GPS-MR技术用于降雪厚度监测研究

降雪是重要的淡水资源,也是全球气候系统中重要的组成部分.目前全球雪深探测主要依靠站点稀疏的人工探测仪或低时空分辨率的遥感卫星.近几年,基于不同地表介质引起GPS多路径效应的GPS-MR技术以其全天候,自动化,时空分辨率高、无需建网等诸多优点成为雪深探测领域的一个新型探测手段,本文在国内首次开展了基于测量型接收机的GPS-MR探测雪深研究.首先详细给出了基于GPS信噪比观测值的GPS-MR技术进行雪深探测的基本原理;其次结合实测GPS观测数据和雪深测量数据,分别利用单颗和多颗GPS卫星对GPS-MR探测雪深的可行性与探测精度进行深入研究与分析.初步实验结果表明基于信噪比观测值的GPS-MR技术可用于雪深探测,与实测雪深数据相比其探测精度约为10cm左右,尤其可用于暴雪监测.GPS-MR技术不仅可充分挖掘全球密集GNSS网络用于地表环境监测(雪深探测、海平面变化、土壤湿度、植被变化、火山活动等)的潜能,而且可进一步精化GNSS多路径模型误差,以期进一步提高GNSS用于精密定位与地表环境监测的精度.     

COMPASS与其他GNSS组合导航完好性分析

GNSS用于民用航空导航必须满足完好性要求,而完好性监测主要通过接收机自主完好性监测和基于增强系统的GNSS完好性通道两种手段实现．北斗卫星导航系统（COMPASS）的快速发展将显著改善卫星几何观测结构,此外,GNSS多频信号可以消除一阶电离层延迟的影响,从而改善RAIM的可用性,使得利用RAIM提供全球范围内无缝的航空进近的完好性服务成为可能．利用仿真数据分析了COMPASS对RAIM可用性的贡献;分析了COMPASS单系统及与其他卫星导航系统组合用于民用航空导航时,利用RAIM能够满足航空进近哪些阶段的完好性需求;探讨了COMPASS用户测距精度对其完好性性能的影响．     

不同卫星载荷探测NDVI性能差异分析及变换参数确定

提出了一种多卫星载荷探测归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)的差异定量分析与改正新方法.该方法集成PROSPECT模型、SAIL模型和MODTRAN大气辐射传输模型来模拟不同卫星载荷的遥感信号,使用遥感模拟信号而非实际卫星图像进行NDVI差异分析和改正.信号模拟中考虑了传感器光谱响应和大气条件的影响,对国内外的30种卫星载荷探测NDVI的差异进行了定量分析.最后,针对不同卫星载荷探测NDVI之间存在的差异,利用模拟数据建立了地面能见度分别为10,23,50km大气条件时30种国内外主要卫星载荷NDVI值间的相互转换关系.本文方法对多载荷NDVI应用分析具有一定的理论及实用意义.     

基于S变换的高频全球导航卫星系统同震数据的震相识别研究

为研究高频全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）信号的P波和S波到时,本文利用2008年汶川M_S8.0地震震时部分站点记录到的1 Hz高频GNSS数据,采用广义S变换将同震信号进行二维时频域平面分解,以此对P波和S波到时进行识别。本文通过调整广义S变换中的调节因子λ_a和p得出,当λ_a＝1.05,p＝1.05时,变换所得图像中的P波和S波到时均较为明显。结果表明,S变换在高频GNSS震相识别中效果明显,可作为GNSS地震学应用中一项有效的技术手段。      

GPS大气掩星技术在全球气候变化研究中的应用

人类活动引起全球变暖,衡量全球气候变化的指标有陆地、大气和海洋温度,水汽含量等等.研究对流层底层大气温度和水汽含量变化的传统方法是用数值天气预报模型和微波声纳,尚未实现用全球均匀覆盖的数据来做精确的定量研究.和GNSS系列卫星计划比较,最近发射的COSMIC卫星气象探测数据的空间、时间以及垂直分辨率都大大提高.采用COSMIC数据可以改进和量化南极洲的大气压力模型,并综合GNSS系列卫星测量的水汽和温度剖面研究全球气候变化.用一维协方差算法估计南极洲及附近海洋的大气压、温度和湿度剖面.把COSMIC卫星密集测量期间演算得到的大气折射率和GNSS系列卫星的结果进行比较.再和独立测量数据进行比较,包括南极洲自动气象观测站资料,数值天气预报模型资料,多种测高卫星水汽资料和海洋表面温度资料以及区域GPS水汽图.上述工作将改进发展中的气象遥感技术并应用于天气预报和空间天气预报及全球气候变化研究.     

蒸发波导对GNSS海面反射信号有效散射区域的影响

蒸发波导在海洋低空的发生概率高达90%,对舰船雷达、通信等电磁系统具有重要影响.为了分析利用GNSS卫星海面反射信号的时延-相关功率波形反演蒸发波导的可行性,本文提出了GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域的概念,并将有效散射区域内的GNSS反射信号区分为GNSS标准反射信号和GNSS波导反射信号;然后,利用射线追踪方法,仿真分析了GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域大小对蒸发波导的关键参数——波导高度的敏感性,并分析了在时延-相关功率波形上利用反射信号的传播时延将二者分离开的可行性.结果表明,GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域对蒸发波导高度非常敏感,对于2～25m高的GNSS反射信号接收天线,当蒸发波导的高度由0m增加至20m时,GNSS反射信号有效散射区域半径的均值可由约14km迅速扩展至约160km;采用高度角足够大的GNSS卫星可以将有效散射区内的GNSS标准反射信号与GNSS波导反射信号在时延-相关功率波形上分离开.     

遥感卫星的防震减灾应用研究

整理了遥感卫星的发展历程和发展趋势,总结了目前国内外遥感卫星的特点、卫星遥感数据的现状及其应用于防震减灾领域的前景。在此基础上,研究卫星遥感应用于防震减灾的优势、面临的困难和目前的现状,并深入分析了卫星遥感数据应用于汶川地震救灾的成就和不足。最后对进一步推动卫星遥感的防震减灾应用展开了分析和讨论。     

低植被覆盖环境下BDS双频多星组合反演土壤水分研究

土壤水分是构成陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,高效、准确的监测其变化具有重要作用.利用全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)反射信号反演土壤水分已成为一种新型的遥感监测方法.目前,已有研究多倾向于在裸土环境下通过全球定位系统(Global Positioning System, GPS)数据反演土壤水分,同时在引入小波分析分离卫星反射信号时,缺乏对分解层数的探讨.为此,基于北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS),提出一种基于小波分析和最小二乘支持向量机的土壤水分双频多星组合反演方法.探讨不同卫星高度角下小波分解层数对卫星信号的分离效果,并对比分析不同双频卫星组合反演土壤水分的可行性和有效性.以低植被覆盖环境为例,实验表明：(1)由于观测数据受多种因素影响,不同卫星最佳的高度角范围和小波分解层数均不同.(2)采用最小二乘支持向量机能够有效综合各卫星不同频率信号包含的土壤水分信息,反演结果更准确;当双频组合为四星时,反演结果与参考值之间的相关系数为0.977,较单星单频提高...     

基于单站多系统的GNSS硬件延迟估算方法及其应用

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite Systems,GNSS）的不断发展,中国地区单个GNSS接收站在一个时刻可以接收到超过30颗GNSS卫星的信号,这为单站GNSS硬件延迟估算方法的研究提供了有利条件.本文首先通过GNSS硬件实验,分析了不同温度条件下GNSS系统硬件延迟的变化特征,研究结果显示：当温度快速变化时,硬件延迟变化比较剧烈,变化幅度可达12.53 TECU（1 TECU=10 ¹⁶el·m^-2）;在恒温条件或室温条件下,硬件延迟变化比较缓慢,变化幅度在1.00 TECU左右.在GNSS系统硬件延迟实验的基础上,充分利用单站多星观测的特点,提出了一种基于单站多系统的GNSS硬件延迟的估算方法——单站三角分解与差分消元法,并将该方法应用于河北保定站2015-2017年GNSS系统硬件延迟的求解中.通过对估算的GNSS系统硬件延迟进行分析显示：单站三角分解与差分消元法具有计算速度快、独立性好的特点;在北斗系统上硬件延迟的求解效果优于GPS、GLONASS系统,硬件延迟求解的结果整体上比利用欧洲定轨中心全球电离层地图校正的结果大2.50~3.00TECU左右;同时,该方法在消除GNSS系统硬件延迟后,获得的垂直总电子含量（Total Electron Content,TEC）能较好地反映电离层TEC的周日变化、日出增强、半年变化、年变化和春秋分不对称性等特征.     

高光谱遥感技术在建 (构) 筑物震害识别中的应用

高光谱遥感作为20世纪空间对地观测技术重大进步的产物,通过其较高的光谱分辨率,为人们提供了丰富的地球表面信息,在各个研究领域得到了快速发展和广泛应用,并取得了卓越的成果。尽管高光谱遥感具有独特的优势,但是针对其在震害评估领域中应用的相关研究较少。本文在总结高光谱遥感的特征、优势及不同领域应用现状的基础上,开展了其在震害评估领域的应用研究。基于ASD地物波谱仪获取的建（构）筑物光谱曲线构建可用于震害分析所需的光谱特征库,对比光谱库中地物曲线之间的差异后,发现高光谱遥感在震害评估领域中的应用是可行的,因不同震害地物之间的光谱特征曲线存在差异,依据这种差异可区分不同的震害信息,从而对震害遥感图像进行精细分类。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.