基岩河道流域地貌研究的定量计算方法及其进展

造山带基岩河道流域地区的地貌演化定量化的分析主要关注气候、构造等外在因素以及河流内在调节机制对地貌演化的影响.总结了关于基岩河道流域地貌分析的定量方法和模型的研究进展.定量计算方法主要利用detachment-limited模型并结合具体的区域状况对气候变化或构造产生的扰动响应状态进行定量化分析,其中地貌起伏分析涉及对地貌在气候变化下的地貌起伏增强或降低的响应趋势分析,地貌响应时间域涉及地貌在气候变化、构造扰动或两者共同作用下的地貌响应时间问题.研究表明,气候作用引发的剥蚀加强并不能导致地貌起伏增大.气候变化、构造扰动或两者共同作用的地貌响应行为主要是气候、构造以及原地条件的函数.不同的区域其地貌响应时问域不同.在中国西高东低的地貌格局所决定的水文体系中,基岩河道流域占有重要地位.地貌定量化特别是地貌响应时间域的研究,有助于理解造山带的地貌演化过程,以及辨析构造运动、气候变化和地表过程特定的时空尺度.     

构造地貌及其分析方法述评

构造地貌是指受构造内动力作用控制,通过内外地质动力的相互作用所奠定的能够反映一定构造特征的地貌形式.构造地貌学的研究内容为:地貌与构造的关系、构造地貌发生和发展过程以及构造地貌过程所揭示的地球内部构造动力过程;其分析方法可归纳为构造地貌格局分析法、构造地貌形态分析法、构造地貌相关沉积分析法和构造地貌年代分析法.构造地貌学从地形地貌的角度来分析构造过程,涉及不同圈层间的相互作用,响应了当前地球系统科学的研究思路,可以预见,构造地貌学将在圈层作用研究中发挥重要作用,同时朝着信息化、定量化的方向发展.     

大陆山区地貌、地质与地球物理国际学术讨论会与苏联岩石圈研究概况

大陆山区地貌、地质构造和地球物理的研究与岩石圈的结构、形成、演化和动力学有着密切关系.会议主要讨论了三方面问题:1.这次学术讨论会的议题主要有新构造运动与地貌、火山活动、地震活动与地展构造、深部地壳结构、地热流的分布和地球动力学.2.苏联岩石圈研究概况.讨论岩石圈在纵向与横向上的不均匀性,软流层分布特征与地球物理模式.3.在地球科学领域里中、苏合作的前景.     

覆盖区地质调查中的盆山构造地貌关系研究:以东天山-吐哈盆地为例

西北地区中-新生代以来发育系列断陷盆地,盆地内的覆盖层结构及其与周缘造山带之间的盆山构造地貌关系是研究大陆动力学的基础性问题.在覆盖区地质调查工作中,利用地质学、地球物理学、地球化学、钻探等多种方法手段,可以对覆盖区盆地的结构形态、盆地边界构造属性、沉积物分布特征、沉积过程的源汇体系进行系统的分析研究,帮助深入理解覆盖区的沉积过程、山脉隆升剥露过程以及构造地貌演化过程.基于新疆吐哈盆地覆盖区的地质调查工作,本研究提出并实践了在覆盖区开展盆山构造地貌关系研究的技术方法体系.通过野外地质调查和室内测试分析,结合重力、航磁、地震等地球物理勘探方法以及钻孔岩心分析,系统分析和探讨了哈密盆地中-新生代覆盖层三维结构、控盆控貌构造及源汇系统,建立了研究区与相邻造山带之间的盆山耦合关系及构造地貌演化过程,为覆盖区地质调查过程中开展盆山构造地貌过程的研究提供了示范.      

第二届“全球构造新概念”国际会议在美国召开

第二届“全球构造新概念”(New Concepts in Global Tectonics)国际会议于2002年5月5～10日在美国科罗拉多州拉洪塔召开。巴西、德国、希腊、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、中国、俄罗斯、美国等11个国家的地球科学家提交了论文,近30位出席了会议,其中中国三人。会上除宣读交流学术论文外,还对南科罗拉多州晚中生代地层和北美最大恐龙遗迹地址,拉拉米构造运动,第三纪侵入活动,新生代里奥格兰德裂谷北段构造、晚新生代隆升、张性断裂与古地震等,进行了野外地质考察。会后,中、日地质学家又乘火车自中部大平原至西海岸,横穿美国西部主要构造地貌单元作概略观察。下面就有关“全球构造新概念”国际会议的背景,这次会议的论文和值得关注     

利用DEM进行地形高程剖面分析的新方法

地形分析是地质地貌研究的重要手段,是以地形、地质图,数字图像资料以及详细野外地质调查等为研究基础,在新构造研究中,特别是活动构造地貌研究中占有举足轻重的地位。进行地形地貌分析研究,主要包括高程剖面分析,坡度、坡向分析以及流域分析等。     

晚新生代全球构造地貌与环境变化研究进展

介绍了晚新生代全球构造地貌与环境变化研究中的一些重要进展 ,这主要集中在大陆的构造隆升、板内造山带与大陆穹隆的形成、全球海平面变化、边缘海的“窗口”作用、水道的开启与关闭等方面。上述研究进展表明 ,地球各圈层的相互作用是塑造现今地球构造地貌格局和驱动全球环境变化的重要因素。从地球的整体行为出发 ,研究长时间尺度 (Ma)岩石圈结构变异与全球环境变化间的耦合反馈关系 ,是今后工作值得注意的一个方向。     

数字航空摄影测量学方法在活动构造中的应用

为了高效率、高精度地获取活动构造研究中的定量参数, 引入数字航空摄影测量学方法十分必要.在川西地势陡峻的鲜水河断裂带上进行了试验性研究, 探讨了测量精度和效率, 总结了工作流程与操作方法.利用空间信息增强的正射纠正影像、大比例尺地形图和地形剖面图, 获得康定南团结乡附近鲜水河断裂带康定段断层迹线的空间分布, 量测得到该断裂在T1洪积扇形成以来左旋水平位移量为43 m, 垂直位移量为5.8 m.结果表明, 利用数字航空摄影测量学方法进行活动构造地貌研究中水平累积位移量、垂直累积位移量、断层长度等定量参数的测量以及构造几何学精细解析与构造地貌成图完全能满足精度要求, 大大提高了野外工作效率, 是活动构造定量研究的一种有效的技术方法.      

地壳均衡理论及其在构造地貌研究中的应用

地壳均衡是地球科学的一个基本概念,其理论基础为“轻地壳（密度较小）漂浮在重地幔（较稠密）之上”。均衡理论（如冲压假说、弹性板理论等）和模型（如Airy模型、Pratt模型及弹性板模型等）的产生及发展对研究岩石圈流变学性质、圈层相互作用及造山作用等地球动力学过程有着重要意义。本文总结了相关均衡理论、模型及计算方法,并结合其在不同空间尺度构造地貌现象研究中的运用,包括：① 冰川均衡调整研究中不同模型的优化及其对全球海平面变化的指示意义、② 阐明海山洋岛发育过程及其制约因素、③ 利用弹性板模型重建山脉隆升和盆地挠曲沉降史并进一步探讨二者之间的相互作用、④ 通过研究变形湖滨线有效地约束地球的相关物理参数、⑤ 建立河流三角洲发育特征模型并服务于现代社会经济、⑥ 揭示水库蓄水导致的地壳挠曲变形与浅部地质灾害发育的关系及 ⑦ 同震滑坡对局部地貌改造的影响,讨论并展望了未来地壳均衡在构造地貌学领域的发展方向,即结合高精度大地测量技术与地质年代学方法,定量地解决构造地貌研究中的关键问题,更全面、系统地了解地表过程、地球深部过程与动力学和地球圈层之间的相互作用。     

地壳均衡理论及其在构造地貌研究中的应用

地壳均衡是地球科学的一个基本概念,其理论基础为“轻地壳（密度较小）漂浮在重地幔（较稠密）之上”。均衡理论（如冲压假说、弹性板理论等）和模型（如Airy模型、Pratt模型及弹性板模型等）的产生及发展对研究岩石圈流变学性质、圈层相互作用及造山作用等地球动力学过程有着重要意义。本文总结了相关均衡理论、模型及计算方法,并结合其在不同空间尺度构造地貌现象研究中的运用,包括：① 冰川均衡调整研究中不同模型的优化及其对全球海平面变化的指示意义、② 阐明海山洋岛发育过程及其制约因素、③ 利用弹性板模型重建山脉隆升和盆地挠曲沉降史并进一步探讨二者之间的相互作用、④ 通过研究变形湖滨线有效地约束地球的相关物理参数、⑤ 建立河流三角洲发育特征模型并服务于现代社会经济、⑥ 揭示水库蓄水导致的地壳挠曲变形与浅部地质灾害发育的关系及 ⑦ 同震滑坡对局部地貌改造的影响,讨论并展望了未来地壳均衡在构造地貌学领域的发展方向,即结合高精度大地测量技术与地质年代学方法,定量地解决构造地貌研究中的关键问题,更全面、系统地了解地表过程、地球深部过程与动力学和地球圈层之间的相互作用。     

Development of Tectonic Geomorphology Study Promoted by New Methods in China: A Viewpoint from Reviewing the Tian Shan Researches

Tectonic Geomorphology is an important branch of Geomorphology. Now the scope of tectonic geomorphology study has covered the interactions between tectonics, climate, surface processes and the influence on geomorphic evolution. The study of tectonic geomorphology in China started at the beginning of the 20th century, developed gradually in the 1950s, and entered a rapid development stage in the new century. Based on the long-term development, the study of tectonic geomorphology in China has formed a relatively complete theoretical and methodological system, and now presents a trend of the continuous intersection and integration with other adjacent disciplines. Now, several books on tectonic geomorphology have been published. The representative book abroad is Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Burbank D. W. and Anderson R. S., and was first published in 2001 and reprinted in 2012. In China, the first book on tectonic geomorphology is Active Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Yang Jingchun and Li Youli and was first published in 2011.In recent years, the tectonic geomorphology study has been absorbing and integrating the new ideas and new methods of other disciplines, significantly promoting the development of tectonic geomorphology. At the 2019 China Geographic Congress & the 110th anniversary of the establishment of the Chinese Geographical Society, the authors organized the session "Theory, Method and Application of Tectonic Geomorphology", aiming to present the recent progresses of tectonic geomorphology study in China. Later, invited by the editorial office, the authors organized the special column with the same name in the journal Advances in Earth Science. The contents of this column mainly dealt with the classical theoretical problems of geomorphology (the evolution and the controlling mechanism of river terrace, planation surface, and alluvial fan), new methods (such as K-feldspar thermoluminescence thermochronology, detrital zircon U-Pb chronology), and models and numerical simulation of tectonic geomorphology evolution. Because of the limited number of the articles, it was impossible for this column to comprehensively present the recent progresses in the study of tectonic geomorphology in China. Therefore, this paper first briefly reviewed the history of the development of tectonic geomorphology in China and the basic trend of tectonic geomorphology. The authors started the study of neotectonics and tectonic geomorphology in the Tian Shan range and its foreland basins about 15 years ago (exactly in 2002). The main aim of this paper was to explore the contributions of the interdisciplinary and new methods to the development of tectonic geomorphology study, by reviewing the main achievements in the tectonic geomorphology study conducted in the Tian Shan and its foreland basins during the past 20 years. These achievements include the history of uplift and exhumation during the Cenozoic times, the chronology and genesis of the late Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary sequences in the foreland basins, the characteristics of the late Quaternary active tectonic deformation in the foreland and intermontane basins, the late Quaternary river geomorphology (geomorphic framework, chronology, and cause of formation), and erosion rates of the catchment basins. At the end of this paper, it was pointed out that, two aspects may need more attention in the future tectonic geomorphology study, i.e. the comparative study at different time scales and the better constraint of the formation age of river terrace.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711500078X

Low-temperature thermochronology is a widely used tool for revealing denudation histories of mountain ranges.Although this technique has been applied mainly to continental orogens,such as the European Alps,Himalayas,and Andes,recent technological development of low-temperature thermochronology has made it applicable to a wider variety of mountain ranges with various sizes and tectonic histories.The Japanese Islands comprise young and active island arcs,where an early stage of mountain range formation is observed.Numerous attempts have been made to constrain the uplift and denudation histories of the mountains in the Japanese Islands using geologic,geomorphologic.or geodetic methods.However,the number of thermochronometric attempts has been limited primarily due to the small amount of total denudation since the initiation of the uplift.In this review paper,we introduce the tectonic and geomorphic settings of the mountain ranges in the Japanese Islands,and discuss previous attempts to estimate uplift or denudation of the Japanese mountains using methods other than thermochronology.Furthermore,we discuss problems of the thermochronometric applications in revealing denudation histories of the Japanese mountains.Finally,we present a case study of the Kiso Range in central Japan and discuss the current effectiveness and applicability of low-temperature thermochronology to the Japanese mountainous areas.     

动态古地貌再造: Badlands软件在盆地分析中的应用*

近几年来的研究发现,当存在较强的构造活动时,古地理特征变化将会加快,而常规方法很难对这一构造活动过程中的古地理和古地貌进行有效的恢复和研究。Basin and Landscape Dynamics(Badlands)软件正是基于前人的研究工作而开发的一款数值模拟软件,用于模拟各种空间和时间尺度的地貌演化。它可用于研究地表演化过程、预测侵蚀和沉积速率并评估沉积物通量,从而实现对古地理和古地貌进行更为精细化的研究。笔者介绍了Badlands软件的基本原理和方法,并将此方法应用于东海陆架盆地南部中生代地貌及地质演化过程的研究: 首先利用研究区域内现有的地震剖面、测井、平衡剖面等资料获得中生代早期的古地形;再通过恢复的古地形构建数值模型,并加载降雨量、岩石侵蚀性、海平面变化、动力地形调整和地壳弹性层厚度等相关参数进行模拟研究,以分析强烈的构造运动对盆地地貌演化的影响;最后对比模拟结果与已知的中生代的地貌特征和沉积分布,并据此进一步分析中生代盆地演化过程中的沉积物分布规律以及三维古地理和古地貌演化特征。该方法可以为沉积盆地充填过程分析和能源矿产勘探提供有益的思路。     

青藏高原东南缘构造地貌、活动构造和下地壳流动假说

利用高精度的SRTM 数字高程模型（DEM）,定量勾画出青藏高原东南缘大尺度地形地貌的特征。分析表明,高原东南缘地貌特征为“负地形”,即海拔高程与地形坡度,与地形起伏度之间均为负相关关系,与高原中部的“正地形”--海拔高程或地形坡度与地形起伏度之间呈正相关关系,形成鲜明对比。但是,在高原东南缘,在河谷之间保留有高海拔、低起伏的残留面。这些残留面与高原内部的平坦面具相似的渐变地貌特征,从腹地的正地形逐渐变为川西的高海拔平坦面与深切河谷相间的负地形。虽然随着河流下切深度往南逐渐增加,残留面虽越来越少,但仍然可以识别,最终终止在雅砻江逆冲断裂带附近,该断裂带以南地区没有明显负地形特征。北东向展布的雅砻江逆冲断裂带对应着50～200 km宽的地形相对陡变带。综合区域新构造和构造地貌研究的最新成果表明： 1）雅砻江逆冲断裂带可能代表着现今正经受侵蚀改造和弱化的高原老边界,该边界以北和以南地区抬升历史不同; 2）三江地区的峰值抬升期已过,目前以侵蚀为主。虽然不能排除与河流侵蚀对应的均衡反弹抬升作用,但具有真正意义的地壳增厚型的构造抬升较弱。国际上流行的高原东缘下地壳流动模式的依据之一是从高原内外流分界线到南中国海,存在一个区域上延伸数千公里的抬升前低海拔“类夷平面”的残留面。地貌特征,构造和地质综合分析都表明高原东缘不存在这样的类夷平面,不支持解释高原东缘地形演化和相应构造变形的下地壳流动模式。     

Late Neogene Mountain Building of Eastern Kunlun Orogen: Constrained by DEM Analysis

Topography, as a net result of the dynamic interaction between endogenesis and exogenesis, holds immense information on tectonic uplift, surface erosion and thus mountain building. The eastern Kunlun (昆仑) orogen, which experienced significant Late Neogene tectonic uplift and is located in an arid environment, is advantageous for morphotectonlc analysis based on well-preserved tectonic landforms. The digital elevation model (DEM) analysis was carried out for the central segment of the eastern Kunlun orogen based on shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) data. River longitudinal profile analysis indicates that major rivers across the orogen are characterized by high river gradient indexes and intensive tectonic uplift. Differential uplift was also identified in swath-topography analysis in the studied area, which can be divided into three major tectonic-geomorphic units by orogenicstrike-parallel faults. It is indicated that the most active region is located to the south of the Xidatan (西大滩) fault with significant differential uplift. Another identified fault with differential uplift is the Middle Kuninn fault; however, the timing of which is suggested to be much older than that of the Xidatan fault. These analyses are eoneordantly supported by both field survey and studies of thermochronology, which in turn indicates that the DEM analysis bears great potential in morphotectonic analysis.     

从土壤侵蚀角度诠释泥沙连通性

泥沙连通性是近10年来国际上的研究热点,从土壤侵蚀角度准确理解泥沙连通性至关重要。泥沙连通性表征流域内不同地貌或景观单元间的泥沙级联关系,受气候、地质地貌、流域特性、地形条件、土壤属性、植被特性、水文过程、土壤侵蚀以及人类社会活动及其时空变化的综合影响,泥沙连通性具有明显的时空变异特征。研究泥沙连通性的方法包括野外调查法、图论法、指标法和模型模拟法,不同方法的理论基础、数据要求、实施过程与结果存在一定差异,连通性指数目前应用最为广泛,但该指数更多强调结构连通性。亟需加强泥沙连通性概念与物理含义、影响因素及其动力机制、研究方法与指标体系等方面研究,明确泥沙连通性与水文连通性、土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移比的关系,分析水土保持措施对泥沙连通性的影响及其动力机制。     

Tectonic process analysis in Zagros Mountain with the aid of drainage networks and topography maps dated 1950–2001 in GIS

In this study, a digital elevation model was used for hydrological study/watershed management, topography, geology, tectonic geomorphology, and morphometric analysis. Geographical information system provides a specialized set of tools for the analysis of topography, watersheds, and drainage networks that enables to interpret the tectonic activities of an area. The drainage system maps of Zagros Mountains in southwest Iran have been produced using multi-temporal datasets between 1950 and 2001 to establish the changes between geomorphic signatures and geomorphic aspect during time and to correlate them with recent neo-tectonics. This paper discusses the role of drainage for interpreting the scenario of the tectonic processes as one of important signatures. The study shows variation in drainage network derived from topography maps. Thus, changes in drainage pattern, stream length, stream gradient, and the number of segment drainage order from 1950 to 2001 indicate that Zagros Mountain has been subjected to recent neo-tectonic processes and emphasized to be a newly active zone.     

Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides

Since the early 1990's the Paleozoic Uralide Orogen of Russia has been the target of a significant research initiative as part of EUROPROBE and GEODE, both European Science Foundation programmes. One of the main objectives of these research programmes was the determination of the tectonic processes that went into the formation of the orogen. In this review paper we focus on the Late Paleozoic continent–continent collision that took place between Laurussia and Kazakhstania. Research in the Uralides was concentrated around two deep seismic profiles crossing the orogen. These were accompanied by geological, geophysical, geochronological, geochemical, and low-temperature thermochronological studies. The seismic profiles demonstrate that the Uralides has an overall bivergent structural architecture, but with significantly different reflectivity characteristics from one tectonic zone to another. The integration of other types of data sets with the seismic data allows us to interpret what tectonic processes where responsible for the formation of the structural architecture, and when they were active. On the basis of these data, we suggest that the changes in the crustal-scale structural architecture indicate that there was significant partitioning of tectonothermal conditions and deformation from zone to zone across major fault systems, and between the lower and upper crust. Also, a number of the structural features revealed in the bivergent architecture of the orogen formed either in the Neoproterozoic or in the Paleozoic, prior to continent–continent collision. From the end of continent–continent collision to the present, low-temperature thermochronology suggests that the evolution of the Uralides has been dominated by erosion and slow exhumation. Despite some evidence for more recent topographic uplift, it has so far proven difficult to quantify it.     

盆地沉积物示踪源区山脉隆升剥露的几种方法

简要介绍了盆地沉积物示踪山脉隆升剥蚀的几种方法并给以实例分析。与造山 隆升过程相伴生的沉积盆地记录了造山带隆升的许多宝贵信息,利用盆地沉积物反演原区背景常局限于盆地沉积物碎屑组分、副（重）矿物组合及元素地球化学特征的变化,近年国外已开始利用盆地沉积物中颗粒错石Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄谱、Ｎｄ同位素组成、矿物（如黑云母、磷灰石等）热年代学方法示踪盆地沉积物物源性质及物源贡献比例,山脉构造热事件及山脉升剥蚀速率等     

青藏高原的剥蚀与构造抬升*

利用宇宙成因核素¹⁰ Be和²⁶ Al对西昆仑和可可西里北部地表基岩的剥蚀速率进行了测定,得到的结果是:西昆仑的平均剥蚀速率为12m/Ma, 可可西里北部的平均剥蚀速率为15m/Ma。裂变径迹和宇宙成因核素这两种手段所得到的平均剥蚀速率的时间尺度是不同的,前者得到的是几个至数十百万年的平均剥蚀速率,而后者得到的是十几至几十万年的平均剥蚀速率。比较通过这两种手段得到的青藏高原北部和中部的平均剥蚀速率可以发现其平均剥蚀速率从20Ma以来的100m/Ma以上减少到了最近几十万年以来的10m/Ma,我们认为这一剥蚀速率下降的趋势反映了青藏高原从中新世到第四纪晚期构造活动的减弱,据此推断青藏高原北部和中部的隆升应该主要发生在第四纪晚期之前,而不是在最近的几十万年。