海水温盐深剖面测量技术综述

温盐深是反应海洋物理学特性的重要参数,是海洋水文观测的基本要素。CTD剖面仪(Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler)是进行海水温盐剖面观测的主要仪器,利用CTD剖面仪可精确测得水下不同深度上海水的温度和电导率参数,进而能够推算出海水盐度、密度、声速等相关信息,对于海洋经济开发、海上国防建设、海洋环境保护等都具有非常重要的意义。本文介绍了温盐深剖面测量技术的基本原理与发展现状,对几种典型的温盐深测量设备及各种海洋观测平台中搭载的CTD传感器进行了介绍,论述了CTD传感器的标定和测试技术,并对其发展趋势进行了分析。     

高精度CTD剖面仪研制中的问题和对策--SZC15CTD系统

高精度CTD剖面是国家863支持的课题，本文叙述了高精度CTD剖面仪在海洋调查中的作用，分析了研究制造中的关键问题和应对策略，探讨了高精度CTD剖面仪今后的发展。     

6000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪

6 000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪是“十五”863计划支持的海洋专用CTD技术项目之一。研制成功的6 000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪可以基本覆盖全部海洋范围,使我国的CTD测量技术跻身世界先进水平。文中介绍了6 000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪的工作原理、实验室和海上试验情况,通过与海鸟SBE 917CTD所获取的数据资料进行对比和分析,找出了存在的问题和今后努力方向。     

水下滑翔机温盐深观测数据处理研究

为提高水下滑翔机搭载的温盐深剖面仪(CTD)数据处理质量及效率,在船载CTD数据处理方法基础上,研究了国产水下滑翔机CTD数据处理方法,基于Matlab GUI编程技术设计与研发了水下滑翔机CTD数据处理软件,利用该软件处理了“海燕”水下滑翔机GPCTD观测数据并与船用SBE 911 plus CTD、XCTD及MVP300传感器成果数据进行了对比,结果表明：GPCTD观测数据经处理得到的温、盐、声剖面整体趋势与各传感器成果数据基本一致,数据质量介于各传感器之间,其中温度、声速与XCTD、MVP数据更接近,而盐度与CTD数据更吻合,本文研究将为规范处理与使用水下滑翔机海洋水文数据提供参考。     

具有国际先进水平的CTD定标检测设备

在国家863计划的支持下，海洋技术研究成功研制了一套CTD仪器的校准设备，本文介绍了设备的组成，性能，设计经过与SBE设备进行了比较，表明该设备达到了EOCECTD设备的校准要求，同时，该设备是海洋技术研究所开发自有的高度CTD剖面仪的有力工具。     

高精度CTD剖面仪温度传感器

高精度CTD剖面仪是国家863任务中818项目02专题的一个核心，温度的高精度测量传感器是其中重要参数。本文通过该传感器的研究，报告了我们研究的基本方案和方法，给出了目前达到的水平，本传感器具有体积小，精度高，优于0．003℃，可以达到0．001℃，响应时间快，时间 常数为70ms，耐压40MPa,能在3000m深度内正常工作，适用于深海温度场结构研究，海洋微结构研究，也可用于海气交换测量的研究，全球海洋环境保护，海洋环流，生态，渔业水产等诸多领域的高科技开发研究。     

CTD剖面仪现场定标和误差分析

CTD剖面仪是现场获取水文数据的主要仪器。准确的现场定标和误差分析对于保证水文测量的质量是至关重要的。对于海洋工作者来说,这两个课题都是非常敏感和重要的,本文就当前国内外CTD剖面仪的现场定标技术和误差分析方法的现状以及进一步发展进行了初步探讨,并提出几点建议。     

拖曳式CTD测量技术研究

拖曳式CTD剖面仪是国家863支持的项目之一。文章叙述了拖曳式CTD的意义,介绍了拖曳式CTD的现状并与传统CTD剖面仪进行了对比分析。同时,探讨了拖曳式CTD剖面仪存在问题与发展趋势。     

SBE19 CTD的资料处理

一、引言 测量海水温度、盐度是海洋水文调查的主要任务。目前CTD仪(温盐深剖面仪)已广泛应用于海洋调查,与以往的温盐测量仪器相比,它具有操作简便、测量快速、能获取连续的海洋剖面资料的特点。 CTD资料质量的好坏,取决于调查和资料处理两个重要环节。调查过程包括出海前后标定、维护和保养、现场测量和比测等,要求有关技术人员严格遵守调查规范和仪器操作规程,确保原始资料质量;资料处理则是将原始资料进行技术校正和处理,它不仅可以提高资料的精度和质量,也为     

XCTD与CTD的对比测试研究

海水声速剖面的准确获取对于利用多波束声呐系统进行水深测量至关重要,而传统的声速剖面获取方式都需要停船进行测量,导致海上调查作业效率较低。为了解决该问题,本文首先介绍了温盐深剖面测量仪(CTD)和抛弃式温盐深剖面测量仪(XCTD)间接测量声速剖面的原理,然后对"海洋地质六号"调查船在同一站位及时间利用CTD、XCTD和AML PLUS SV声速剖面仪测量得到的声速剖面进行了一个对比分析。研究结果表明,三者测量得到的声速剖面在相同水深处声速互差引起的水深差值最大为0.130 9 m。在多波束水深测量过程中,可考虑使用CTD和XCTD间接测量获得的声速剖面代替声速剖面仪直接测得的声速剖面,通过合理布设CTD站位以及使用XCTD来提高海上多波束水深调查的作业效率。     

我国东海陆架地区新生代地层的热导率

对东海陆架区的浅表层柱状岩芯样品和多口钻井岩心样品的热导率数据按岩性、深度、年龄和孔隙度进行了统计分析。发现泥岩、粉砂岩和砂岩的热导率有所不同。在3000m以上，泥岩的热导率大于砂岩的热导率；而在3000m以下砂岩的热导率则大于泥岩的热导率。粉砂岩的热导率基本介于泥岩和砂岩之间。岩石的热导率和岩石样品所处的深度密切相关，随着深度的增大热导率数值增大。岩石的年龄影响岩石的热导率。在同等深度的情况下，年龄越老，热导率数值越高，但埋深浅的老地层热导率会小于埋深大的新地层的热导率。孔隙度和含水对岩石样品的热导率有很大的影响，岩石会因孔隙中含水而使热导率有非常大的变化。本文给出了饱和水热导率和干样热导率之差和孔隙度的回归方程。     

基于电导率测定海水悬沙含量试验研究

为了寻求一种简单、快速、连续确定悬浮泥沙含量的方法,以高含沙量海区黄河口泥沙为研究对象,利用电导率仪测定了不同悬浮泥沙含量水体的电导率,建立起了悬浮泥沙含量与电导率之间的关系,并对影响上述关系的因素进行了分析,结果表明,悬浮泥沙含量与电导率之间有很好的线性关系;盐度、颗粒粒径对电导率具有一定的影响,其中盐度的影响最大,颗粒粒径的影响较小。在盐度变化范围有限的高悬沙含量海区,用电导率的方法来实现现场监测悬浮泥沙含量是可行的。     

室内海底沉积物热导率测量的原理与方法——以TK04热导率测量系统为例

沉积物热导率是计算海底热流的一个重要参数。文中以TK04热导率测量系统为例,详细介绍了实验室内热导率测量原理、样品热导率测量的各个环节,包括样品准备、测量流程、测量数据质量评估与校正等,以及沉积物原位热导率的计算,以为油气资源评价、天然气水合物评价及地球动力学研究提供高精度的海底热流数据。     

悬浮泥沙含量与电导率关系及其影响因素的实验研究

为了寻求一种简单、快速、连续测定悬浮泥沙含量的方法,以高含沙量海区黄河口泥沙为研究对象,利用电导率仪测定了不同悬浮泥沙含量水体的电导率。前期实验结果已经证明悬浮泥沙含量与电导率之间有很好的线性关系。在此基础上扩大研究范围,并对影响悬浮泥沙含量与电导率关系的因素进行定量分析,结果表明,盐度、温度、颗粒粒径对电导率具有一定的影响,其中盐度的影响最大,颗粒粒径的影响最小,几乎可以忽略。在此基础上通过大量的实验数据初步建立起在盐度、温度较大变化范围内电导率与泥沙含量的一般函数关系,为实现海水悬浮泥沙含量的现场电导率原位监测系统提供可靠的数据支持。     

悬浮泥沙含量与电导率关系及其影响因素的实验研究

为了寻求一种简单、快速、连续测定悬浮泥沙含量的方法,以高含沙量海区黄河口泥沙为研究对象,利用电导率仪测定了不同悬浮泥沙含量水体的电导率.前期实验结果已经证明悬浮泥沙含量与电导率之间有很好的线性关系.在此基础上扩大研究范围,并对影响悬浮泥沙含量与电导率关系的因素进行定量分析,结果表明,盐度、温度、颗粒粒径对电导率具有一定...     

Inconsistency in the conductivity of standard potassium chloride solutions made from different high-quality reagents

The salinity of seawater has been defined in terms of the ratio of its electrical conductivity to that of a standard potassium chloride solution. The potassium chloride solution is obtained by dissolution of high-purity potassium chloride in ultrapure water. However, even high-purity potassium chloride is not 100% pure, and suppliers do not certify it, as the standard for electrical conductivity. We prepared defined solutions using several kinds of high-purity potassium chloride and examined the difference between the measured electrical conductivity ratio and the value calculated from the experimental equation given in the UNESCO background papers. The differences between the electrical conductivity ratios of the solutions made from the various potassium chloride reagents were equivalent to about 0.0012 in salinity. The solution may not actually become a standard for salinity measurements even if it is prepared exactly according to the present definition. The lot dependency of the electrical conductivity ratio of the potassium chloride solutions may result in a systematic error in the measurement of salinity.     

Experimental study on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand in South China Sea

Characterization of the hydraulic property of a specific geomaterial is of fundamental importance in engineering design and application. This paper reports an experimental investigation to the hydraulic conductivity of a typical marine sand, i.e., calcareous sand, which becomes increasingly popular as sea-filling material for land reclamation or construction of artificial islands. A series of permeability tests have been performed using the calcareous sand collected from Nansha islands in South China Sea. Using the home-made permeability test apparatus (so-called velocity-controlled pressure-differential acquisition flow apparatus), the relationship between flow velocity and hydraulic gradient was obtained and the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand was then determined accordingly. The effects of important parameters, including particle shape and particle size distribution on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand, were assessed. To investigate the effect of particle size distribution on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand, two often-used parameters, i.e., nonuniformity coefficient and curvature coefficient were considered in this study. To quantitatively evaluate the irregularity of soil particle, a particle-shape parameter was introduced and it was able to consider sphericity and circularity of highly irregular particle. Two materials, namely, Fujian quartz sand and glass beads consisting of particles of characteristic shape, were also used in the permeability tests, and they were used to compare with calcareous sand. Through the comparison, the effect of particle shape of calcareous sand on its hydraulic conductivity was examined based on the newly introduced particle shape parameter. The test results indicate that the particle size distribution has a significant influence on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand. The quite irregular particle shape is able to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the calcareous sand. A comparative study of hydraulic conductivity between the theoretical prediction and experimental measurement was performed, and it is concluded that an improvement of theoretical model for prediction of the hydraulic conductivity of the porous media consisting of particles with highly irregular shapes, such as the calcareous sand, is still required.     

磁谐振海水电导率测量方法研究

针对海水电导率测量问题,本文提出了一种基于磁耦合谐振技术的海水电导率测量方法,从不同角度分析了海水涡流对磁耦合谐振系统的影响,并且利用仿真软件验证了谐振对于磁场与涡流的放大作用。以相位差和有效值两个参数为测量对象,搭建水下磁耦合电导率测量系统进行实验研究,比较了海水电导率变化对系统的影响及电导率测量效果。实验结果表明：采用磁耦合谐振技术,通过测量相位差或电压有效值来进行海水电导率测量是可行的。     

Estimation of sea-bed conductivity and its influence upon velocity measurements with towed electrodes

A formula to determine an effective electric conductivity of channel-bed from measurements of water velocity, cross-channel potential difference and electric current-density is presented. The effective conductivity defined in this paper is the conductivity averaged over depth from channel-bed surface to a depth of the order comparable to a breadth of the channel. Effective conductivities for the Izu Island region and the Straits of Tsugaru are estimated as 2.2×10^–2 mhos/m and 6.0×10^–2 mhos/m, which are considerably large and very large, respectively, in comparison to most of those determined for several regions near England. High conductivities for these regions are consistent with the distribution of underground conductivity anomaly deduced from that of geomagnetic field anomaly observed at the earth's surface in Japan. An influence of underground conductivity upon measurements of sea surface water velocity with towed electrodes is estimated for the regions.