Adsorption and stabilization of organic carbon by mineral surfaces in soils

Soils are the largest carbon reservoir in the terrestrial system. Soils contain about three times more carbon than vegetation and twice as much as that present in the atmosphere. Soil organic matter （SOM） is very complex in composition and structure, formed of heterogeneous substances and generally associated with minerals in soils. SOM is classified as labile and stable fractions on the basis of residence time, determined not only by the chemical composition of SOM, but also by types of protection or bonds within soils. The stable carbon fraction is protected either physically or chemically. To understand the process of SOM stabilization, physicochemical properties of organic-mineral complexes were determined by Fourier transformed infrared （FTIR） with attenuated total reflectance （ATR） and diffuse reflectance （DRIFT）, atomic force microscopy （AFM）, and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy （NMR）. Humic acids and carboxylic acids with relatively short carbon chains were used as sorbates, and goethite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite as adsorbents. Humic acid was fractionated during adsorption on the minerals, which was highly influenced by the characteristics of minerals. For instance, long-chain aliphatic carbon was likely to be adsorbed onto the surface of kaolinite and montmorillonite, while goethite surface attracted carboxylic functional groups of humic acid.     

Effect of Clay Minerals on Transport of Surfactants Dispersed Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in Porous Media

Clay minerals can hinder the transport of various contaminants in soil and aquifer, but how clay minerals affect the transport of nanoparticles in aquifers has not been investigated in depth. In this paper, the transport of surfactants dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in well-defined quartz sand and mixtures of quartz sand and clay minerals (kaolinite and montmorillonite) with varying ionic strengths was studied. Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and octyl-phenol-ethoxylate (TX100) MWCNT suspensions can migrate through quartz sand easily, but the presence of less than 2% w/w clay minerals in quartz sand can significantly hinder the transport of MWCNT suspensions, especially at high ion strength (0.6 mM CaCl2). The inhibition mechanism of clay minerals for surfactant-dispersed MWCNTs in porous media is the interception of MWCNTs. Kaolinite has stronger inhibition effect for MWCNTs transport than montmorillonite because more kaolinite can be retained in the quartz sand. Adsorption of surfactants by clay minerals does not affect the transport of MWCNTs significantly. This finding is important for the environmental assessment of MWCNT transport risks in soils and aquifers.     

Experimental study of the selective adsorption of heavy metals onto clay minerals

The interaction between minerals and heavy metals has been a hot object of study in environmental science,mineralogy and soil science,Through the selective adsorption experiment of Ca-montomorillonite,illite and kaolinite to Cu2 ,Pb^2 ,Zn^2 ,Cd^2 ,and Cr^3 ions at certain conditions,it could be concluded that Cr^3 is most effectively sorbed by all the three minerals.Also,it can be found that Pb^2 shows a strong affinity for illite and kaolinite while cu^2 for montmorillonite .Based on the adsorption experiment at varying pH of solution,it can be found that the amount of heavy etals sorbed by minerals increases with increasing pH of the solution.     

Adsorption of Pentachlorophenol onto Oxide and Clay Minerals： Surface Reaction Model and Environmental Implications

The adsorption of pentachlorophenol （PCP） onto quartz, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and iron oxides has been investigated by batch equilibrium techniques. The pH-dependent isotherms are curves with peak values, the position of which is at about pH = 5-6 depending on the mineral species. Based on distribution of both speciation of surface hydroxyls on minerals and PCP in solution a surface reaction model involving surface complexation and surface electrostatic attraction is presented to fit the pH-dependent isotherms, and both reaction constants are calculated. The results show that on quartz and phyllosilicate minerals the predominant adsorption reaction is surface complexation, meanwhile both of surface electrostatic attraction and surface complexation are involved on the iron oxide minerals. The reaction constants of surface electrostatic adsorption are usually one to three orders in magnitude, larger than that of surface complexation. The concentration-dependent isotherms can be well fitted by Langmnir equation with the correlation coefficient R〉0.93 for kaolinite and iron oxides. The maximum adsorption is found in the order： hematite 〉 lepidocrocite 〉 goethite 〉 kaolinite 〉 quartz 〉 montmorillonite ≈ illite, which can be interpreted by consideration of both reaction mechanism and surface hydroxyl density. The significant adsorption of PCP onto mineral surfaces suggests that clay and iron oxide minerals will play an important role as HIOCs are adsorbed in laterite or latertoid soil, which is widespread in South China.     

Influence of humic acid on bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments

The mimetic ocean environment and chemical method were used to research the bioavailability effect of humic acid on five heavy metals in sediment, including Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni. The sediment was separated into four containers with artificial seawater, and each of them had different concentrations of humic acid. The values of concentrations covered the whole range found in natural sediment （0.1%-10%）. According to the 48 hours LC50 of clam and distribution coefficient, metals were added in artificial seawater, and their speciation was determined at first and then after two days＇ incubation. It was found the bioavailability of heavy metals was reduced in the presence of humic acid. The obvious negative effect on Zn was observed, but the influence on Cd was not remarkable. In addition, the contents of Pb and Ni increased obviously in organic phase, and they are correlative with the concentrations of humic acid.     

Sorption of phenanthrene on the complexes of kaolinite and different organic component

Sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals by various components influences their behavior and fate in environment. In the natural environment, mineral components, organic matter and microorganism didn＇t exist alone. They combined or reacted one another and formed the mineral-humic, mineral-microorganic and mineral- humic- microorganic complexes. A clear understanding of the sorption of organic chemicals by the complexes of mineral and humic acid and/or microorganism will help to determine their sorptive mechanisms in environment. In this paper, the sorption patterns of phenanthrene on the complexes of kaolinite and different organic component （humic acid and microorganism） have been carried on. The results show that the combination of HA and kaolinite not only changed the structure of HA, but also modified the surface chemistry of clay mineral. Interaction between HA and kaolinite is presumably ascribable to coulombic interactions and ligand exchange between the -COOH groups of HA and OH groups at the kaolinite surface. During the sorption on mineral surface, aliphatic fractions of HA were preferentially sored by kaolinite while aromatic fractions were left in the solution. More linear isotherms and higher Koc values were observed for kaolinite-HA complex in comparison of the pure HA. The sorption capacity of kaolinite-HA complex increased with increasing ionic strength and pH, and showed more nonlinear character. Kaolinite, microorganism and kaolinite-microorganism complex can all sorb phenanthrene, but the sorption capacity significantly differed. Bacterial cell sorbed more phenanthrene than kaolinite. The biofllm coating of kaolinite affected its sorption to phenanthrene. Kaolinite with biolfilm coating sorbed more phenanthrene than that without biofilm coating. The sorption capacity of kaolinite-microorganism complex decreased with increasing ionic strength and decreasing pH, but showed more nonlinear character. Both HA and microorganism can alter the nature of kaolinite sorbing phenanthrene respectively.     

Surface Microtextures of Slipping Zone Soil of Some Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir District and Their Significance

The mineral assemblage and content and surface microtextures of slipping zone soil of several landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir District have been analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). All the mineral assemblages are similar in these landslides. The main minerals are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz and feldspar. There are two kinds of surface microtexture in the slipping zone soil, i.e., linear scratches and arcuate scratches. Based on analyses of the changes of the microtextures, one can obtain information about the number, directions and stages of landslide movements. The authors have also studied the mechanism of landslide formation, evaluated the stability of landslides and revival possibility of ancient landslides and forecasted the activity of similar landslides in different districts. The surface microtexture features of stable landslides and mobile landslides are summarized and it is concluded that the existence of filam     

Flotation mechanism of octylic hydroxamic acid on diaspore

Bauxite resources are widely spread in the earth. However, the effective utilization of this mineral is still under infant. The conventional collector for diaspore mineral is oleic acid. It has three main drawbacks which are highly insoluble, large dosages in bauxite flotation, and low selectivity, which hinder its application in industry. In this research, octylic hydroxamic acid was synthesized, and its collecting ability toward two major minerals in bauxite-diaspore and kaolinite was investigated. The collecting power of various reagents for diaspore are shown as follows: oleic acid相似文献   

Effect of particles on the photodegradation of PAHs in natural waters-A case study for the Yellow River

Photodegradation of chrysene, benzo （a） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene in natural water of the Yellow River was studied using simulation sunlight. The effects of particulates on the photodegradation were explored. Several results arose from this study. （1） The photodegradation of PAHs can be fitted with first-order kinetics when no particulate exists in water system, and the first-order constant increases with decreasing of initial concentration of PAHs. The photodegradation rates of the three PAHs are related to their molecule absorption spectrum. （2） The existence of loess exerts two kinds of effects on the photodegradation of PAHs, including the inner filter effects and the photosensitizing effects of humic substance in loess. These two contrary effects lead to the difference of net effects among different contents of loess. When the loess contents are 0.1 and 5.0 g/L, the existence of loess stimulates the photodegradation of chrysene, benzo （a） pyrene. When the loess content is 5.0 g/L, the existence of loess stimulates the photodegradation of benzo （g, h, i） perylene. In addition, the photodegradation of PAHs can be fitted with the second-order kinetics when there is loess in the water system. （3） The soluble humic substances in loess can accelerate the photodegradation of PAHs while the in soluble part cannot. （4） Since the soluble humic substances in the suspended solids of the river have been dissolved in water,     

Kinetic Modeling of Diagenesis of Eogene Lacustrine Sandstone Reservoirs in the Jianghan Basin,Southeastern China

In the Tuoshi oilfield,located in the Cenozoic Jianghan Basin of southeastern China ,there have been found hydrocarbon reservoirs hosted in lacustrine sandstones of the Eogene Xingouzui Formation.The main diagenetic features identified in these sandstones include the dissolution of detrital K-feldspar and albite grains,the precipitation of quartz as overgrowths and /or cements ,and the precipitation and /or transformation of clay minerals.These diagenetic features were interpreted to have occurred in early,intermediate and late stages,based on the burial depth.The kinetics of fluid-mineral reactions and the concentrations of aqueous species au each stage of diagenesis were simulated numerically for these lacustrine sandstones,using a quasi-sta-tionary state approximation that incorporates simultaneous chemical reactions in a time-space continuum.During the early diagenetic stage,pore fluid was weakly acidic,which resulted in dissolution of K-feldspar and albite and,therefore,led to the release of K^ ,Na^ ,Al^3 and SiO2(aq) into the diagenetic fluid.The increased K^ ,Na^ ,Al^3 and SiO2(aq) concentrations in the diagenetic fluid caused the precipitation of quartz,kaolinite and illite.At the beginning of the intermediate diagenetic stage the concentration of H^ was built up due to the decomposition of organic matter,which was responsible for further dissolution of K-feldspar and albite and pre-cipitation of quartz,kaolinite,and illite.During the late diagenetic stage,the pore fluid was weakly alkaline,K-feldspar became stable and was precipitated with quartz and clay minerals.When the burial depth was greater than 3000 m,the pore fluids became supersaturated with respect to allbite,but undersaturated with respect to quartz,resulting in the precipitation of albite and the dissolution of quartz.The diagenetic reactions forecasted in the numerical modeling closely matched the diagenet-ic features identified by petrographic examination, and therefore,can help us to gain a better understanding of the diagenetic processes and associated porosity evolution in sandstone reservoirs.     

Sorptive removal of ibuprofen from water using selected soil minerals and activated carbon

Pharmaceuticals have gained significant attention in recent years due to the environmental risks posed by their versatile application and occurrence in the natural aquatic environment. The transportation and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the environmental media mainly depends on their sorption behavior in soils, sediment?Cwater systems and waste water treatment plants, which varies widely across pharmaceuticals. Sorption of ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, onto various soil minerals, viz., kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite, and activated carbon, as a function of pH (3?C11), ionic strength (NaCl concentration: 0.001?C0.5?M), and the humic acid concentration (0?C1,000?mg/L) was investigated through batch experiments. Experimental results showed that the sorption of ibuprofen onto all sorbents was highest at pH 3, with highest sorption capacity for activated carbon (28.5?mg/g). Among the minerals, montmorillonite sorbed more ibuprofen than kaolinite and goethite, with sorption capacity increasing in the order goethite (2.2?mg/g)?<?kaolinite (3.1?mg/g)?<?montmorillonite (6.1?mg/g). The sorption capacity of the selected minerals increased with increase in ionic strength of the solution in acidic pH condition indicating that the effect of pH was predominant compared to that of ionic strength. An increase in humic acid concentration from low to high values made the sorption phenomena very complex in the soil minerals. Based on the experimental observations, montmorillonite, among the selected soil minerals, could serve as a good candidate to remove high concentrations of ibuprofen from aqueous solution.     

高岭石和蒙脱石吸附胡敏酸的对比研究

高岭石和蒙脱石分别是暖湿和冷干气候带内典型土壤的代表性矿物,对二者吸附胡敏酸特点的对比研究可以为探索不同地带土壤中重金属的环境行为提供重要的依据。笔者通过一系列实验研究了pH值、离子强度和胡敏酸初始浓度对胡敏酸在高岭石和蒙脱石上吸附量的影响,重点剖析了引起高岭石和蒙脱石在吸附胡敏酸方面表现出的共性和差异的原因。研究结果表明:1)在pH=5条件下,胡敏酸在高岭石和蒙脱石上的吸附量均随着胡敏酸初始浓度和离子强度的升高而逐渐增加;2)胡敏酸在高岭石和蒙脱石上的吸附量均随着pH值的升高而降低;3)pH<6时,高岭石吸附的胡敏酸量多于蒙脱石,pH>6时则相反。这是由高岭石和蒙脱石在不同pH条件下吸附胡敏酸的机制不同造成的。在pH<6时,高岭石与胡敏酸之间的静电引力起主导作用,其次是配位交换作用和氢键作用。此时,蒙脱石以氢键作用为主要吸附机制。在pH>6时,高岭石和蒙脱石的主要吸附机制分别是疏水性作用和阳离子键桥。     

高岭石和硅／铝-氧化物对腐殖酸的吸附实验研究

矿物结合的腐殖质可改变矿物的表面性质,矿物对腐殖酸的吸附强度与矿物的吸附位性质、密度、荷电性及比表面积有关.若按比表面积计算,矿物对腐殖酸的吸附强度顺序为氢氧化铝>高岭石>石英;按单位质量计算,吸附强度顺序为高岭石>氢氧化铝>石英.研究表明,矿物表面活性受水溶液pH值的调控,且当pH值在4～7时,上述3种矿物对腐殖酸的吸附机理为石英主要表现为氢键作用;氢氧化铝主要表现为配体交换表面配位作用;高岭石表现为多种形式并存,包括氢键、配体交换表面配位和疏水性作用以及金属离子桥键作用.     

天然黏土矿物和腐殖酸对纳米乳化油吸持的实验研究

为探讨天然黏土矿物及有机质对纳米乳化油在多孔介质中迁移滞留的影响，本文选取高岭石和蒙脱石这两种黏土矿物以及有机质的典型代表腐殖酸，开展了单一矿物、有机质及有机矿质复合物对纳米乳化油的吸持批实验研究，并运用比表面积全分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术手段探讨了吸持机理。实验结果表明，介质对纳米乳化油的吸持均符合Freundlich模型；单一矿物及腐殖酸对纳米乳化油的吸持能力表现为：蒙脱石>腐殖酸>高岭石，有机矿质复合样品的吸持能力表现为：蒙脱石-腐殖酸>高岭石-腐殖酸，且均大于其对应的单一样品，出现了“1+1>2”的现象，表明介质组成越复杂，对纳米乳化油的吸持滞留程度越大。进一步分析证实，纳米乳化油主要通过氢键和疏水作用吸持在矿物和腐殖酸表面，表面结构性质是高岭石和蒙脱石吸持过程中的主导因素，因此蒙脱石具有更强的吸持能力，而腐殖酸的吸持主要通过颗粒间聚集作用来实现；对于复合样品，吸持主要通过氢键、配体交换和疏水作用结合来实现。腐殖酸与矿物的复合会增加吸持位点并且增强矿物表面疏水性，从而促进吸持。腐殖酸与纳米乳化油的共吸...     

山西、河南高铝粘土铝土矿矿床矿物学研究

耐火材料工业把Al₂O₃>46%（熟料）的耐火粘土称为“高铝粘土”。从理论上应把铝硅比≥2.6的称为耐火用铝土矿,惟我国《储量规范》为了勘探工作方便仍称其为高铝粘土。而普通耐火粘土（熟料Al₂O₃<46%,但实际应用扩大到50%）与高铝粘土中的易熔杂质总量不超过6%,灼减一般不大于16%,Fe₂O₃一般不大于3%或3.5%。     

黑龙江金厂金矿床18号矿体围岩蚀变及短波红外光谱特征

金厂金矿18号矿体围岩蚀变发育顺序从早到晚为:钾化、硅化、绿泥石化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、高蛉土化,从内往外依次发育青磐岩化带、绢英岩化带和钾化带.矿化出现在泥化和绢英岩化叠加处,以及泥化和青磐岩化叠加处.通过短波红外光谱测试技术,识别出本矿区有26种蚀交矿物,其中白云母含量与金矿体呈正相关,说明绢云母化与金矿化关系密切;青磐岩化带蚀变矿物组合为绿泥石+绿帘石+伊利石±埃洛石±蒙脱石±石英;钾化带蚀变矿物组合为钾长石+高岭石+埃洛石±蒙脱石±石英;绢英岩化带蚀变矿物组合为绢云母+埃洛石±蒙脱石±高岭石±石英.     

东胜煤系砂岩型高岭土的富集机理

通过对东胜含煤地层成煤期沉积环境、古介质等的分析,并用有机吸附实验对高岭石与有机质的吸附关系进行了实验,探讨了东胜砂岩型高岭土的富集机理。结果表明,高岭石在河流环境中的富集成矿与水介质中大量有机质的存在有关,植物分解产生的腐殖质具有很强的吸附性,在pH值>5.5和适量的多价阳离子存在的条件下,介质水中的腐殖质可通过多价阳离子与高岭石和石英相互牢固吸附,形成高岭石-有机质-石英复合体,从而使高岭石能够与石英一起搬运、沉积;某些具有一定疏水性的有机质与矿物的吸附,改变了矿物颗粒表面的亲水性,促进了高岭石的沉积富集。      

模拟有机质—矿质复合体对三氯乙烯的吸附

为了研究土壤中有机质-矿质复合体结合形式对有机污染物吸附的影响, 利用批实验的方法, 对比研究有机质-矿质复合体与无机矿物和腐殖酸简单的混合物对三氯乙烯的吸附.结果表明, 与腐殖酸相比, 高岭石和石英砂吸附三氯乙烯量很小.模拟有机质-矿质复合体吸附三氯乙烯是线性吸附, K_oc值随腐殖酸含量的增加而减小, 并且比纯腐殖酸样品的K_oc值小.有机质与矿质的相互作用影响了有机质的吸附性能.对有机质在复合体中的形态变化进行了分析, 提出了有机质-矿质复合体模型, 并对实验结果进行了合理的解释.