基于集合预报产品的降尺度降水预报试验

利用降水距平百分率的降尺度预报方法和1951-2008 NCEP资料及我国降水资料,建立了降水距平百分率的预报模型,基于T106L19模式的月动力延伸集合预报结果,进行了2007-2009年3 a的预报试验和效果检验.结果表明,基于集合预报产品的统计降尺度方法对降水距平百分率的预报技巧高于模式降水的预报技巧;500 hPa月平均高度场的预报技巧直接影响到降水距平百分率的预报技巧,平均环流的预报技巧越高,降水距平百分率的预报技巧越高;无论集合成员数为多少,集合预报的结果都明显优于控制预报,随着集合成员数的增多,预报技巧呈增大的趋势;我国降水具有显著的季节性和区域性,以江淮地区的降水距平百分率预报技巧最高,华南地区的预报技巧其次.     

基于动力降尺度的区域集合预报初值扰动构建方法研究

利用全球集合预报系统资料(Global Ensemble Forecast System,GEFS),基于WRF中尺度模式构建了区域集合预报系统,区域集合初值的构建采用两种方案,一种是GEFS全球集合预报初值场直接动力降尺度(称为DOWN集合),另一种是提取GEFS全球集合降尺度后的扰动场,并叠加到区域数值预报系统(北京快速更新循环数值预报系统:Beijing Rapid Update Cycle System,BJ-RUC)分析场上构建集合初值场(称为D-RUC集合)。进行了批量试验,通过对比发现D-RUC集合的中小尺度扰动增长优于DOWN集合,而大尺度扰动分量的增长两者相当,说明与高分辨率分析场叠加可以促进动力降尺度扰动的中小尺度扰动分量的增长。集合预报扰动准确性检验结果显示,短预报时效内DOWN集合扰动明显低估了预报误差,在预报误差较大的位置扰动较小,而D-RUC集合能够更好地识别预报场中哪些位置预报误差较大,而哪些位置预报误差较小。集合预报检验结果表明,D-RUC方法能显著改善短时效预报效果,集合离散度有所增加、均方根误差有所减少,概率预报评分显示D-RUC集合比DOWN集合在短预报时效占优。降水个例分析结果表明D-RUC方法能显著改善短时效内的降水概率预报效果。     

两种确定性初值形成方案对集合预报技巧的影响研究

为了进一步提高GRAPES-REPS的降水预报性能,将GRAPES-Meso业务模式的高分辨率同化分析初值通过动力升尺度方法(简称GRAPES-M-US方案)产生GRAPES-REPS确定性初值,在此基础上进行了连续10 d的集合预报试验,并与基于T639全球模式同化分析初值动力降尺度方案(简称T639-G-DS方案)得到的确定性初值以及相应的集合预报结果进行了对比分析及预报检验,重点关注了降水预报的检验结果。结果表明:基于GRAPES-M-US方案得到的确定性初值相对于T639-G-DS方案得到的确定性初值而言,在低层具备更多的中小尺度信息;低层连续性变量预报表现较好,850 hPa的位势高度和温度的均方根误差以及概率预报评分(CRPS)均表现出了一定的改进效果,而中层和高层要素改进不显著,10 m风速均方根误差和CRPS均有较明显的改进效果,2 m温度均方根误差和CRPS则基本相当;对降水预报而言,24 h预报时效的小雨、中雨和大雨量级的TS评分、Brier评分和相对作用特征面积(AROC)均有一定的改进,其余预报时效总体而言基本相当或略有负效果;在2017年8月7日的强降水个例中,对强降水落区和强度的预报表现出了一定的"细化"和"纠偏"效果;总体而言,GRAPES-M-US方案较T639-G-DS方案表现出了一定的优势,特别是在短期降水预报方面。     

对流尺度集合预报成员数对降水预报的影响北大核心CSCD

选取2022年川渝地区发生的16个强降水个例开展对流尺度集合预报批量试验,并通过对31组初值采用不同集合成员数时的降水集合预报技巧进行检验评估和综合分析。结果表明:集合成员的降水预报技巧总体上大致相当,因而采用不同成员数时预报技巧差异也不明显;表征降水总体分布特征的Talagrand分布和预报失误概率以及表征降水概率预报技巧的相对作用特征面积随着成员数的增加而逐渐改进,但当成员数达到一定数值后继续增大成员数对预报改进不明显。总体而言,对流尺度集合预报成员数设置为16~18最适宜。     

华南复杂地形下GRAPES_Meso3km对流尺度模式前汛期精细化降水预报评估

为深入认识GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)3 km对流尺度区域模式对华南前汛期精细化降水的预报性能,为模式改进及业务应用提供参考依据,利用广东省86个站点逐小时观测降水资料和国家气象信息中心多源融合降水资料,针对广东省复杂地形特点,结合距海岸线的远近及站点地形特点,将86个站划分为沿海东部、沿海西部和内陆地区三个子区域,采用二分类降水预报检验方法,定量评估了2020年5月18日—6月18日华南前汛期降水预报效果。结果显示,GRAPES_Meso 3 km模式精细化降水预报技巧受广东复杂地形影响较大,广东沿海东部和内陆地区24 h时累积降水的小雨、中雨、大雨量级预报成功指数(Threat Score,TS)、公平成功指数(Equitable Threat Score,ETS)评分高于沿海西部地区,尽管暴雨预报评分具有此相同特征,但三个子区域的暴雨预报评分总体较低;从3 h累积降水预报评分看,沿海东部、沿海西部及内陆地区等三个子区域存在明显的日变化特征,但是沿海东部及西部与内陆地区表现有所不同,沿海东部和西部降水预报评分夜间较低(预报偏差偏高),白天相对较高(预报偏差偏低),而内陆地区则是夜间较高(预报偏差偏低),白天相对较低(预报偏差偏高)。沿海西部预报评分相对较低的原因是由于检验时段内广东地区存在一个弱的风切变,而沿海西部大部分地区正好处于切变线南侧的温度高值区控制,但模式模拟该区域的日平均温度较实况偏低,导致沿海西部模式预报降水空报较多,降低其降水预报技巧。     

多模式集合预报及其降尺度技术在东亚夏季降水预测中的应用

利用动力季节模式输出的匹配域投影技术和多模式集合预报技术对多个国家和城市的站点月平均降水进行预报。预报变量是北京1个站、韩国60个站和曼谷地区8个站点的月平均降水,预报因子是从多个业务动力季节预报模式输出的多个大尺度变量。模式回报数据和站点观测降水数据时段是1983—2003年。降尺度预报降水的技巧是在交叉验证的框架下进行的。匹配域投影方法是设定一个可以活动的窗口在全球范围内大尺度场上进行扫描,寻求与目标站点降水最优化的因子和最相关的区域,目标站点的降水变率就是由该匹配域上大尺度环流场信息决定的。最终预报是用多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报(DMME)。多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报能显著地提高站点降水的预报技巧。北京站,多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报的预报和观测降水的相关系数可以提高到0.71;韩国地区,多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报平均技巧提高到0.75;泰国,多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报技巧是0.61。     

基于CRA技术的华南前汛期强降水EC模式预报误差分析

利用CRA空间检验技术对ECMWF模式36 h时效预报的2016-2018年华南前汛期(4-6月)69个降水目标进行了检验及误差统计分析,并将预报落区偏差相似个例的环流形势及天气尺度影响系统进行了分析.(1)87％的强降水目标存在明显落区预报偏差,最大偏差为2.75 °.偏差以经向偏差为主,其中偏北的目标多于偏南的目标...     

多模式短期集合降水概率预报试验

利用AREM、MM5和WRF3个中尺度数值模式,通过积云参数化和边界层方案组合构成15个集合成员,对中国2003年7月汛期降水分别采用平均法、相关法、Rank法开展多模式短期集合降水概率预报试验。结果表明：用上述3种方法制作的多模式短期集合概率预报都能对降水落区及中心做出较准确的预报,但平均法和相关法易使降水落区虚假放大,Rank法则能较好地刻画降水落区边界及强度,其概率预报效果优于平均法和相关法结果。采用BS（Brier score）、RPS（ranked probability score）评分和ROC（relative operating characteristic）曲线对3种方法的降水概率预报效果评价时发现,对某一临界值等级的概率预报,3种方法结果差异较小;但对某一天降水概率预报结果的综合评价表明,Rank法显著优于前两种方法;降水强度大、范围广的降水的RPS评分和各级的BS评分较高,表明多模式降水概率预报也具艰巨性。     

华南暴雨区域集合预报中不同同化方案的影响试验研究

基于全球集合预报系统(GEFS)资料,利用WRF中尺度模式及GEFS动力降尺度获取区域集合预报初值场,通过对同化后的分析场进行模式积分实现华南前汛期区域集合预报。对2019年6月10日的一次华南前汛期暴雨过程进行不同同化方案的试验:混合同化(Hybrid)、三维变分(3Dvar)、集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)和对比试验(Ctrl)四组试验的对比分析,探讨具有不同背景误差协方差矩阵的同化方案对区域集合预报集合扰动和集合离散随时间演变特征的影响,评估不同试验的降水模拟效果。(1) Hybrid对模式初始场有较好的改善作用,而3DVar和EnKF对初始场的改善作用不明显。(2) 对风场、温度场和湿度场,在前期预报中Hybrid的预报误差小于3DVar和EnKF,在中后期的预报中,3DVar和EnKF的预报误差得到改善,且好于Hybrid。同样,集合扰动能量,Hybrid和Ctrl在前期预报发展好于3DVar和EnKF,而在中后期的预报3DVar和EnKF好于Hybrid和Ctrl。(3) 从24 h累积降水评分中,整体上同化试验好于Ctrl,3DVar和EnKF好于Hybrid,且3DVar对大中雨级别的降水评分较好,而EnKF对暴雨以上级别的降水评分较好。(4) 对于集合统计检验分析,同化试验的AUC值都大于Ctrl的AUC值,24 h累积降水量阈值在10~100 mm的AUC值,3DVar最好;而125 mm阈值的AUC值,EnKF最好。      

陕西省2014年汛期ECMWF集合预报降水产品评估检验

利用陕西省100个台站降水实况资料和欧洲中心集合预报10种降水产品,对2014年6—9月欧洲中心集合预报10种降水产品在陕西的预报效果进行了客观分级检验以及时空分布演变综合评估,结果表明：绝大多数产品的Ts评分随降水量级增大明显下降,随预报时效延长有小幅下降;模式对陕南各量级降水预报效果优于陕北、关中,多数情况下90%分位数Ts评分最优;所有降水量产品小雨预报偏差最大,空报明显,随着降水量级增大,空报逐渐减少,漏报增加,陕南预报偏差比陕北、关中大;90%分位数、控制预报、概率匹配产品、融合产品能基本反映出实况降水的落区情况,对大降水过程的演变趋势可以做出较为准确的预报;综合而言,控制预报、融合产品、概率匹配产品无论在Ts评分还是预报偏差上表现均较好,稳定性高,用户可以根据不同关注点,在应用时选取不同的产品进行参考。

     

雷达反演水汽在华南前汛期短时临近降水预报应用试验

为了改善数值预报模式短时临近降水预报能力,采用雷达水汽反演同化方案来提高模式初始水汽场质量。以华南精细预报模式对2013年5月进行了冷启动、热启动和热启动加雷达水汽同化等3个对比试验,并进一步详细分析2013年5月8—9日广东西南部到珠三角地区强降雨过程,探讨雷达反演水汽对短时临近降水预报的影响作用。分析结果显示3个试验结果反映精细模式冷启动不利于1~6 h的降水预报,模式热启动能较好预报前6 h的降水,但对随后预报效果不佳。在热启动的基础上,考虑同化雷达反演的水汽后,不仅较好模拟前6 h的降水,也可以预报出6~12 h的降雨带变化趋势。     

APPLICATION EXPERIMENT OF ASSIMILATING RADAR-RETRIEVED WATER VAPOR IN SHORT-RANGE FORECAST OF RAINFALL IN THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON OVER SOUTH CHINA

A scheme of assimilating radar-retrieved water vapor is adopted to improve the quality of NWP initial field for improvement of the accuracy of short-range precipitation prediction. To reveal the impact of the assimilation of radar-retrieved water vapor on short-term precipitation forecast, three parallel experiments, cold start, hot start and hot start plus the assimilation of radar-retrieved water vapor, are designed to simulate the 31 days of May, 2013 with a fine numerical model for South China. Furthermore, a case of heavy rain that occurred from 8—9 May 2013 over the region from the southwest of Guangdong province to Pearl River Delta is analyzed in detail. Results show that the cold start experiment is not conducive to precipitation 12 hours ahead; the hot start experiment is able to reproduce well the first 6 hours of precipitation, but badly for subsequent prediction; the experiment of assimilating radar-retrieved water vapor is not only able to simulate well the precipitation 6 hours ahead, but also able to correctly predict the evolution of rain bands from 6 to 12 hours in advance.     

华南前汛期降水预测模型及其预测试验

将中国华南区域分为东、西2个区,对每个区(8个站)的前汛期(4—6月)平均降水量作自然正交展开(EOF),选取各区累积方差贡献超过75%的前4个主分量作为预报分量。再利用偏最小二乘回归方法结合均生函数方法,提出一种同时考虑预报量自身显著变化周期和前期物理量因子对预报量未来变化影响的预报模型,分别建立东、西区前汛期平均降水量的偏最小二乘回归预报方程。试验结果表明,新的预报模型的预报效果比单纯采用前期物理量因子的逐步回归模型更好,并且其预报能力的提高具有合理的分析依据。      

INFLUENCES OF LOW-FREQUENCY MOISTURE TRANSPORTATION ON LOW FREQUENCY PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON OF SOUTH CHINA IN 2010

85-station daily precipitation data from 1961—2010 provided by the National Meteorological Information Center and the NCEP/NCAR 2010 daily reanalysis data are used to investigate the low-frequency variability on the precipitation of the first rain season and its relationships with moisture transport in South China, and channels of low-frequency water vapor transport and sources of low-frequency precipitation are revealed. The annually first raining season precipitation in 2010 is mainly controlled by 10–20 d and 30–60 d oscillation. The rainfall is more (interrupted) when the two low-frequency components are in the same peak (valley) phase, and the rainfall is less when they are superposed in the inverse phase. The 10–20 d low-frequency component of the moisture transport is more active than the 30–60 d. The 10–20 d water vapor sources lie in the South India Ocean near 30° S, the area between Sumatra and Kalimantan Island (the southwest source), and the equatorial middle Pacific region (the southeast source), and there are corresponding southwest and southeast moisture transport channels. By using the characteristics of 10–20 d water vapor transport anomalous circulation, the corresponding low-frequency precipitation can be predicted 6 d ahead.     

华南前汛期MCS的活动特征及组织发展形式

利用卫星云图Tbb资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,按照Jirak对中尺度对流系统(MCS)的分类方法,将华南MCS分为MCC(中尺度对流复合体)、PECS(线状或长条状MCS)、MβCCS和MβECS(即β尺度的MCC和β尺度的PECS)4种类型,对华南前汛期MCS的时空变化特征、发生发展的组织形式和天气学背景进行了分析。结果表明:PECS是华南地区MCS的主要发展形式。4—6月MCS的发生个数逐月增多。MCS的日变化呈单峰型,主要集中于下午到上半夜形成,傍晚到半夜之间发展成熟。但具体到不同的4种类型,其日变化特征有一定差异。MCS活动分布特征与地形没有明显对应关系,全区都可有PECS发生。MCS主要以东移为主,其次的移动方向4种不同类型分别略有不同。MCS的发生发展有3种主要天气形势:500 hPa槽前西南风场型、850 hPa切变线南侧的西南风场型和地面低槽配合的Ⅰ型;500 hPa西北风场型、850 hPa切变线型和地面低槽配合的Ⅱ型;500 hPa西风槽过境型、850 hPa切变线南侧的西南风场型和地面低槽配合的Ⅲ型。孤立发展和合并增长是华南MCS的主要组织发展形式。     

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR PARAMETERIZATIONS ON FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTH CHINA IN ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON

An ensemble prediction system based on the GRAPES model, using multi-physics, is used to discuss the influence of different physical processes in numerical models on forecast of heavy rainfall in South China in the annually first raining season(AFRS). Pattern, magnitude and area of precipitation, evolution of synoptic situation, as well as apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink between different ensemble members are comparatively analyzed. The choice of parameterization scheme for land-surface processes gives rise to the largest influence on the precipitation prediction. The influences of cumulus-convection and cloud-microphysics processes are mainly focused on heavy rainfall;the use of cumulus-convection parameterization tends to produce large-area and light rainfall. Change in parameterization schemes for land-surface and cumulus-convection processes both will cause prominent change in forecast of both dynamic and thermodynamic variables, while change in cloud-microphysics processes show primary impact on dynamic variables. Comparing simplified Arakawa-Schubert and Kain-Fritsch with Betts-Miller-Janjic schemes, SLAB with NOAH schemes, as well as both WRF single moment 6-class and NCEP 3-class with simplified explicit schemes of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation shows that the former predicts stronger low-level jets and high humidity concentration, more convective rainfall and local heavy rainfall, and have better performance in precipitation forecast. Appropriate parameterization schemes can reasonably describe the physical process related to heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS, such as low-level convergence, latent heat release, vertical transport of heat and water vapor, thereby depicting the multi-scale interactions of low-level jet and meso-scale convective systems in heavy rainfall suitably, and improving the prediction of heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS as a result.     

MOISTURE TRANSPORT PATHS AND SOURCES OF SOUTH CHINA ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ONSET OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

This study simulated the moisture transport process of southern China annually first rainy season (SCAFRS) using a Lagrangian airflow trajectory model (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory: HYSPLIT), to determine SCAFRS moisture transport characteristics and their relationship with South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM). It is found that the moisture transport paths and sources of SCAFRS are closely related to the onset of SCSSM. Divided by SCSSM onset dates, the moisture transport characteristics of SCAFRS are compared quantitatively. Before the onset of SCSSM, precipitation of SCAFRS mainly comes from western Pacific and eastern China. Their contributions are 24% and 25%, respectively. The amount of water vapor carried along the path coming from Bay of Bengal-South China Sea (BSC) is relatively high, but the contribution rate of this path to SCAFRS precipitation is relatively low. Mainly due to strong precipitation over Bay of Bengal before the onset of SCSSM, this region is a moisture sink, which makes most moisture deposit in this region and only a small portion of water vapor transported to southern China. After the onset of SCSSM, most water vapor is transported to southern China by the southwesterly paths. The Indian Ocean is the main moisture source, which contributes almost 25% to SCAFRS precipitation. The contributions of moisture originating from BSC and eastern China to southern China precipitation after the onset of SCSSM are 21% and 18%, respectively.     

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DECADAL VARIATIONS OF ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON PRECIPITATION OF GUANGXI AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF INDIAN OCEAN IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Decadal circulation differences between more and less rainfall periods in the annually first rainy season of Guangxi and their association with sea surface temperature (SST) of the austral Indian Ocean are investigated by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results are shown as follows. A pattern in which there is uniform change of the Guangxi precipitation shows a 20-year decadal oscillation and a 3-year interannual change. In contrast, a pattern of reversed-phase change between the north and the south of Guangxi has a 6-year interannual periodicity and quasi-biennial oscillation. In the period of more precipitation, the surface temperature in Eurasia is positively anomalous so as to lead to stronger low pressure systems on land and larger thermal contrast between land and ocean. Therefore, the air column is more unstable and ascending flows over Guangxi are intensified while the Hadley cell is weakened. Furthermore, the weaker western Pacific subtropical high and South Asia High, together with a stronger cross-equatorial flow, result in the transportation of more humidity and the appearance of more precipitation. The correlation analysis indicates that the Indian Ocean SST in Southern Hemisphere is closely associated with the variation of the seasonal precipitation of Guangxi on the decadal scale by influencing the Asian monsoon through the cross-equatorial flow.