稠油热采时移地震监测研究与应用

我国具有丰富的稠油资源,但国内外针对陆相薄互层稠油油藏热采动态的时移地震监测研究还很少.通过分析火烧油层对储层的影响,结合已有的岩石物理测量结果,建立了薄互层油藏火烧油层模型,开展了地震正演模拟研究,并给出了应用实例.结果表明,稠油热采(注蒸汽、火烧油层、注热水)会引起储层岩石和孔隙流体弹性特性的显著改变,从而导致明显的地震属性差异;时移地震可以用来划分油层中高温区范围,跟踪高温前缘等.在陆相薄互层稠油田热采开发中,利用时移地震来监测油田开发的全过程是可行的.     

油藏水驱开采时移地震监测岩石物理基础测量

岩石物理测量是油藏水驱开采时移地震监测的基础.在实验室对来自胜利油田的5块岩石样品模拟储层条件进行了水驱和气驱动态岩石物理弹性测量,重点分析了流体替换、温度、孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响.实验表明,在水驱情形下,由于流体替换和温度、孔隙压力变化所引起的岩石纵横波速度的变化均很小,实施时移地震监测具有较大的风险性.相比之下,气驱可能引起较为明显的纵波速度变化,有利于时移地震监测的实施.进一步完善实验方法、丰富实验内容、是今后时移地震岩石物理实验研究的主要任务.     

基于岩石物理实验的时移地震研究

时移地震技术是油田开发阶段动态检测的一个重要手段.岩石物理实验室能实现模拟油气田在开采过程中其储层参数变化对岩石弹性参数的影响.本文基于岩石物理实验及地震正演模拟,分析了X气田在开采过程中其孔隙压力下降及水不断侵入情况下,进行时移地震监测的可行性及其主要影响因素.     

弹性波阻抗反演在稠油热采地震监测中的应用

在稠油热采地震监测中,储层特性的变化主要是通过弹性波参数的变化才最终表现为地层速度和实际地震响应的变化.因此,在一定条件下,弹性波参数应当是储层特定变化最直接和灵敏的标志.本文详细叙述了弹性波阻抗反演的方法,并将其应用于稠油热采地震资料的反演和解释中,结果表明弹性波阻抗反演用于稠油热采地震监测是切实可行的.     

地震尺度下碳酸盐岩储层的岩石物理建模方法(英文)

碳酸盐岩油藏的强非均质性以及孔隙结构的复杂性,使得作为连接油藏参数与地震参数重要桥梁的岩石物理模型,以及作为油藏预测和定量表征最有效工具的流体替换成为岩石物理建模的难点与重点。在碳酸盐岩储层复杂孔隙结构与地震尺度下碳酸盐岩储层非均质性分析基础上,研究采用岩石网格化方法,将地震尺度下非均质碳酸盐岩储层岩石划分为具有独立岩石参数的均质岩石子体,根据岩石孔隙成因与结构特征采用不同岩石物理模型分步计算岩石子块干岩石弹性模量,并根据不同孔隙连通性进行流体替换,计算饱和不同流体岩石弹性模量。基于计算的岩石子块弹性模量,采用Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole弹性边界计算理论方法实现地震尺度下碳酸盐岩储层弹性参数计算。通过对含有不同类型孔隙组合碳酸盐岩储层模型的弹性模量进行计算与分析,明确不同孔隙对岩石弹性参数的影响特征,模拟分析结果与实际资料认识一致。     

时移地震监测水驱前沿的方法和应用研究

油藏开发过程的有效监测是合理开采油藏和提高采收率的关键之一.本文根据水驱油藏流体变化的基本规律以及其他实验和统计结果,讨论了长期注水开采油藏储层物性变化及其引起的弹性参数变化和地震响应变化特征,明确了水驱前沿的概念,提出了基于差异振幅和奇异值分析的时移地震监测水驱前沿方法.理论模型研究表明该方法是可行的.通过对东部地区某油田的两次三维地震数据处理、分析,确定了水驱前沿的位置,后钻的两口井证实了预测结果的准确性和方法的有效性.研究结果还表明,通过水驱前沿的监测并结合初期油藏描述的结果,时移地震可以很好地预测长期水驱油藏剩余油的分布.     

储层温压变化与油藏地震监测

在分析储层温压变化对孔隙流体地震特性、岩石孔隙度和速度等影哈的基础上，以油藏注水地震监到为例说明了油藏地震监剩中考虑温压变化的重要性。研究结果表明：①储层温度、压力的变化将会引起原油地震特性的明显变化，但地层水的变化相对较小。②温度对岩石孔隙度和速度的影响是线性的，而压力的影响则是非线性的。对于中等孔隙的砂岩，温度每增加20℃，岩石的孔隙度和纵横波速度分别减小约2.6％和1.0％以上。对于深度在1100m左右的储层，4MPa的地层压力降低将分别会引起约1.8％和3.3％的纵、横波速度增加。③在油藏强化开采地震监副研究中，除流体替换外，当储层温度、压力的变化较大时，其对实施油藏地震监测有具有非常重要的影响，必须慎重对待。     

地震岩石物理研究概述

地震岩石物理是研究岩石物理性质与地震响应之间关系的一门学科,它通过对各种岩心资料、测井资料和地震资料进行综合分析,研究岩性、孔隙度、孔隙类型、孔隙流体、流体饱和度和频率参数等对岩石中弹性性质的影响,并提出利用地震响应预测岩石物理性质的理论和方法,是地震响应与储层岩石参数之间联系的桥梁,进行定量储层预测的基本前提.在查阅了大量相关资料的基础上,对国内外地震岩石物理研究现状进行了详细的概述,并总结了其存在问题和发展前景.     

非重复采集时移地震正演模拟及可行性分析

本文主要研究前期为常规三维地震勘探和后期为高精度三维地震勘探的这种典型非重复采集时移地震的可行性,主要使用正演模拟和匹配处理相结合的方法进行.本文推导了基于PML边界的三维声波波动方程时空域高阶有限差分正演方程,根据岩石物理流体替代分析方法计算得到时移前后储层的弹性参数,建立了时移地震地球物理模型,设计了常规三维和高精度三维观测系统,进行地震正演模拟,获得了非重复采集时移地震理论模拟数据.利用匹配处理法对非重复采集时移地震正演模拟数据和实际资料进行可行性分析,匹配处理过程主要包括初始数据匹配、一致性处理和互均化处理等.理论模拟数据和实际资料的匹配处理结果表明,通过针对性的分析和处理,利用非重复采集的地震资料进行时移地震研究是可行的,能够得到较好的时移地震响应,在一定程度上反映了油藏的变化情况.     

有效压力与饱和度变化的气藏多波时移地震AVO响应

天然气在开发过程中,储层有效压力和含气饱和度均会发生变化,研究有效压力和含气饱和度的变化对地震响应特征的影响,在基于时移地震的剩余气分布预测研究中具有重要意义。天然气和石油的声学性质有着明显的差异,油藏时移地震的研究成果不能直接应用于气藏,因此需要开展气藏的时移地震研究。利用Shapiro模型表征干岩石弹性模量随有效压力的变化,借助Batzle-Wang方程描述流体速度随压力的变化关系,联合Gassmann理论进行流体替代,表征饱和流体岩石速度随含气饱和度的变化,建立了饱和流体岩石速度随有效压力和饱和度变化的岩石物理模型。基于该模型,对不同含气饱和度和不同有效压力下的气藏储层模型进行了多波时移地震叠前振幅变化（AVO）模拟。结果表明多波时移地震AVO技术可以有效地区分有效压力变化和含气饱和度变化,为进一步开展气藏多波时移地震流体监测提供了理论参考依据。      

Feasibility study using simulation mode for offshore field SZ36-1

Field SZ36-1 is a water-flooded heavy oil reservoir with high porosity and unconsolidated sand. The recovery rate is low so that it becomes a challenge for production. Time-lapse seismic data is studied to improve the oil recovery for this field, This feasibility study analyzes the possible time-lapse seismic attribute spatial distribution using dynamic data and the reservoir model to determine the optimum time to acquire a new seismic survey. Based on the study, it is found that the time-lapse seismic response for this unconsolidated sand has a strong signature due to solution gas when the reservoir pressure is below the bubble point. This indicates that acquiring a new survey after 10 years of production is appropriate for a time-lapse seismic application.     

海上油田绥中36-1时移地震可行性研究的动态分析方法

绥中36—1作为中海油主力注水生产、疏松砂岩稠油油田,提高采收率成为当前的主要技术方向。时移地震作为提高采收率的主要地球物理手段,使之成为主要的研究方向。本文阐述了我们利用已有的生产数据、油藏认识的可行研究,即利用动态及历史拟合的油藏模型,分析油藏可能时移地震响应,寻找时移地震响应在时空的分布特征。一方面可以分析在本地区应用时移地震技术的可行性;另一方面对第二次甚至第三次采集时移地震数据的时机进行分析。经过分析认为绥中36—1的时移地震响应除受到疏松储层的影响外,将受油藏脱气的影响。并认为生产10年后采集时移地震数据有相当的可行性。     

The added value of joint PP–PS inversion for reservoir characterization: A case study using Jubarte PRM seismic data (offshore Brazil)

The added value of the joint pre-stack inversion of PP (incident P-wave and reflected P-wave) and PS (incident P-wave and reflected S-wave) seismic data for the time-lapse application is shown. We focus on the application of this technique to the time-lapse (four-dimensional) multicomponent Jubarte field permanent reservoir monitoring seismic data. The joint inversion results are less sensitive to noise in the input data and show a better match with the rock physics models calibrated for the field. Further, joint inversion improves S-impedance estimates and provides a more robust quantitative interpretation, allowing enhanced differentiation between pore pressure and fluid saturation changes, which will be extremely useful for reservoir management. Small changes in reservoir properties are expected in the short time between the time-lapse seismic acquisitions used in the Jubarte project (only 1 year apart). The attempt to recover subtle fourth-dimensional effects via elastic inversion is recurrent in reservoir characterization projects, either due to the small sensitivity of the reservoirs to fluid and pressure changes or the short interval between the acquisitions. Therefore, looking for methodologies that minimize the uncertainty of fourth-dimensional inversion outputs is of fundamental importance. Here, we also show the differences between PP only and joint PP–PS inversion workflows and parameterizations that can be applied in other projects. We show the impact of using multicomponent data as input for elastic seismic inversions in the analysis of the time-lapse differences of the elastic properties. The larger investment in the acquisition and processing of multicomponent seismic data is shown to be justified by the improved results from the fourth-dimensional joint inversion.     

弹性波阻抗在时移地震中的应用分析

常规声波波阻抗由于缺乏横波的信息,使得它对于流体的变化很不敏感,而弹性波阻抗反演,除了与纵波速度,密度有关之外,还与横波速度、入射角度有关,由于考虑了AVO(Amplitude Variation with Offset)效应,使得对流体和岩性的预测能力增强.本文将弹性波阻抗反演应用于时移地震中,采用AVA(Amplitude Variation with Angle)约束稀疏脉冲反演来进行弹性波阻抗反演,得到纵横波阻抗等弹性参数,通过交会图分析,将弹性参数转换为油藏参数,如预测含水饱和度的变化,通过本方法可增强对储层流体的预测,提高储层管理能力.     

Research on seismic fluid identification driven by rock physics

Seismic fluid identification works as an effective approach to characterize the fluid feature and distribution of the reservoir underground with seismic data. Rock physics which builds bridge between the elastic parameters and reservoir parameters sets the foundation of seismic fluid identification, which is also a hot topic on the study of quantitative characterization of oil/gas reservoirs. Study on seismic fluid identification driven by rock physics has proved to be rewarding in recognizing the fluid feature and distributed regularity of the oil/gas reservoirs. This paper summarizes the key scientific problems immersed in seismic fluid identification, and emphatically reviews the main progress of seismic fluid identification driven by rock physics domestic and overseas, as well as discusses the opportunities, challenges and future research direction related to seismic fluid identification. Theoretical study and practical application indicate that we should incorporate rock physics, numerical simulation, seismic data processing and seismic inversion together to enhance the precision of seismic fluid identification.     

Seismic time–frequency analysis as a robust method to estimate the fluid saturation: A case study of carbonates reservoir,Iran

The propagation of seismic waves through a saturated reservoir compresses the fluid in the pore spaces. During this transition, parts of seismic energy would be attenuated because of intrinsic absorption. Rock physics models make the bridge between the seismic properties and petrophysical reality in the earth. Attenuation is one of the significant seismic attributes used to describe the fluid behaviour in the reservoirs. We examined the core samples using ultrasonic experiments at the reservoir conditions. Given the rock properties of the carbonate reservoir and experiment results, the patchy saturation mechanism was solved for substituted fluid using the theory of modulus frequency. The extracted relationship between the seismic attenuation and water saturation was used in time–frequency analysis. We performed the peak frequency method to estimate the Q factor in the Gabor domain and determined the water saturation based on the computed rock physics model. The results showed how the probable fault in the reservoir has stopped the fluid movement in the reservoir and caused touching the water‐bearing zone through drilling.     

Analysis of reservoir heterogeneity-induced amplification effect on time-lapse seismic responses of fluid substitution: A physical modelling study

Seismic wave propagation through a fluid-saturated poroelastic layer might be strongly affected by media heterogeneities. Via incorporating controlled laboratory simulation experiments, we extend previous studies of time-lapse seismic effects to evaluate the wave scattering influence of the heterogeneous nature of porous permeable media and the associated amplification effects on 4D seismic response characteristics of reservoir fluid substitution. A physical model consisted of stratified thin layers of shale and porous sandstone reservoir with rock heterogeneities was built based on the geological data of a real hydrocarbon-saturated reservoir in Northeast China. Multi-surveys data of good quality were acquired by filling poroelastic reservoir layers with gas, water and oil in sequence. Experimental observations show that reservoir heterogeneity effect causes significantly magnified abnormal responses to the fluid-saturated media. Specifically, reflection signatures of the gas-filled reservoir are dramatically deviated from those of the liquid fluid-filled reservoir, compared with ones of the homogeneous media. By removing the influences unrelated to reservoir property alterations, 4D seismic estimates of travel-time and frequency-dependent characteristic are reasonably consistent with fluid variations. Nevertheless, strong 4D amplitude difference anomalies might not correspond to the regions where fluid variations occur. We also find that 4D seismic difference attributes are evident between oil- and water-filled models, whereas significant between oil- and gas-filled models. Meanwhile, rock physics modelling results reveal the predicted 4D seismic differences are obviously smaller than those calculated from seismic observations. The results in this paper, therefore, implicate that the effect of a reservoir's heterogeneous nature might be beneficial for hydrocarbons detection as well as monitoring small variations in pore fluids.