz吸收线中心的通道2—6"O-B"标准差小于0.5K,其他通道"O-B"标准差和ATMS相应通道的结果相当;MWHTS观测和模拟偏差随角度变化的研究表明通道1,7~13和15观测结果对角度有一定依赖性.     

地震监测实时仿真对比系统在水库气枪主动源激发观测实验中的应用

气枪震源具有高度可重复性,可用于检测和分析地震监测仪器的响应特性。2016年5—6月,在福建漳州南一水库、永定棉花滩水库进行气枪主动源激发观测实验,使用全球导航卫星系统GNSS、强震仪、烈度计实时采集数据,应用地震监测实时仿真对比系统,将强震仪和烈度计记录信号仿真为位移信号,与GNSS记录的真实位移信号进行对比分析,验证实时仿真对比算法的可靠性、适用条件以及强震仪和烈度计记录位移的能力。结果表明,该实时仿真对比系统具备实时数据接收、数据处理、数据显示功能,实现了各类仪器记录波形的实时对比,具体如下：①GNSS仪器Trimble NetR9记录的GPS信号,与北斗信号差分解算后的精度(水平向精度5mm,垂直向精度10mm)相当;②烈度计VH-GL-LDY与强震仪CMG-50TCDE记录波形具有较好的一致性,采用同一NTP授时服务器,CMG-50TDE在授时精度上的表现优于VH-GL-LDY;③强震仪和烈度计记录的加速度信号可以仿真得到相对真实的位移时程,且仿真位移信号在10—60 s频带范围内与GNSS位移信号的相关性最高。     

1901—2016年印太海域海表温度的偏差订正及数据集研制

海表温度系统性观测偏差的订正是开展长历史序列网格化海表温度气候数据产品研制的关键.本文在引入美国SR02海表温度偏差订正方法的基础上,结合国家气象信息中心自主研发的全球海表观测定时值数据集,进行了相关参数的优化改进,从而研制了1901-2016年印度洋-太平洋核心海域月平均2°×2°分辨率的海表温度偏差订正数据集.对海温偏差订正量的时空分布特征分析表明,基于自主研制的基础数据和优化改进的方法求解的偏差订正量能有效反映海表温度观测手段的历史变迁,以及海表温度系统性偏差随季节变化的规律.同时,与ERSST订正量的对比表明,由于优化改进后的方法其阈值计算随空间样本而变,因而其局地变化特征的表现能力更强,且其订正量在观测手段转型期的变化更为明显.相较订正前的海表温度距平(SSTA)场,订正后的SSTA资料与ERSSTv5SSTA间的偏差误差和均方根误差均有明显降低.其中,偏差误差的缩减比例在37.7%~87.9%之间,均方根误差可降低0.06℃.此外,与国际同类产品的对比表明,本文发展的SSTA订正数据集与国际同类SSTA产品序列的相关系数不低于0.97,且变化趋势类似.从差异对比上看,除中高纬东亚大陆近海区域外,本文的偏差订正数据集与国际上同类产品的SSTA差异基本在-0.2~0.2℃之间.     

亚洲地区ECMWF/NCEP资料计算 ZTD的精度分析

对流层延迟是卫星导航定位的主要误差源,气象观测的数值预报资料可用来计算对流层延迟改正量.本文通过分布于亚洲地区的49个GPS台站一年的实测ZTD资料,对利用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF)分析资料、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料和NCEP预报资料,计算对流层天顶延迟(ZTD)改正的有效性和可能达到的精度进行了评估,分析了ECMWF和NCEP在亚洲地区的适用程度和其分辨率对计算ZTD精度的影响.研究结果表明:(1)相对于 GPS实测ZTD,用ECMWF资料计算ZTD的bias和rms分别为-1.0 cm 和2.7 cm,优于NCEP再分析资料,可用于高精度ZTD研究和应用;NCEP预报数据计算ZTD的bias和rms分别为2.4 cm 和 6.8 cm,足以满足广大GNSS实时导航定位用户对流层延迟改正的需要.(2)bias和rms呈现明显的季节性变化,总体上夏季大,冬季小;在空间分布上随着纬度的变化不明显,但随高度的增加rms总体上有递减趋势.另外还发现,亚洲东部地区夏季日平均bias和rms和南部热带地区冬季的日平均bias和rms变化相对较大.(3)ECMWF2.5°和0.5°的资料进行了对比分析,发现0.5°分辨率资料的rms比2.5°减小1~5 mm.这些结果,为在亚洲地区的空间大地测量、导航定位和INSAR等工作中,应用ECMWF/NCEP的资料进行对流层大气延迟改正的有效性和可能达到的精度提供了重要参考.     

夏季青藏高原及其周边地区卫星MLS水汽、臭氧产品的探空检验分析

根据Aura卫星微波临边探测(MLS)2.2,3.3版水汽和臭氧廓线,采用线性内插方法,将夏季在青藏高原(西藏的那曲和拉萨)及其周边地区(云南腾冲)通过冷冻霜点仪(CFH)和电化学反应池型(ECC)探空仪分别测得的水汽和臭氧数据插值到与卫星产品规定的气压高度进行比较分析,以检验MLS水汽和臭氧廓线产品.结果表明:MLS 2.2和3.3版水汽相对误差在100 h Pa的对流层顶附近分别为(9.8±46.0)%(n=18),(23.0±45.8)%(n=17);在小于并包含82.5h Pa在内的下平流层则分别为(-2.2±15.7)%(n=74),(0.3±14.9)%(n=75);而在对流层316~121h Pa高度则分别为(21.5±90.6)%(n=104),(6.0±83.4)%(n=99).相应MLS 2.2,3.3版臭氧的误差分别为:(-3.5±54.4)%(n=27),(-8.7±41.6)%(n=38)(100 h Pa);(-11.7±16.3)%(n=135),(15.6±24.2)%(n=305)(下平流层);(18.0±79.1)%(n=47),(34.2±76.6)%(n=160)(对流层上层).MLS水汽和臭氧的误差垂直分布在对流层上层-平流层低层振荡和离散分布明显,部分误差可能由于此高度层水汽和臭氧浓度梯度大和比较用线性插值探空数据引起."臭氧低谷"期间,拉萨地区70 h Pa高度以下MLS卫星臭氧浓度误差明显增加;腾冲、那曲与拉萨三地的MLS臭氧误差的垂直分布特征较一致.卫星产品与探空测值的初步关系表明,MLS廓线的灵敏度与水汽和臭氧在大气中垂直分布有密切联系,3.3版水汽产品的灵敏度在82.5 h Pa以上高度略有提高,臭氧产品灵敏度没有明显变化.文中还讨论了导致MLS水汽和臭氧廓线产品误差的可能因素.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.