无居民海岛保护和利用规划利益相关者界定、分类及管理策略研究

无居民海岛保护和利用规划是我国海岛保护规划体系的最后一级规划,是政府引导无居民海岛保护和利用最直接的调控工具。文章在分析无居民海岛保护和利用规划利益相关者概念与内涵的基础上,对无居民海岛保护和利用规划利益相关者进行识别与界定,并根据利益相关者的影响力、利益属性,将利益相关者分为高影响力、高利益性,高影响力、低利益性,低影响力、高利益性和低影响力、低利益性4类,进而根据分类提出了“紧密管理”“使其满意”“保证信息获取”以及“最小程度关注”等管理策略。只有通过对无居民海岛保护和利用规划利益相关者进行界定、分类和管理,才能厘清各方复杂的利益关系,让利益相关者参与规划编制,达成规划共识,使无居民海岛保护和利用规划更具科学性和实用性。     

市级海岛保护规划编制要点探讨——以钦州市为例

市级海岛保护规划是沿海市管辖范围内海岛保护的专项规划,内容较省级海岛保护规划更为详尽,实践性与可操作性也更强;较单岛规划覆盖的范围更广,更有利于沿海市海岛保护与利用工作的全面开展,可有效衔接省级规划与单岛规划。文章分析了市级海岛保护规划在海岛保护规划体系中的定位,探讨了市级海岛保护规划的编制要点,以钦州市为例,从规划范围、期限与原则、分类分区与重点工程、区域海岛规划等方面,提出了市级海岛保护规划的编制框架,可为市级海岛保护规划的科学编制提供参考。今后应进一步开展无居民海岛功能分类研究、区域海岛规划的实施情况评估和利益相关者参与机制的探索,为市级海岛保护规划的编制提供支撑。     

无居民海岛资源环境承载力多目标规划模型初探

资源环境承载力是衡量无居民海岛发展是否可持续的重要标尺,在现有的承载力条件下如何设计合理的海岛规划方案,如何分配各资源环境成为海岛健康发展的关键。文章构建资源环境承载力多目标规划方法,以海岛旅游人口和经济总量最大化为目标,从资源、生态、环境的有限性或限制性作为模型约束条件,以期为海岛规划提供技术方法。     

海岛旅游模式及环境影响对策分析——以青岛为例

随着海洋渔业资源的衰退,旅游业发展成为世界沿海岛屿主要的经济增长点之一.与大陆旅游发展相比较,海岛旅游具有鲜明的特点.作为我国东部沿海的旅游强市,青岛市具有丰富的海岛旅游资源,具有发展海岛旅游得天独厚的优势,但也面临着海岛地理空间狭小、基础设施落后、自然环境脆弱以及海岛旅游产品单调等诸多因素的制约.因此,面向高端休闲度假及生态旅游游客,开发海岛生态旅游度假产品将成为青岛市未来海岛旅游开发的主要模式.海岛生态旅游的发展需要从海岛旅游规划与管理、海岛环境保护与监测以及海岛旅游产品设计等多方面进行综合考虑,以确保青岛市海岛旅游的可持续健康发展.     

海岛保护规划在我国规划体系中的定位与层级研究

《海岛保护法》中明确指出,国家实行海岛保护规划制度。海岛保护规划是从事海岛保护与利用活动的依据。为实现海岛的全面协调和可持续发展,文章深入研究了海岛保护规划在全国规划体系和海洋规划体系中的定位,从城乡规划、海洋环境规划、海洋经济规划和海水利用规划4个角度对海岛保护规划层级关系进行了研究。此研究成果对于衔接各项海岛方面的规划和区划,形成政策合力具有重要意义。     

遥感技术应用于海岛保护与利用规划的可行性研究

随着海洋经济的迅猛发展,我国海岛的开发利用程度不断加大,部分海岛生态破坏严重,亟须海岛保护与利用规划的指导和管理.海岛保护与利用规划编制的基础性工作是摸清海岛的基本现状.遥感技术具有大面积、同步和时空分辨率高等优势,是资源环境调查的主要技术手段.分析海岛保护与利用规划编制所需的数据资料,应用海岛高分辨率遥感信息提取实例,展示遥感技术在海岛保护与利用规划编制过程中的作用,从而总结得出遥感是海岛保护与利用规划编制的重要支撑技术的结论.     

海岛海岸线保护规划初探——以青岛市海岛海岸线保护规划为例

海岛保护规划制度是《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》确立的基本制度之一,海岛岸线资源是海岛的重要资源,也是海岛保护规划的重要内容。文章在分析海岛海岸线保护规划目标的基础上,提出基于功能用途和开发与保护程度的海岛海岸线规划类型及其含义,阐述科学规划海岛海岸线的技术流程,并以青岛市海岛海岸线为例进行海岛海岸线保护规划的初步探索,可为相关规划和管理提供参考。     

浅谈南极半岛系统保护规划的背景、进展与启示

南极地区的管理与规划问题备受国际社会关注,南极国际组织提议可应用系统保护规划方法来保护生态系统与管理人类活动。南极半岛系统保护规划是南极空间管理的最新实践,旨在为南极半岛地区旅游、科学考察和生物多样性保护的可持续管理提供可量化的、基于证据的综合解决方案。本文全面阐述了系统保护规划的基本涵义、工作流程与全球实践,介绍了南极半岛系统保护规划项目产生的背景,并从收集特征基线数据、识别保护目标、确定决策支持工具与利益相关者公共参与4个方面分析了项目的主要内容,以期为我国南极旅游、南极国际组织参与度与南极空间治理等南极重要工作带来有益借鉴与重要启示。     

资源环境保护视角下海岛旅游发展策略研究

中国海岛旅游的快速发展,带来了资源生态破坏、环境污染等一系列问题。海岛生态环境脆弱,一旦破坏很难恢复。海岛旅游发展必须兼顾与生态环境的关系。文章提出了树立海岛旅游发展中的生态文明理念、加强海岛旅游资源环境保护、合理规划海岛生态旅游发展、加强海岛生态环境整治修复、推进适用海岛的污染物处理设施的研发和应用等保护和改善旅游海岛生态环境的措施。     

海岛保护规划实施效果评价体系构建

2010年《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》实施后,海岛保护规划编制取得显著进展,海岛保护规划进入实施评价阶段。文章以海岛保护规划实施结果为评价对象,从规划目标实现情况出发,提出海岛保护规划实施后评价指标体系,给出海岛保护规划实施后评价指标体系设置原则、评价方法和评价标准。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.