高光谱-LiDAR多级融合城区地表覆盖分类

城市地区地表覆盖分类在城市研究中是一个十分重要的方向。遥感作为获取地物物理属性的一种重要技术手段,已初步应用于分类研究中。然而,随着城镇化的不断推进,城市内部地物类型越来越复杂,单一的遥感影像已无法满足城区地表覆盖分类中高精度的要求。高光谱影像和LiDAR数据能够分别表征地物的光谱信息及高程而被广泛应用。因此,根据两者之间互补的优势,本文提出了基于高光谱影像和LiDAR数据多级融合的城区地表覆盖分类方法。首先对两幅影像分别进行特征提取,将提取到的光谱、空间及高程信息进行层叠实现特征级融合。对得到的特征影像的所有像素点进行分类,然后利用LiDAR点云数据提取的建筑物掩膜,对非建筑物部分进行分类,再次实现特征级融合,以此改善建筑物区域与非建筑物区域的混淆。然后将未使用掩膜得到的分类结果与利用掩膜得到的分类结果进行投票实现决策级融合。最后利用条件随机场模型对分类结果进行后处理操作,达到平滑图像去除噪声点的目的。     

基于Landsat长时间序列数据估算树高和生物量

以Landsat长时间序列数据为研究对象,旨在以光谱序列信息反演森林参数为视角,应用Landtrendr算法从时间序列数据中提取森林扰动变量,使用随机森林计算方法建立扰动变量、反射率和GLAS激光点森林参数之间的关系模型,获取树高和生物量的空间分布信息。为多源遥感数据反演森林参数提供参考,研究证明基于Landsat长时间序列数据获得的森林扰动变量能够增强反射率和森林参数之间的相关性,可提高预测精度。     

湖北省地表覆盖分类数据质量检查技术探讨

地表覆盖分类是地理国情普查成果数据的重要组成部分,同时也是统计分析的基本数据源。结合湖北省地理国情普查的特点及在实际检查工作中的经验,对地表覆盖分类信息采集成果质量检查的主要内容和方法进行了较全面的阐述,探讨了成果数据质检过程的关键环节和技术要点。     

多时相ASAR数据的地表覆盖分类研究

本文选择了位于念青唐古拉山脉西段,覆盖范围大约100×100km2的区域,使用四个不同时期内的ASAR图像数据进行地表覆盖分类的研究。研究结果表明,虽然同种类型的地物在同一景雷达图像上的后向散射系数存在一定的差异,但是其后向散射系数随时间的变化规律却是一致的。根据地物后向散射系数的这种时相特征,我们对研究区的地表覆盖进行了分类,结果显示使用该方法能有效地区分草原、草甸、裸岩、水体、终年积雪等。     

地理国情普查地表覆盖数据分类方法研究

对三种常见的地理国情普查地表覆盖数据分类方法进行了试验比较,得出在遥感影像质量、基础地理信息数据、遥感样本和技术人员水平等不同的条件下,三种方法的适宜使用条件,对普查生产实际具有现实指导意义。     

关于地表覆盖分类数据检查的思考

开展地理国情普查是从地理的角度全面摸清国情国力基本情况的迫切需要。第一次全国地理国情普查是一项开创性的工作,为确保普查成果质量,国务院普查办组织了6批次过程质量监督抽查,完成了对全国31个省级行政区300余家作业单位普查过程、成果种类与要素的全覆盖检查,在了解和掌握了生产过程质量情况的基础上,查找问题、分析原因,并提出了针对性的整改意见,对确保最终成果的质量提供了有力支持。     

浅议地理国情普查地表覆盖分类数据的质量检查

基于对山西省地理国情普查的生产实践,系统地归纳和总结了影响地表覆盖分类数据质量的三个重要因素及地表覆盖分类数据质量检查的内容与方法,对提高地表覆盖分类数据的质量有积极的意义。     

中国版大洋洲地表覆盖产品研制

针对全球变化研究对大洋洲地表覆盖产品的需求,该文以2000年和2010年的Landsat卫星影像为数据源,提出了对大洋洲影像按照月份分组并进行样本采集与规则训练的方法,采用GLC树分类器进行自动分类,经过分类后处理和数据集成,完成了2000年和2010年两期、30m分辨率的大洋洲地表覆盖产品研制工作。利用高分辨率影像、实地采集照片等进行室内精度评定,该大洋洲地表覆盖产品的精度达到90%以上。     

利用时间序列ALOS-2 PALSAR数据监测输电通道地表形变

有效监测西南地区输电线路的地表形变对我国电网的安全平稳运行具有重要意义.本文以特高压输电通道沿线为研究区域,基于时间序列卫星雷达差分干涉测量技术,利用2016年8月15日至2017年10月9日22景5 m分辨率升轨的ALOS-2 PALSAR雷达卫星数据,采用PS-InSAR处理方法,在植被覆盖茂密的西南地区对某输电通...     

地表覆盖分类成果质量特征分析

自我国全面建成地理国情普查成果库之后,工作重心由全面普查变为重点监测。不论普查还是监测,准确地对地表覆盖进行分类一直是工作的重点和难点。在常态化监测阶段,把握地表覆盖分类成果的主要质量指标,归纳其诸如变化率、变化区域分布、变化类型,分析影响其成果质量的主要因素,对监测生产组织及质量控制具有非常重要的作用。     

Geospatial method for computing supplemental multi-decadal US coastal land use and land cover classification products,using Landsat data and C-CAP products

This paper discusses the development and implementation of a method that can be used with multi-decadal Landsat data for computing general coastal US land use and land cover (LULC) maps consisting of seven classes. With Mobile Bay, Alabama as the study region, the method that was applied to derive LULC products for nine dates across a 34-year time span. Classifications were computed and refined using decision rules in conjunction with unsupervised classification of Landsat data and Coastal Change and Analysis Program value-added products. Each classification’s overall accuracy was assessed by comparing stratified random locations to available high spatial resolution satellite and aerial imagery, field survey data and raw Landsat RGBs. Overall classification accuracies ranged from 83 to 91% with overall κ statistics ranging from 0.78 to 0.89. Accurate classifications were computed for all nine dates, yielding effective results regardless of season and Landsat sensor. This classification method provided useful map inputs for computing LULC change products.     

Next generation of global land cover characterization,mapping, and monitoring

Land cover change is increasingly affecting the biophysics, biogeochemistry, and biogeography of the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, with far-reaching consequences to human well-being. However, our scientific understanding of the distribution and dynamics of land cover and land cover change (LCLCC) is limited. Previous global land cover assessments performed using coarse spatial resolution (300 m–1 km) satellite data did not provide enough thematic detail or change information for global change studies and for resource management. High resolution (∼30 m) land cover characterization and monitoring is needed that permits detection of land change at the scale of most human activity and offers the increased flexibility of environmental model parameterization needed for global change studies. However, there are a number of challenges to overcome before producing such data sets including unavailability of consistent global coverage of satellite data, sheer volume of data, unavailability of timely and accurate training and validation data, difficulties in preparing image mosaics, and high performance computing requirements. Integration of remote sensing and information technology is needed for process automation and high-performance computing needs. Recent developments in these areas have created an opportunity for operational high resolution land cover mapping, and monitoring of the world. Here, we report and discuss these advancements and opportunities in producing the next generations of global land cover characterization, mapping, and monitoring at 30-m spatial resolution primarily in the context of United States, Group on Earth Observations Global 30 m land cover initiative (UGLC).     

A new spectral index for the extraction of built-up land features from Landsat 8 satellite imagery

Abstract

Extracting built-up areas from remote sensing data like Landsat 8 satellite is a challenge. We have investigated it by proposing a new index referred as built-up land features extraction index (BLFEI). The BLFEI index takes advantage of its simplicity and good separability between the four major component of urban system, namely built-up, barren, vegetation and water. The histogram overlap method and the spectral discrimination index (SDI) are used to study separability. BLFEI index uses the two bands of infrared shortwaves, the red and green bands of the visible spectrum. OLI imagery of Algiers, Algeria, was used to extract built-up areas through BLFEI and some new previously developed built-up indices used for comparison. The water areas are masked out leading to Otsu’s thresholding algorithm to automatically find the optimal value for extracting built-up land from waterless regions. BLFEI, the new index improved the separability by 25% and the accuracy by 5%.     

Landsat 8 vs. Landsat 5: A comparison based on urban and peri-urban land cover mapping

An image dataset from the Landsat OLI spaceborne sensor is compared with the Landsat TM in order to evaluate the excellence of the new imagery in urban landcover classification. Widely known pixel-based and object-based image analysis methods have been implemented in this work like Maximum Likelihood, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor, Feature Analyst and Sub-pixel. Classification results from Landsat OLI provide more accurate results comparing to the Landsat TM. Object-based classifications produced a more uniform result, but suffer from the absorption of small rare classes into large homogenous areas, as a consequence of the segmentation, merging and the spatial parameters in the spatial resolution (30 m) of Landsat images. Based exclusively on the overall accuracy reports, the SVM pixel-based classification from Landsat 8 proved to be the most accurate for the purpose of mapping urban land cover, using medium spatial resolution imagery.     

Land cover classification using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data in Beijing,China

The successful launch of Landsat 8 provides a new data source for monitoring land cover, which has the potential to significantly improve the characterization of the earth’s surface. To assess data performance, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data were first compared with Landsat 7 ETM + data using texture features as the indicators. Furthermore, the OLI data were investigated for land cover classification using the maximum likelihood and support vector machine classifiers in Beijing. The results indicated that (1) the OLI data quality was slightly better than the ETM + data quality in the visible bands, especially the near-infrared band of OLI the data, which had a clear improvement; clear improvement was not founded in the shortwave-infrared bands. Moreover, (2) OLI data had a satisfactory performance in terms of land cover classification. In summary, OLI data were a reliable data source for monitoring land cover and provided the continuity in the Landsat earth observation.     

Normalised difference spectral indices and urban land cover as indicators of land surface temperature (LST)

Land cover changes associated with urbanisation modify microclimate, leading to urban heat islands, whereby cities are warmer than the surrounding countryside. Understanding the factors causing this phenomenon could help urban areas adapt to climate change and improve living conditions of inhabitants. In this study, land surface temperatures (LST) of Aarhus, a city in the high latitudes, are estimated from the reflectance of a thermal band (TIRS1; Band 10; 10.60–11.19 μm) of Landsat 8 on five dates in the summer months (one in 2015, and four in 2018). Spectral indices, modelled on the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), using all combinations of the first seven bands of Landsat 8 are calculated and their relationships with LST, analysed. Land cover characteristics, in terms of the percentages of tree cover, building cover and overall vegetation cover are estimated from airborne LiDAR data, building footprints and 4-band aerial imagery, respectively. The correlations between LST, the spectral indices and land cover are estimated.The difference in mean temperature between the rural and urban parts of Aarhus is up to 3.96 °C, while the difference between the warmer and colder zones (based on the mean and SD of LST) is up to 13.26 °C. The spectral index using the near infrared band (NIR; Band 5; 0.85-0.88 μm) and a short-wave infrared band (SWIR2; Band 7; 2.11–2.29 μm) has the strongest correlations (r: 0.62 to 0.89) with LST for the whole study area. This index is the inverse of normalised burn ratio (NBR), which has been used for mapping burnt areas. Spectral indices using different combinations of the infrared bands have stronger correlations with LST than the more widely used vegetation indices such as NDVI. The percentage of tree cover has a higher negative correlation (Pearson’s r: -0.68 to -0.75) with LST than overall vegetation cover (r: -0.45 to -0.63). Tree cover and building cover (r: 0.53 to 0.71) together explain up to 68 % of the variation in LST. Modification of tree and building cover may therefore have the potential to regulate urban LST.     

Land cover mapping in the Upper Shire River catchment in Malawi using Landsat satellite data

Land cover mapping forms a reference base for resource managers in their decision-making processes to guide rural/urban growth and management of natural resources. The aim of this study was to map land cover dynamics within the Upper Shire River catchment, Malawi. The article promotes innovation of automated land cover mapping based on remote sensing information to generate data products that are both appropriate to, and usable within different scientific applications in developing countries such as Malawi. To determine land cover dynamics, 1989 and 2002 Landsat images were used. Image bands were combined in transformations and indices with physical meaning; together with spatial data, to enhance classification accuracy. A maximum likelihood classification for each image was computed for identification of land cover variables. The results showed that the combination of spatial and digital data enhanced classification accuracy and the ability to categorise land cover features, which are relatively inhomogeneous.     

全球2000年—2015年30 m分辨率逐年土地覆盖制图

高时空分辨率的全球多类别土地覆盖数据对于地球系统的生物化学循环、气候变化等研究至关重要。目前公开的数据产品中,较高空间分辨率的全球多类别土地覆盖产品仅提供单一或短时期的数据,而全球逐年土地覆盖产品往往只有单一土地覆盖类型,难以从较长时间跨度上反映精细地物的年际变化。本文借助Google Earth Engine平台,利用现有多套全球土地覆盖产品、Landsat卫星系列影像、以及大量人工目视解译样本,结合多数据融合、时序变化检测和机器学习等的方法,研制了一套2000年—2015年全球30 m分辨率的逐年土地覆盖变化数据集AGLC-2000-2015（Annual Global Land Cover 2000-2015）。基于AGLC-2000-2015数据集,本文选择性分析了3个典型区域（中国珠江三角洲地区、青藏高原色林错湖区和亚马逊热带雨林区）的土地覆盖年际变化。结果显示,AGLC-2000-2015数据集达到了较高的精度水平：基准年份产品（AGLC-2015）的总体精度（OA）为76.10%,Kappa系数为0.72,显著优于现有30 m分辨率的全球土地覆盖产品Globeland 30（OA = 63.49%,Kappa = 0.58）、FROM-GLC（OA = 61.41%,Kappa = 0.55）和GLC-FCS30（OA = 63.46%,Kappa = 0.57）;年际间分类模型的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为84.10%和0.81,在各大洲的平均总体精度均超过80.00%,表明该模型在全球多类别土地覆盖分类中表现良好。3个典型区域的土地覆盖变化分析显示,中国珠江三角洲地区城市扩张趋势明显（195.96 km²/a）,其增量主要来源于耕地（84.88%）;青藏高原色林错湖泊对于气候变暖响应明显,湖区面积呈扩大趋势（17.95 km²/a）,湖面北岸扩张最为明显;亚马逊热带雨林南部区域毁林造田趋势明显,15 a间森林面积减少46356.53 km²,其中大部分转化为农田（39621.29 km²）。上述结果表明：AGLC-2000-2015数据集能够有效反映全球陆地区域在30 m空间分辨率下的地表覆盖分布及年际间的动态演化,为地表陆面过程研究和相关应用提供可靠的数据支撑。     

Urban land cover thematic disaggregation,employing datasets from multiple sources and RandomForests modeling

Urban land cover mapping has lately attracted a vast amount of attention as it closely relates to a broad scope of scientific and management applications. Late methodological and technological advancements facilitate the development of datasets with improved accuracy. However, thematic resolution of urban land cover has received much less attention so far, a fact that hampers the produced datasets utility. This paper seeks to provide insights towards the improvement of thematic resolution of urban land cover classification. We integrate existing, readily available and with acceptable accuracies datasets from multiple sources, with remote sensing techniques. The study site is Greece and the urban land cover is classified nationwide into five classes, using the RandomForests algorithm. Results allowed us to quantify, for the first time with a good accuracy, the proportion that is occupied by each different urban land cover class. The total area covered by urban land cover is 2280 km² (1.76% of total terrestrial area), the dominant class is discontinuous dense urban fabric (50.71% of urban land cover) and the least occurring class is discontinuous very low density urban fabric (2.06% of urban land cover).